<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" class="number">A</span> Operator Precedence and Associativity Operator Precedence and Associativity
by Harvey Deitel, Paul Deitel
C++ How to Program, 10/e
- C++ HOW TO PROGRAM Introducing the New C++14 Standard
- How To Program Series
- Deitel® Developer Series
- Simply Series
- VitalSource Web Books
- LiveLessons Video Learning Products
- C++ How to Program Introducing the New C++14 Standard
- Trademarks
- Contents
- Preface
- Contacting the Authors
- Join the Deitel & Associates, Inc. Social Media Communities
- The C++11 and C++14 Standards
- Key Features of C++ How to Program, 10/e
- New in This Edition
- Object-Oriented Programming
- Hundreds of Code Examples
- Exercises
- Illustrations and Figures
- Dependency Chart
- Teaching Approach
- Secure C++ Programming
- Online Chapters, Appendices and Other Content
- Obtaining the Software Used in C++ How to Program, 10/e
- Instructor Supplements
- Online Practice and Assessment with MyProgrammingLab™
- Reviewers
- About the Authors
- Before You Begin
- 1 Introduction to Computers and C++
- Objectives
- Outline
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research
- 1.3 Hardware and Software
- 1.4 Data Hierarchy
- 1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
- 1.6 C and C++
- 1.7 Programming Languages
- 1.8 Introduction to Object Technology
- 1.9 Typical C++ Development Environment
- 1.10 Test-Driving a C++ Application
- 1.10.1 Compiling and Running an Application in Visual Studio 2015 for Windows
- Step 1: Checking Your Setup
- Step 2: Launching Visual Studio
- Step 3: Creating a Project
- Step 4: Adding the GuessNumber.cpp File into the Project
- Step 5: Compiling and Running the Project
- Step 6: Entering Your First Guess
- Step 7: Entering Another Guess
- Step 8: Entering Additional Guesses
- Step 9: Playing the Game Again or Exiting the Application
- 1.10.2 Compiling and Running Using GNU C++ on Linux
- 1.10.3 Compiling and Running with Xcode on Mac OS X
- Step 1: Checking Your Setup
- Step 2: Launching Xcode
- Step 3: Creating a Project
- Step 4: Deleting the main.cpp File from the Project
- Step 5: Adding the GuessNumber.cpp File into the Project
- Step 6: Compiling and Running the Project
- Step 7: Entering Your First Guess
- Step 8: Entering Another Guess
- Step 9: Entering Additional Guesses
- Playing the Game Again or Exiting the Application
- 1.10.1 Compiling and Running an Application in Visual Studio 2015 for Windows
- 1.11 Operating Systems
- 1.11.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating SystemWindows—A Proprietary Operating System
- 1.11.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating SystemLinux—An Open-Source Operating System
- 1.11.3 Apple’s OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhoneApple’s OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices
- 1.11.4 Google’s AndroidGoogle’s Android
- 1.12 The Internet and the World Wide Web
- 1.13 Some Key Software Development Terminology
- 1.14 C++11 and C++14: The Latest C++ Versions
- 1.15 Boost C++ Libraries
- 1.16 Keeping Up to Date with Information Technologies
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- Making a Difference Resources
- 2 Introduction to C++ Programming, Input/Output and Operators
- Objectives
- Outline
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text
- 2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program
- 2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers
- 2.5 Memory Concepts
- 2.6 Arithmetic
- 2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
- 2.8 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Strings
- Objectives
- Outline
- 3.1 Introduction 1
- 3.2 Test-Driving an Account Object
- 3.3 Account Class with a Data Member and Set and Get Member Functions
- 3.4 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors
- 3.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Member Functions
- 3.6 Account Class with a Balance; Data Validation
- 3.7 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1
- Objectives
- Outline
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Algorithms
- 4.3 Pseudocode
- 4.4 Control Structures
- 4.5 if Single-Selection Statement
- 4.6 if……else Double-Selection Statement
- 4.7 Student Class: Nested if……else Statements
- 4.8 while Iteration Statement
- 4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration
- 4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- 4.10.1 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement
- 4.10.2 Proceeding to the Second Refinement
- 4.10.3 Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- 4.10.4 Converting Between Fundamental Types Explicitly and Implicitly
- 4.10.5 Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
- 4.10.6 Unsigned Integers and User Input
- 4.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements
- 4.11.1 Problem Statement
- 4.11.2 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Pseudocode Representation of the Top
- 4.11.3 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: First Refinement
- 4.11.4 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Second Refinement
- 4.11.5 Complete Second Refinement of the Pseudocode
- 4.11.6 Program That Implements the Pseudocode Algorithm
- 4.11.7 Preventing Narrowing Conversions with List Initialization
- 4.12 Compound Assignment Operators
- 4.13 Increment and Decrement Operators
- 4.14 Fundamental Types Are Not Portable
- 4.15 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators
- Objectives
- Outline
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration
- 5.3 for Iteration Statement
- 5.4 Examples Using the for Statement
- 5.5 Application: Summing Even Integers
- 5.6 Application: Compound-Interest Calculations
- 5.7 Case Study: Integer-Based Monetary Calculations with Class DollarAmount
- 5.8 do……while Iteration Statement
- 5.9 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
- 5.10 break and continue Statements
- 5.11 Logical Operators
- 5.12 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
- 5.13 Structured-Programming Summary
- 5.14 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion
- Objectives
- Outline
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Program Components in C++
- 6.3 Math Library Functions
- 6.4 Function Prototypes
- 6.5 Function-Prototype and Argument-Coercion Notes
- 6.6 C++ Standard Library Headers
- 6.7 Case Study: Random-Number Generation2
- 6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing Scoped enums
- 6.9 C++11 Random Numbers
- 6.10 Scope Rules
- 6.11 Function-Call Stack and Activation Records
- 6.12 Inline Functions
- 6.13 References and Reference Parameters
- 6.14 Default Arguments
- 6.15 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
- 6.16 Function Overloading
- 6.17 Function Templates
- 6.18 Recursion
- 6.19 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
- 6.20 Recursion vs. Iteration
- 6.21 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 6.11 Function-Call Stack and Activation Records
- Section 6.12 Inline Functions
- Section 6.13 References and Reference Parameters
- Section 6.14 Default Arguments
- Section 6.15 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
- Section 6.16 Function Overloading
- Section 6.17 Function Templates
- Section 6.18 Recursion
- Section 6.19 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 7 Class Templates array and vector; Catching Exceptions
- Objectives
- Outline
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 arrays
- 7.3 Declaring arrays
- 7.4 Examples Using arrays
- 7.4.1 Declaring an array and Using a Loop to Initialize the array’s Elements’s Elements
- 7.4.2 Initializing an array in a Declaration with an Initializer List
- 7.4.3 Specifying an array’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting ’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting array Elements with Calculations
- 7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an array
- 7.4.5 Using a Bar Chart to Display array Data Graphically
- 7.4.6 Using the Elements of an array as Counters
- 7.4.7 Using arrays to Summarize Survey Results
- 7.4.8 Static Local arrays and Automatic Local arrays
- 7.5 Range-Based for Statement
- 7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an array to Store Grades
- 7.7 Sorting and Searching arrays
- 7.8 Multidimensional arrays
- 7.9 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional array
- 7.10 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector
- 7.11 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Recursion Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 8 Pointers
- Objectives
- Outline
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization
- 8.3 Pointer Operators
- 8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers
- 8.5 Built-In Arrays
- 8.6 Using const with Pointers
- 8.7 sizeof Operator
- 8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
- 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays
- 8.10 Pointer-Based Strings (Optional)
- 8.11 Note About Smart Pointers
- 8.12 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Special Section: Building Your Own Computer
- 9 Classes: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Time Class Case Study: Separating Interface from Implementation
- 9.2.1 Interface of a Class
- 9.2.2 Separating the Interface from the Implementation
- 9.2.3 Time Class Definition
- 9.2.4 Time Class Member Functions
- 9.2.5 Scope Resolution Operator (::)
- 9.2.6 Including the Class Header in the Source-Code File
- 9.2.7 Time Class Member Function setTime and Throwing Exceptions
- 9.2.8 Time Class Member Function toUniversalString and String Stream Processing
- 9.2.9 Time Class Member Function toStandardString
- 9.2.10 Implicitly Inlining Member Functions
- 9.2.11 Member Functions vs. Global Functions
- 9.2.12 Using Class Time
- 9.2.13 Object Size
- 9.3 Compilation and Linking Process
- 9.4 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members
- 9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions
- 9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments
- 9.7 Destructors
- 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called
- 9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap — Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap — Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private Data Member
- 9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment
- 9.11 const Objects and const Member Functions
- 9.12 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes
- 9.13 friend Functions and friend Classes
- 9.14 Using the this Pointer
- 9.15 static Class Members
- 9.16 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 10 Operator Overloading; Class string
- Objectives
- Outline
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string
- 10.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading
- 10.4 Overloading Binary Operators
- 10.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators
- 10.6 Overloading Unary Operators
- 10.7 Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators
- 10.8 Case Study: A Date Class
- 10.9 Dynamic Memory Management
- 10.10 Case Study: Array Class
- 10.10.1 Using the Array Class
- Creating Arrays, Outputting Their Size and Displaying Their Contents
- Using the Overloaded Stream Extraction Operator to Fill an Array
- Using the Overloaded Inequality Operator
- Initializing a New Array with a Copy of an Existing Array’s Contents’s Contents
- Using the Overloaded Assignment Operator
- Using the Overloaded Equality Operator
- Using the Overloaded Subscript Operator
- 10.10.2 Array Class Definition
- Overloading the Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators as friends
- Range-Based for Does Not Work with Dynamically Allocated Built-In Arrays
- Array Default Constructor
- Array Copy Constructor
- Array Destructor
- getSize Member Function
- Overloaded Assignment Operator
- C++11: Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator
- C++11: Deleting Unwanted Member Functions from Your Class
- Overloaded Equality and Inequality Operators
- Overloaded Subscript Operators
- C++11: Managing Dynamically Allocated Memory with unique_ptr
- C++11: Passing a List Initializer to a Constructor
- 10.10.1 Using the Array Class
- 10.11 Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions
- 10.12 Converting Between Types
- 10.13 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators
- 10.14 Overloading the Function Call Operator ()
- 10.15 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance
- Objectives
- Outline
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
- 11.3 Relationship between Base and Derived Classes
- 11.3.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class
- 11.3.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance
- 11.3.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
- 11.3.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data
- 11.3.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data
- Changes to Class CommissionEmployee’s Member-Function Definitions’s Member-Function Definitions
- Changes to Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee’s Member-Function Definitions’s Member-Function Definitions
- BasePlusCommissionEmployee Member Function earnings
- BasePlusCommissionEmployee Member Function toString
- Testing the Modified Class Hierarchy
- Summary of the CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Examples
- 11.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes
- 11.5 public, protected and private Inheritance
- 11.6 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism
- Objectives
- Outline
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game
- 12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
- 12.4 Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors
- 12.4.1 Why virtual Functions Are Useful
- 12.4.2 Declaring virtual Functions
- 12.4.3 Invoking a virtual Function Through a Base-Class Pointer or Reference
- 12.4.4 Invoking a virtual Function Through an Object’s Name Function Through an Object’s Name
- 12.4.5 virtual Functions in the CommissionEmployee Hierarchy
- 12.4.6 virtual Destructors
- 12.4.7 C++11: final Member Functions and Classes
- 12.5 Type Fields and switch Statements
- 12.6 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions
- 12.7 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
- 12.8 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”(Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”
- 12.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info
- 12.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 12.1 Introduction
- Section 12.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game
- Section 12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
- Section 12.4.2 Declaring virtual Functions
- Section 12.4.3 Invoking a virtual Function Through a Base-Class Pointer or Reference
- Section 12.4.4 Invoking a virtual Function Through an Object’s Name Function Through an Object’s Name
- Section 12.4.5 virtual Functions in the CommissionEmployee Hierarchy
- Section 12.4.6 virtual Destructors
- Section 12.4.7 C++11: final Member Functions and Classes
- Section 12.5 Type Fields and switch Statements
- Section 12.6 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions
- Section 12.6.1 Pure Virtual Functions
- Section 12.8 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”(Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”
- Section 12.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 13 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Streams
- 13.3 Stream Output
- 13.4 Stream Input
- 13.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount
- 13.6 Stream Manipulators: A Deeper Look
- 13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators
- 13.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint)
- 13.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal)
- 13.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill)
- 13.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase)
- 13.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed)
- 13.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase)
- 13.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha)
- 13.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags
- 13.8 Stream Error States
- 13.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream
- 13.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 13.1 Introduction
- Section 13.2 Streams
- Section 13.2.2 iostream Library Headers
- Section 13.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects
- Section 13.3 Stream Output
- Section 13.4 Stream Input
- Section 13.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount
- Section 13.6 Stream Manipulators: A Deeper Look
- Section 13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators
- Section 13.8 Stream Error States
- Section 13.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 14 File Processing
- Objectives
- Outline
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Files and Streams
- 14.3 Creating a Sequential File
- 14.4 Reading Data from a Sequential File
- 14.5 C++14: Reading and Writing Quoted Text
- 14.6 Updating Sequential Files
- 14.7 Random-Access Files
- 14.8 Creating a Random-Access File
- 14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
- 14.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially
- 14.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program
- 14.12 Object Serialization
- 14.13 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 15 Standard Library Containers and Iterators
- Objectives
- Outline
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Introduction to Containers2
- 15.3 Introduction to Iterators
- 15.4 Introduction to Algorithms
- 15.5 Sequence Containers
- 15.5.1 vector Sequence Container
- Using vectors and Iterators
- Creating a vector
- vector Member Functions size and capacity
- vector Member Function push_back
- Updated size and capacity After Modifying a vector
- vector Growth
- Outputting Built-in Array Contents with Pointers
- Outputting vector Contents with Iterators
- Displaying the vector’s Contents in Reverse with const_reverse_iterators
- C++11: shrink_to_fit
- vector Element-Manipulation Functions
- ostream_iterator
- copy Algorithm
- vector Member Functions front and back
- Accessing vector Elements
- vector Member Function insert
- vector Member Function erase
- vector Member Function insert with Three Arguments (Range insert)
- vector Member Function clear
- 15.5.2 list Sequence Container
- 15.5.3 deque Sequence Container
- 15.5.1 vector Sequence Container
- 15.6 Associative Containers
- 15.6.1 multiset Associative Container
- Creating a multiset
- multiset Member Function count
- multiset Member Function insert
- multiset Member Function find
- Inserting Elements of Another Container into a multiset
- multiset Member Functions lower_bound and upper_bound
- pair Objects and multiset Member Function equal_range
- C++11: Variadic Class Template tuple
- C++14: Heterogeneous Lookup
- 15.6.2 set Associative Container
- 15.6.3 multimap Associative Container
- 15.6.4 map Associative Container
- 15.6.1 multiset Associative Container
- 15.7 Container Adapters
- 15.8 Class bitset
- 15.9 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 15.1 Introduction
- Section 15.2 Introduction to Containers
- Section 15.3 Introduction to Iterators
- Section 15.4 Introduction to Algorithms
- Section 15.5 Sequence Containers
- Section 15.5.1 vector Sequence Container
- Section 15.5.2 list Sequence Container
- Section 15.5.3 deque Sequence Container
- Section 15.6 Associative Containers
- Section 15.6.1 multiset Associative Container
- Section 15.6.2 set Associative Container
- Section 15.6.3 multimap Associative Container
- Section 15.6.4 map Associative Container
- Section 15.7 Container Adapters
- Section 15.7.1 stack Adapter
- Section 15.7.2 queue Adapter
- Section 15.7.3 priority_queue Adapter
- Section 15.8 Class bitset
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Recommended Reading
- 16 Standard Library Algorithms
- Objectives
- Outline
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Minimum Iterator Requirements
- 16.3 Lambda Expressions
- 16.4 Algorithms
- 16.4.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n
- 16.4.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare
- 16.4.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if
- 16.4.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if
- 16.4.5 Mathematical Algorithms
- 16.4.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms
- 16.4.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges
- 16.4.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse
- 16.4.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy
- 16.4.10 Set Operations
- 16.4.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range
- 16.4.12 min, max, minmax and minmax_element
- 16.5 Function Objects
- 16.6 Standard Library Algorithm Summary
- 16.7 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 16.1 Introduction
- Section 16.3 Lambda Expressions
- Section 16.3.1 Algorithm for_each
- Section 16.3.2 Lambda with an Empty Introducer
- Section 16.3.3 Lambda with a Nonempty Introducer—Capturing Local VariablesLambda with a Nonempty Introducer—Capturing Local Variables
- Section 16.3.4 Lambda Return Types
- Section 16.4.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n
- Section 16.4.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare
- Section 16.4.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if
- Section 16.4.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if
- Section 16.4.5 Mathematical Algorithms
- Section 16.4.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms
- Section 16.4.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges
- Section 16.4.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse
- Section 16.4.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy
- Section 16.4.10 Set Operations
- Section 16.4.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range
- Section 16.4.12 min, max, minmax and minmax_element
- Section 16.5 Function Objects
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 17 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Exception-Handling Flow of Control; Defining an Exception Class
- 17.2.4 Defining a catch Handler to Process a DivideByZeroException
- 17.3 Rethrowing an Exception
- 17.4 Stack Unwinding
- 17.5 When to Use Exception Handling
- 17.6 noexcept: Declaring Functions That Do Not Throw Exceptions
- 17.7 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling
- 17.8 Processing new Failures
- 17.9 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 17.10 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy
- 17.11 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 17.1 Introduction
- Section 17.2.1 Defining an Exception Class to Represent the Type of Problem That Might Occur
- Section 17.2.5 Termination Model of Exception Handling
- Section 17.2.7 Flow of Program Control When the User Enters a Denominator of Zero
- Section 17.3 Rethrowing an Exception
- Section 17.4 Stack Unwinding
- Section 17.5 When to Use Exception Handling
- Section 17.6 noexcept: Declaring Functions That Do Not Throw Exceptions
- Section 17.7.1 Destructors Called Due to Exceptions
- Section 17.7.2 Initializing Local Objects to Acquire Resources
- Section 17.8 Processing new Failures
- Section 17.9 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation
- Section 17.10 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 18 Introduction to Custom Templates
- Objectives
- Outline
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Class Templates
- 18.2.1 Creating Class Template Stack<T>Creating Class Template Stack<T>
- 18.2.2 Class Template Stack<T>’s Data Representation’s Data Representation
- 18.2.3 Class Template Stack<T>’s Member Functions’s Member Functions
- 18.2.4 Declaring a Class Template’s Member Functions Outside the Class Template DefinitionDeclaring a Class Template’s Member Functions Outside the Class Template Definition
- 18.2.5 Testing Class Template Stack<T>
- 18.3 Function Template to Manipulate a Class-Template Specialization Object
- 18.4 Nontype Parameters
- 18.5 Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters
- 18.6 Overloading Function Templates
- 18.7 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 19 Custom Templatized Data Structures
- Objectives
- Outline
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Self-Referential Classes
- 19.3 Linked Lists
- 19.3.1 Testing Our Linked List Implementation
- 19.3.2 Class Template ListNode
- 19.3.3 Class Template List
- 19.3.4 Member Function insertAtFront
- 19.3.5 Member Function insertAtBack
- 19.3.6 Member Function removeFromFront
- 19.3.7 Member Function removeFromBack
- 19.3.8 Member Function print
- 19.3.9 Circular Linked Lists and Double Linked Lists
- 19.4 Stacks
- 19.4.1 Taking Advantage of the Relationship Between Stack and List
- 19.4.2 Implementing a Class Template Stack Class Based By Inheriting from List
- 19.4.3 Dependent Names in Class Templates
- 19.4.4 Testing the Stack Class Template
- 19.4.5 Implementing a Class Template Stack Class With Composition of a List Object
- 19.5 Queues
- 19.6 Trees
- 19.7 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Special Section: Building Your Own Compiler
- 20 Searching and Sorting
- 21 Class string and String Stream Processing: A Deeper
- Objectives
- Outline
- 21.1 Introduction1
- 21.2 string Assignment and Concatenation
- 21.3 Comparing strings
- 21.4 Substrings
- 21.5 Swapping strings
- 21.6 string Characteristics
- 21.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string
- 21.8 Replacing Characters in a string
- 21.9 Inserting Characters into a string
- 21.10 Conversion to Pointer-Based char* Strings
- 21.11 Iterators
- 21.12 String Stream Processing
- 21.13 C++11 Numeric Conversion Functions
- 21.14 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making a Difference
- 22 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs
- Objectives
- Outline
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Structure Definitions
- 22.3 typedef and using
- 22.4 Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
- 22.5 Bitwise Operators
- 22.6 Bit Fields
- 22.7 Character-Handling Library
- 22.8 C String-Manipulation Functions
- 22.9 C String-Conversion Functions
- 22.10 Search Functions of the C String-Handling Library
- 22.11 Memory Functions of the C String-Handling Library
- 22.12 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Special Section: Advanced String-Manipulation Exercises
- Challenging String-Manipulation Projects
- Chapters on the Web
- A Operator Precedence and Associativity
- B ASCII Character Set
- C Fundamental Types
- D Number Systems
- Objectives
- Outline
- D.1 Introduction
- D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
- D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers
- D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal
- D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal
- D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement NotationNegative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Answers to Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- E Preprocessor
- Objectives
- Outline
- E.1 Introduction
- E.2 #include Preprocessing Directive
- E.3 #define Preprocessing Directive: Symbolic Constants
- E.4 #define Preprocessing Directive: Macros
- E.5 Conditional Compilation
- E.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessing Directives
- E.7 Operators # and ##
- E.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants
- E.9 Assertions
- E.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Self-Review Exercises
- Answers to Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Appendices on the Web
- Index
A Operator Precedence and Associativity
Operators are shown in decreasing order of precedence from top to bottom (Fig. A.1).
Fig. A.1 Operator precedence and associativity chart.
| Operator | Type | Associativity |
|---|---|---|
:: |
binary scope resolution | left to right |
:: |
unary scope resolution | |
() |
grouping parentheses [See caution in Fig. 2.10 regarding grouping parentheses.] | |
() |
function call | left to right |
[] |
array subscript | |
. |
member selection via object | |
-> |
member selection via pointer | |
++ |
unary postfix increment | |
-- |
unary postfix decrement | |
typeid |
runtime type information | |
dynamic_cast<type> |
runtime type-checked cast | |
static_cast<type> |
compile-time type-checked cast | |
reinterpret_cast<type> |
cast for nonstandard conversions | |
const_cast<type> |
cast away const-ness |
|
++ |
unary prefix increment | right to left |
-- |
unary prefix decrement | |
+ |
unary plus | |
- |
unary minus | |
| ! | unary logical negation | |
| ~ | unary bitwise complement | |
sizeof |
determine size in bytes | |
| & | address | |
| * | dereference | |
new |
dynamic memory allocation | |
new[] |
dynamic array allocation | |
delete |
dynamic memory deallocation | |
delete[] |
dynamic array deallocation | |
| (type) | C-style unary cast | right to left |
.* |
pointer to member via object | left to right |
->* |
pointer to member via pointer | |
* |
multiplication | left to right |
/ |
division | |
% |
remainder | |
+ |
addition | left to right |
- |
subtraction | |
<< |
bitwise left shift | left to right |
>> |
bitwise right shift | |
< |
relational less than | left to right |
<= |
relational less than or equal to | |
> |
relational greater than | |
>= |
relational greater than or equal to | |
== |
relational is equal to | left to right |
!= |
relational is not equal to | |
& |
bitwise AND | left to right |
^ |
bitwise exclusive OR | left to right |
| |
bitwise inclusive OR | left to right |
&& |
logical AND | left to right |
|| |
logical OR | left to right |
?: |
ternary conditional | right to left |
= |
assignment | right to left |
+= |
addition assignment | |
-= |
subtraction assignment | |
*= |
multiplication assignment | |
/= |
division assignment | |
%= |
remainder assignment | |
&= |
bitwise AND assignment | |
^= |
bitwise exclusive OR assignment | |
|= |
bitwise inclusive OR assignment | |
<<= |
bitwise left-shift assignment | |
>>= |
bitwise right-shift assignment | |
, |
comma | left to right |
-
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