Job No:01077 Title:The fundamentals og Graphic Design
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Job No:01077 Title:The fundamentals og Graphic Design
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Gordon Russell Museum, Vision and Reality (above)
This commemorative brochure by Webb & Webb showcases
the beautiful detailing of Sir Gordon Russell’s furniture on
the cover. The book flaps create a facsimile of cupboard doors
that open and function like a trompe l’oeil, while the endpapers
show a cabinet interior.
Corbis (below)
This foldout pamphlet by Jog Design reveals information
sequentially as the item is unfolded before finally showing
the full design.
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168 The Fundamentals of Graphic Design The production process
Printing methods
Lithography
The inked image from a printing plate is transferred or offset
on to a rubber blanket roller that is then pressed against the
substrate. Lithography uses a smooth printing plate and
functions on the basis that oil and water repel each other.
Web printing
This uses stock that is supplied on large rolls rather than
individual sheets. It allows for higher printing speeds, higher
volumes and lower production costs per unit. Webs can be
used with lithography and relief printing methods, such as
rotogravure and flexography.
Letterpress
A relief printing method whereby an inked, raised surface is
pressed against a substrate. Letterpress was the first
commercial printing method.
Rotogravure
A commercial relief print process in which an image is
engraved into a copper printing plate and pressed directly
against the substrate. Rotogravure is a high-speed printing
process that gives the highest production volume.
Flexography
A method in which the image is carried by surface differences
in the plate. The process creates a rubber relief of the image
that is inked and pressed against the substrate.
Screen printing
A low-volume printing method in which a viscous ink is
passed through a screen – originally made from silk – that
holds a design on to a substrate. Screen-printing allows
images to be applied to a wide range of substrates, including
cloth, ceramics and metals.
Pantone hexachrome
In addition to the CMYK process colours, this system adds
green and orange process colours allowing it to reproduce 90
per cent of the Pantone PMS colours.
Stochastic printing
A method that uses different dot sizes and placements to
avoid the creation of moiré patterns in the four-colour printing
process. Stochastic printing allows a wider gamut of colours
to be produced through the use of additional inks.
Printing
Printing encompasses a range of direct and indirect methods for transferring
an ink on to a substrate, including lithography, screen-printing, intaglio
or gravure.
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Design Now Austria
(top, right and bottom right)
This piece from the Design Now Austria
exhibition uses overprinting to allow
the process colours to interfere with
each other and create varied colour
combinations. Overprinting is also used
on the spreads so that the illustrations
encroach on to the photography (top)
and an object sits on a duotone (bottom).
This design was created by Büro X.
Wonderland (opposite)
These invites by Parent Design feature
a foil block finish and thermographic
printing that augment its presentation.
Thermography gives a raised tactile
surface while the foil shimmers as it
reflects light.
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Job No:01077 Title:The fundamentals og Graphic Design
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170 The Fundamentals of Graphic Design The production process
Mark de Weijer (below)
Mark de Weijer’s identity presents a sense of clarity and texture
that reflects the nature of his work. Faydherbe / De Vringer’s
design is full of visual texture and the interplay of materials
helps to establish and reinforce how the client is perceived.
MAG (below)
Studio Mark in Manchester’s large-format poster brings home
the message that in some parts of the world it is easy to step
on something nasty.
Paper
Paper typically comes in a range of standard related sizes governed by norms
such as the ISO paper standard. However, through the folding and cutting of
standard paper sizes, designers have access to a wide range of different sizes
and formats. The ISO A series of paper sizes are related and they are based on
the division of a one-square-metre sheet of paper called AO size. Halving this
sheet produces an A1 sheet, halving A1 produces A2 and so on. The different
sizes produced this way are related in that each one differs from the next size
by a factor of either 2 or 1/2, which means it is relatively easy to scale a design
from one paper size to another.
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Format [mm]
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74
A9 37 x 52
A10 26 x 37
Format [mm]
B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500
B4 250 x 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 62
B10 31 x 44
Format [mm]
C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917
C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114
C8 57 x 81
C9 40 x 57
C10 28 x 40
Format [mm]
USA
ANSI A 216 x 279
ANSI B 279 x 432
ANSI C 432 x 559
ANSI D 559 x 864
ANSI E 864 x 1118
Canadian standard CAN 2-9.60M
P1 560 x 860
P2 430 x 560
P3 280 x 430
P4 215 x 280
P5 140 x 215
P6 107 x 140
Format [mm]
0 1030 x 1456
1 728 x 1030
2 515 x 728
3 364 x 515
4 257 x 364
5 182 x 257
6 128 x 182
7 91 x 128
8 64 x 91
9 45 x 64
10 32 x 45
11 22 x 32
12 16 x 22
Format [mm]
Foolscap 432 x 343
Post 489 x 394
Crown 381 x 508
Music demy 508 x 394
Demy 445 x 572
Medium 457 x 584
Royal 508 x 635
Double foolscap 686 x 432
Super royal 699 x 521
Elephant 584 x 711
Double crown 762 x 508
Imperial 762 x 559
Double post 800 x 495
Double large post 838 x 533
Quad foolscap 686 x 864
Double demy 572 x 889
Quad crown 762 x 1016
Quad demy 889 x 1143
Double quad crown 1524 x 1016
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ISO A series ISO B series ISO C series
USA & Canadian Japan JIS B series Poster sizes
Paper size tables
The tables below show some of the standard paper size systems used in different parts of the world,
such as North America, the UK and Japan.
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