Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright Page

About the Authors

Chapter 1. The Fundamentals

1.1 Electrical Fundamentals

1.2 Passive Components

1.3 DC Circuits

1.4 Alternating Voltage and Current

1.5 Circuit Simulation

1.6 Intuitive Circuit Design

1.7 Troubleshooting Basics

References

Chapter 2. The Semiconductor Diode

Reference

Chapter 3. Understanding Diodes and Their Problems

3.1 Speed Demons

3.2 Turn ’em off—turn ’em on…

3.3 Other Strange Things that Diodes Can Do to You…

3.4 Zener, Zener, Zener…

3.5 Diodes that Glow in the Dark, Efficiently

3.6 Optoisolators

3.6 Solar Cells

3.7 Assault and Battery

REFERENCES

Chapter 4. Bipolar Transistors

Reference

Chapter 5. Transistors Field-Effect

Reference

Chapter 6. Identifying and Avoiding Transistor Problems

6.1 More Beta—More Better?

6.2 Field-Effect Transistors

6.3 Power Transistors may Hog Current

6.4 Apply the 5-Second Rule

6.5 Fabrication Structures Make a Difference

6.6 Power-Circuit Design Requires Expertise

6.7 MOSFETs Avoid Secondary Breakdown

REFERENCES

Chapter 7. Digital Circuit Fundamentals

7.1 Digital Technology

REFERENCES

Chapter 8. Number Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Decimal–Unsigned Binary Conversion

8.3 Signed Binary Numbers

8.4 Gray Code

8.5 Binary-Coded Decimal

8.6 Octal-Binary Conversion

8.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion

Chapter 9. Binary Data Manipulation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Logical Operations

9.3 Boolean Algebra

9.4 Combinational Logic Gates

9.5 Truth Tables

REFERENCES

Chapter 10. Combinational Logic Design

10.1 Introduction

10.2 NAND and NOR Logic

10.3 Karnaugh Maps

10.4 Don’t Care Conditions

REFERENCES

Chapter 11. Sequential Logic Design

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Level-Sensitive Latches and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops

11.3 The D-Latch and D-Type Flip-Flop

11.4 Counter Design

11.5 State Machine Design

11.6 Moore Versus Mealy State Machines

11.7 Shift Registers

11.8 Digital Scan Path

REFERENCES

Chapter 12. Memory

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Random Access Memory

12.3 Read-Only Memory

Chapter 13. Selecting a Design Route

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Discrete Implementation

13.3 Mask Programmable ASICs

13.4 Field-Programmable Logic

13.5 VHDL

13.6 Choosing a Design Route

Chapter 14. Designing with Logic ICs

14.1 Logic ICs

Chapter 15. Interfacing

15.1 Mixing Analog and Digital

15.2 Generating Digital Levels from Analog Inputs

15.3 Protection Against Externally Applied Overvoltages

15.4 Isolation

15.5 Classic Data Interface Standards

15.6 High Performance Data Interface Standards

Chapter 16. DSP and Digital Filters

16.1 Origins of Real-World Signals and Their Units of Measurement

16.2 Reasons for Processing Real-World Signals

16.3 Generation of Real-World Signals

16.4 Methods and Technologies Available for Processing Real-World Signals

16.5 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing

16.6 A Practical Example

16.7 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters

16.8 FIR Filter Implementation in DSP Hardware Using Circular Buffering

16.9 Designing FIR Filters

16.10 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters

16.11 IIR Filter Design Techniques

16.12 Multirate Filters

16.13 Adaptive Filters

References

Chapter 17. Dealing with High-Speed Logic

References on Dealing with High Speed Logic

Chapter 18. Bridging the Gap between Analog and Digital

18.1 Try to Measure Temperature Digitally

18.2 Road Blocks Abound

18.3 The Ultimate Key to Analog Success

18.4 How Analog and Digital Design Differ

18.5 Time and its Inversion

18.6 Organizing Your Toolbox

18.7 Set Your Foundation and Move On, Out of The Box

References

Chapter 19. Op-Amps

19.1 The Magical Mysterious Op-Amp

19.2 Understanding Op-Amp Parameters

19.3 Modeling Op-Amps

19.4 Finding the Perfect Op-Amp

References

Chapter 20. Analog-to-Digital Converters

20.1 ADCs

20.2 Types of ADCs

20.3 ADC Comparison

20.4 Sample and Hold

20.5 Real Parts

20.6 Microprocessor Interfacing

20.7 Clocked Interfaces

20.8 Serial Interfaces

20.9 Multichannel ADCs

20.10 Internal Microcontroller ADCs

20.11 Codecs

20.12 Interrupt Rates

20.13 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers

20.14 Design Checklist

Chapter 21. Sensors

21.1 Instrumentation and Control Systems

21.2 Transducers

21.3 Sensors

21.4 Switches

21.5 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors

21.6 Thermocouples

21.7 Threshold Detection

21.8 Outputs

21.9 LED Indicators

21.10 Driving High-Current Loads

21.11 Audible Outputs

21.12 Motors

21.13 Driving Mains Connected Loads

Chapter 22. Active Filters

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters

22.3 Low-Pass Filter Design

22.4 High-Pass Filter Design

22.5 Bandpass Filter Design

22.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design

22.7 All-Pass Filter Design

22.8 Practical Design Hints

22.9 Filter coefficient tables

References

Chapter 23. Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuits

23.1 Modulation of Radio Waves

23.2 Low-Power RF Amplifiers

23.3 Stability

23.4 Linearity

23.5 Noise and Dynamic Range

23.6 Impedances and Gain

23.7 Mixers

23.8 Demodulators

23.9 Oscillators

REFERENCES

Chapter 24. Signal Sources

24.1 Voltage References

24.2 NonsinusoidaI Waveform Generators

24.3 Sine Wave Generators

24.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Phase Detectors

REFERENCES

Chapter 25. EDA Design Tools for Analog and RF

25.1 The Old Pencil and Paper Design Process

25.2 Is Your Simulation Fundamentally Valid?

25.3 Macromodels: What Can They Do?

25.4 VHDL-AMS

References

Chapter 26. Useful Circuits

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Boundary Conditions

26.3 Amplifiers

26.4 Computing Circuits

26.5 Oscillators

26.6 Some Favorite Circuits

References

Chapter 27. Programmable Logic to ASICs

27.1 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)

27.2 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs)

27.3 Programmable Array Logic (PALs)

27.4 The Masked Gate Array ASIC

27.5 CPLDs and FPGAs

27.6 Summary

References

Chapter 28. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)

28.1 CPLD Architectures

28.2 Function Blocks

28.3 I/O Blocks

28.4 Clock Drivers

28.5 Interconnect

28.6 CPLD Technology and Programmable Elements

28.7 Embedded Devices

28.8 Summary: CPLD Selection Criteria

References

Chapter 29. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

29.1 FPGA Architectures

29.2 Configurable Logic Blocks

29.3 Configurable I/O Blocks

29.4 Embedded Devices

29.5 Programmable Interconnect

29.6 Clock Circuitry

29.7 SRAM vs. Antifuse Programming

29.8 Emulating and prototyping ASICs

29.9 Summary

References

Chapter 30. Design Automation and Testing for FPGAs

30.1 Simulation

30.2 Libraries

30.3 Synthesis

30.4 Physical Design Flow

30.5 Place and Route

30.6 Timing Analysis

30.7 Design Pitfalls

30.8 VHDL Issues for FPGA Design

30.9 Summary

References

Chapter 31. Integrating Processors onto FPGAs

31.1 Introduction

31.2 A Simple Embedded Processor

31.3 Soft Core Processors on an FPGA

31.4 Summary

Chapter 32. Implementing Digital Filters in VHDL

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Converting S-Domain to Z-Domain

32.3 Implementing Z-Domain Functions in VHDL

32.4 Basic Low-Pass Filter Model

32.5 FIR Filters

32.6 IIR Filters

32.7 Summary

Chapter 33. Microprocessor and Microcontroller Overview

33.1 Microprocessor Systems

33.2 Single-Chip Microcomputers

33.3 Microcontrollers

33.4 Microprocessor systems

33.5 Data Types

33.6 Data Storage

33.7 The Microprocessor

33.8 Microprocessor Operation

33.9 A Microcontroller System

Chapter 34. Microcontroller Toolbox

34.1 Microcontroller Supply and Reference

34.2 Resistor Networks

34.3 Multiple Input Control

34.4 AC Control

34.5 Voltage Monitors and Supervisory Circuits

34.6 Driving Bipolar Transistors

34.7 Driving MOSFETs

34.8 Reading Negative Voltages

34.9 Example Control System

Chapter 35. Power Supply Overview and Specifications

35.1 Power Supplies

35.2 Specifications

35.3 Off-the-Shelf or Roll Your Own

Chapter 36. Input and Output Parameters

36.1 Voltage

36.2 Current

36.3 Fuses

36.4 Switch-on Surge, or Inrush Current

36.5 Waveform Distortion and Interference

36.6 Frequency

36.7 Efficiency

36.8 Deriving the Input Voltage from the Output

36.9 Low-Load Condition

36.10 Rectifier and Capacitor Selection

36.11 Load and Line Regulation

36.12 Ripple and Noise

36.13 Transient Response

Chapter 37. Batteries

37.1 Initial Considerations

37.2 Primary Cells

37.3 Secondary Cells

37.4 Charging

Chapter 38. Layout and Grounding for Analog and Digital Circuits

38.1 The Similarities of Analog and Digital Layout Practices

38.2 Where the Domains Differ—Ground Planes Can Be a Problem

38.3 Where the Board and Component Parasitics Can Do the Most Damage

38.4 Layout Techniques That Improve ADC Accuracy and Resolution

38.5 The Art of Laying Out Two-Layer Boards

38.6 Current Return Paths With or Without a Ground Plane

38.7 Layout Tricks for a 12-bit Sensing System

38.8 General Layout Guidelines—Device Placement

38.9 General Layout Guidelines—Ground and Power Supply Strategy

38.10 Signal Traces

38.11 Did I Say Bypass and Use an Anti-Aliasing Filter?

38.12 Bypass Capacitors

38.13 Anti-Aliasing Filters

38.14 PCB Design Checklist

References

Chapter 39. Safety

39.1 The Hazards of Electricity

39.2 Safety Classes

39.3 Insulation Types

39.4 Design Considerations for Safety Protection

39.5 Fire Hazard

Chapter 40. Design for Production

40.1 Checklist

40.2 The Dangers of ESD

Chapter 41. Testability

41.1 In-Circuit Testing

41.2 Functional Testing

41.3 Boundary Scan and JTAG

41.4 Design Techniques

Chapter 42. Reliability

42.1 Definitions

42.2 The Cost of Reliability

42.3 Design for Reliability

42.4 The Value of MTBF Figures

42.5 Design Faults

Chapter 43. Thermal Management

43.1 Using Thermal Resistance

43.2 Heatsinks

43.3 Power Semiconductor Mounting

43.4 Placement and Layout

APPENDIX A: Standards

Index

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