Index

µ (micro), 12

Ω (ohms), 6

5.1 standard, 162

720 p format, 156

1080 i standard, 156

A

A (amps), 6

abbreviations, 12–13

AC (alternating current), 4, 8

additive colors, 30

algorithms, 136

alternating current (AC), 4

amperes, 6

amplifiers, digital distribution, 148

amps (A), 6

analog

components, 166

digital information changing back to, 100–101

switch to digital, 28–29, 148–49

analog mixers, 168

analog sync, 102–3

flow diagrams, 58–59

generators, 48–49

generator signals, 50–53

analog-to-digital converter, 28

analog transducer, 168

analog video recording, 86–87

analog videotape

editing, 112–13

recording technology, 84–85

assemble edits, 118

A to D conversion, 28

atoms and electricity, 2–3

ATSC high-definition broadcast

standard, 156–57

audio

editing on computers, 172–73

professional and consumer, 164–65

surround sound, 162–63

for video, 86, 160–61, 170–71

audio components, 166–67

audio compression, 170

audio-follows-video switchers, 66

audio systems, 164, 168–69

B

back porch, 20

balanced audio systems, 164

bandwidth, 16

requirements for recording audio and video, 86–87

RGB use of, 78–79

basic circuits, 4–5

binary numbering system, 26

bits, 26

black and white, 30, 36

black balance, 34

black burst, 58

black reference, 50

blanking, 18–19

blanking pulses, 50

blue minus luminance (B-Y), 78

board, see mixers

broadcast HDTV standards, 154

broadcasting, 154

broadcasting-quality tapes, 124–25

broadcast-quality requirements, 22

buses, 68

B-Y (blue minus luminance), 78

bytes, 26

C

camera control unit (CCU), 60

cameras

CCDs in, 22–23

flow diagrams, 60–63

seeing light differently, 32–33

capstan lock, 88

capstan servo, 90

cathode ray tube (CRT), 14–15

color, 42–43

converting video signal into visual images, 16–17

CCDs (charge-coupled devices), 22–23

CCU (camera control unit), 60

CGI (computer-generated imagery), 146

CGs (character generators), 144–45

channels, allowing more, 158–59

character generators (CGs), 144–45

charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 22–23

chroma (color) signal, 40

chroma keys, 74–75

chroma key tracking, 80

circuits, basic, 4–5

clocks, horizontal sync as, 98

CODECs, 38–39

CODe/DECode, 38–39

color bar display, 54

color black reference, 50

color burst, 50

color CRTs, 42–43

color difference component video, 78–79

colors

additive, 30

vs. black and white, 30

black and white changing to, 36

complementary, 30

in home video cameras, 40

subtractive, 30

systems, 32

in video cameras, 40

color signals, monitoring, 54–55

color sync, 50

common electrode, 44

complementary colors, 30

component switcher, 64

component video, 76–77

composite encoding, 40–41

composite signal, 40–41

composite video, 52, 76–77

compression, 80, 134–35

MPEG compression standard, 140–41

spatial, 136–37

temporal, 138–39

computer-generated imagery (CGI), 146

computer graphics, 142–43

computers

computer-generated imagery (CGI), 146

dealing with one of two values, 26–27

editing by, 128–29, 172–73

editing with, 128–31

function of, 24

graphics, 142–43

technology for better pictures, 24–25

console, 168

consumer audio, 164–65

consumer equipment, 166

consumer video, 164

control track counter editing system, 122–23

control tracks, 88

convergence, 42

CRT (cathode ray tube), 14–15

color, 42–43

converting video signal into visual images, 16–17

cueing up the tape, 114

current, measuring, 6

cuts, 70

cutting, 112

D

data electrode, 44

DAT (digital audiotape) recorder, 170

DAW (digital audio workstation), 172–73

dB (decibel) scale, 10

DC (direct current), 4

decibel (dB) scale, 10

dedicated equipment, 150–51

desktop video, 150–51

device, 44

digital, 24–29

digital audio system

and analog components, 166

sound recorders for, 170

digital audiotape (DAT) recorder, 170

digital audio workstation (DAW), 172–73

digital distribution amplifiers, 148

digital encoding ratios, 36–37

digital equipment, talking to each other, 38–39

digital information, changing back to analog, 100–101

digital interpolation, 82–83

digital microphones, 168

digital mixers, 168

digital responses, 36

digital special effects, 80–81

digital studio, 148–49

digital switcher, 64

digital technology

solving video problems, 28–29

special effects with, 80–81

digital-to-analog, 28

digital to analog converter, 100

digital video, 24, 170

digital video effects (DVE), 80, 146

digital video servers, 108–9

digital videotape recorders, 106–7

direct current (DC), 4

disc-based recorders, 108

dissolve, 70

distribution amplifier, 58

drive pulses, 50

drop frame mode, 128

D to A conversion, 28, 100

dubbing, 112

DVE (digital video effects), 80, 146

DV video, 106

dynamic tracking head, 104

E

edit decision list (EDL), 116, 124

editing

analog videotape, 112–13

by computer, 128–29

control track counter editing system, 122–23

drop frame and non-drop frame, 128

manual method, 120–21

off-line and on-line editing, 126–27

problems with traditional, 130–31

process, 114–17

SMPTE time code editing, 124–25

sound on computers, 172–73

types of, 118–19

edit points, 114

EDL (edit decision list), 116, 124

effects

creating, 142–43, 146–47

digital effects on analog, 148–49

digital special effects, 80–81

effects keys, 72–75

electrical circuits, disruptions in, 10–11

electrical paths, 58–59

electricity

and atoms, 2–3

measuring, 6–7

electron beam, 18–19

electrons

flow of through metals, 2

scanning movement of, 20–21

encoding, 40–41

entropy encoding, 136

entropy reduction, 136

equipment

dedicated vs. open architecture, 150–53

digital equipment talking to each other, 38–39

high-impedance and low-impedance, 164

professional and consumer, 166–67

eyes, how sees light, 32–35

F

fade-in and fade-out, 70

field conditions, 94–95

fields (induction) and noise, 10–11

filters, 34–35

flat screens, 44, 46–47

flips, 80

flow diagrams

camera flow diagrams, 60–63

production switcher, 68–69

sync flow diagrams, 58–59, 62–63

formulas, mathematical, 6–7

frame lock, 90

frames, compression between, 138–39

frame synchronizers, 102, 104–5

freeze frames, 104–5

frequency, measuring, 8

front porch, 20

G

giga (G), 12

graphics, 142–43

gyroscopic time base error, 94

H

HDTV (high-definition TV), 154–55

helical video recording, 86

hertz (Hz), 8

high-definition TV (HDTV), 154–55

high-impedance equipment, 164

high-level signal, 166

home video cameras, 40

horizontal blanking, 18

horizontal lock, 90

horizontal sync, 20, 98

Hz (hertz), 8

I

imagery, creating, 146–47

images, visual, 16–17

impedance, 8, 164

induction (fields) and noise, 10–11

information, squeezing into smaller space, 134–35

insert edits, 118

interface, between people and machines, 142

interlace scanning, 14, 16–17

interpolation, 82–83

IRE units, 20

K

keys, 72–73

key signal, 72

key source, 72

kilo (K), 12

K (kilo), 12

L

LCD screens, 46–47

letters, creating by computer, 144–45

light, 32–35

linear editing, 130

linear key, 72

line-level signal, 166

liquid crystal display, 46

lockup, 88–91

loudspeakers, 168–69

low-impedance equipment, 164

luminance, 20, 40

luminance keys, 72–73

M

manipulation, 82

manual editing, 120–21

master program bus (PGM), 68

mathematical symbols and formulas, 6–7

matte key, 72

measurement, units of, 12

metals, flow of electrons through, 2

micro (µ), 12

microphones, 166, 12

mixers, 12

m (milli), 12

monaural, 160

mono sound, 160

MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) compression standard, 140–41

N

nano (n), 12

National Television System Committee (NTSC), 16

n (nano), 12

noise, 10

noncomposite video, 52

non-drop frame mode, 128

nonlinear editing, 132–33

nonlinear key, 72

nonsynchronous sources, 102

NTSC (National Television System Committee), 16

numbering system, binary, 26

numbers, creating by computer, 144–45

O

off-line editing, 126–27

ohms (Ω), 6

on-air switcher, 66

on-line editing, 126–27

open architecture equipment

vs. dedicated equipment, 150–51

drawbacks of, 152–53

out-of-phase cameras, 62

P

PAL (Phase Alternate Lines), 56–57

pedestal, 20

PGM (master program bus), 68

Phase Alternate Lines (PAL), 56–57

phosphors, 42

photosensitive elements, 22

picture elements (pixels), 22

pictures

adding sound to, 160–61

combining with sync, 52–53

encoding information to produce better, 36–37

needing information, 50–51

pixels (picture elements), 22

plasma display screen, 44–45

playback, field conditions making difficult, 94–95

power, measuring, 6

prerolling the VTRs, 114

preset (PST) bus, 68

preview (PVW) output, 68

proc amp, 100

production, 154

production switcher flow diagram, 68–69

professional audio, 166

program (PGM) output, 68

progressive scanning, 14, 16

PST (preset) bus, 68

pushes, 80

PVW (preview) output, 68

Q

quantizing, 28

R

recorders

digital videotape recorders, 106–7

disc-based recorders, 108

replacement of tape-based, 110–11

sound for video, 170–71

storage of video images, 84–85

recording head, 84

red minus luminance (R-Y), 78

redundancy, 136

reference signal, 58

resistance, measuring, 6

retrace, 20

RGB, use of bandwidth, 78–79

rotating cubes, 80

routing switcher, 66

R-Y (red minus luminance), 78

S

sampling, 28

scan electrode, 44

SDTV (standard definition digital television), 156, 158–59

self-fill key, 72

signals, combining, 62–63

signal-to-noise ratio, 10

slow motion, 104–5

SMPTE time code

editing, 124–25, 128–29

problems with, 130–31

sound recorders, 170–71

sound tracks, 88

source camera, 74

sources, problems with, 102–3

spatial compression, 136–37

special effects

digital, 80–81

switchers, 64

spheres, 80

splicing, 112

split screens, 70

S system, 76

standard definition digital television (SDTV), 156, 158–59

stereophonic, 160

stereo systems, 160

strong signal, 166

subtractive colors, 30

subwoofer, 162

surround sound, 162–63

switcher buses, 68

switcher outputs, 68

switchers, 64

applications, 66–67

flow diagrams for, 66

production, 66, 68–69

transitions and special effects, 70–71

symbols, mathematical, 6–7

sync, 20

combining with pictures, 52–53

combining with video, 52

generators, 48–49

problems with sources when out of, 102–3

pulses, 20, 50

sync flow diagrams, 62–63

T

tape-based recorders, replacement of, 110–11

tape editing, 126–27

tape transport system, 92

TBCs (time base correctors), 98–99, 100–101, 104–5

television, high-definition, 154–55

television picture tube, 14–15

temporal compression, 138–39

time base correctors (TBCs), 98–99, 100–101, 104–5

time base error, 92–93

correction, 96–97

external causes of, 94–95

fixing, 96–97

tracks, 88–91

transitions, switcher, 70–71

transparent key, 72

U

unbalanced audio, 164

units of measurement, 4, 6–7

V

VDA (video distribution amplifier), 60

vector display, 54

vectorscope, 54–55

vertical blanking, 18

vertical interval, 18

vertical interval switcher, 64

vertical lock, 90

video

audio for, 160–61

combining with sync, 52

compression, 134–35

computer graphics for, 142–43

consumer video, 164

CRTs converting color signals to video images, 42–43

displays, 44–45

drawing and painting on, 146–47

frames, 136–37

giving structure to edit, 120–21

holes, 74–75

images, 84–85

making stable, 98–99

production, 104

recording, 86–87

servers, 108

signals, 16–17

solving problems of, 28–29

sound recorders for, 170–71

switchers allowing to choose video sources, 64–65

video cameras, color in, 40

video distribution amplifier (VDA), 60

video proc amp, 100

video signal paths, 60–61

videotape

editing analog, 112–13

recording analog technology, 84–85

recording more than pictures, 88–89

videotape machines, replacement of, 108–9

videotape recorders, 108

visual images, converting video signals into, 16–17

voltage, 6

volts (V), 6

VTRs, 104

lockup, 88, 90–91

playing back, 92–93

V (volts), 6

W

watts (W), 6

waveform display, 20–21

white balance, 34

white peak, 20

wide-screen format, 154

window of correction, 100

wipes, 70

Y

Y channel, 78

Y/C system, 76