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Part IIB: Environment
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Part IIB: Environment
by Tom Markvart, L. Castaner, Augustin McEvoy
Solar Cells, 2nd Edition
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of Contributors
Part IA: Solar Cells
Chapter IA-1. Principles of Solar Cell Operation
1 Introduction
2 Electrical Characteristics
3 Optical Properties
4 Typical Solar Cell Structures
References
Chapter IA-2. Semiconductor Materials and Modelling
1 Introduction
2 Semiconductor Band Structure
3 Carrier Statistics in Semiconductors
4 The Transport Equations
5 Carrier Mobility
6 Carrier Generation by Optical Absorption
7 Recombination
8 Radiation Damage
9 Heavy Doping Effects
10 Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter IA-3. Ideal Efficiencies
1 Introduction
2 Thermodynamic Efficiencies
3 Efficiencies in Terms of Energies
4 Efficiencies Using the Shockley Solar Cell Equation
5 General Comments on Efficiencies
References
Part IB: Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Chapter IB-1. Crystalline Silicon: Manufacture and Properties
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of Silicon Wafers for Use in PV Manufacturing
3 Feedstock Silicon
4 Crystal-Preparation Methods
5 Shaping and Wafering
References
Chapter IB-2. High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell Concepts
1 Introduction
2 High-Efficiency Laboratory Cells
3 Screen-Printed Cells
4 Laser-Processed Cells
5 HIT Cell
6 Rear-Contacted Cells
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter IB-3. Thin Silicon Solar Cells
1 Introduction, Background, and Scope of Review
2 Light Trapping in Thin Silicon Solar Cells
3 Voltage Enhancements in Thin Silicon Solar Cells
4 Silicon Deposition and Crystal Growth for Thin Solar Cells
5 Thin Silicon Solar Cells Based on Substrate Thinning
6 Summary of Device Results
References
Part IC: Thin Film Technologies
Chapter IC-1. Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) Layers
3 Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon (μc-Si:H) Layers
4 Functioning of Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells with p–i–n and n–i–p Structures
5 Tandem and Multijunction Solar Cells
6 Module Production and Performance
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter IC-2. CdTe Thin-Film PV Modules
1 Introduction
2 Steps for Making Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells
3 Making of Integrated Modules
4 Production of CdTe Thin-Film Modules
5 The Product and Its Application
6 The Future
References
Chapter IC-3. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Material Properties
3 Cell and Module Technology
4 Device Physics
5 Wide-Gap Chalcopyrites
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter IC-4. Progress in Chalcopyrite Compound Semiconductor Research for Photovoltaic Applications and Transfer of Results into Actual Solar Cell Production
1 Introduction
2 Research Directions
3 Industrialisation
4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter IC-5. High-Efficiency Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cells for One-Sun and Concentrator Applications
1 Introduction
2 Concentrator Applications of IBC Solar Cells
3 Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cells
4 Modelling of Back-Contact Solar Cells
5 Perimeter and Edge Recombination
6 Manufacturing Process for Back-Contact Solar Cells
7 Stability of Back-Contact Cells
8 Toward 30% Efficiency Silicon Cells
9 How to Improve the Efficiency of Back-Contact Solar Cells
10 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter IC-6. High Efficiency III–V Multijunction Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Special Aspects of III–V Multijunction Solar Cells
3 III–V Solar Cell Concepts
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Part ID: Dye-Sensitized and Organic Solar Cells
Chapter ID-1. Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells
1 Introduction
2 Photoelectrochemical Cells
3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
4 Future Outlook
References
Chapter ID-2. Organic Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Organic Electronic Materials
3 Principles of Device Operation
4 Optimising Solar Cell Performance
5 Production Issues
6 Conclusions
References
Part II: Testing, Industry and Environment
Chapter IIA-1. Characterization and Diagnosis of Silicon Wafers, Ingots, and Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Factors Affecting Carrier Recombination
3 Measurement of the Minority-Carrier Lifetime
4 Relationship between Device Voltage and Carrier Lifetime
5 Applications to Process Monitoring and Control of Silicon Solar Cells
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter IIA-2. Calibration, Testing, and Monitoring of Space Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Calibration of Solar Cells
3 Testing of Space Solar Cells and Arrays
4 Monitoring of Space Solar Cells and Arrays
Acknowledgements
References
Part IIB: Environment
Chapter IIB-1. Overview of Potential Hazards
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Hazards in PV Manufacture
3 Crystalline Silicon (x-Si) Solar Cells
4 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Solar Cells
5 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells
6 Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS) Solar Cells
7 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) High-Efficiency Solar Cells
8 Operation of PV Modules
9 Photovoltaic Module Decommissioning
10 Conclusion
References
Editor's Note
Part IIC: Industry
Chapter IIC-1. The Photovoltaic Market
1 Asia and the Pacific Region
2 Emerging Markets
References
Chapter IIC-2. The Photovoltaic Industry
1 Technology Mix
2 Solar Cell Production Companies
3 Polysilicon Supply
4 Polysilicon Manufacturers
References
Appendix A: Constants, Physical Quantities, and Conversion Factors
Appendix B: List of Principal Symbols
Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix D: Useful Web Sites and Journals
Web Sites
Journals
Appendix E: International Standards with Relevance to Photovoltaics
IEC Standards
Draft IEC Standards
ASTM Standards
Other Standards and Guidelines
Appendix F: Books About Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Systems, and Applications
Index
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Part IIB
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