Contents

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

THE ATOM AND ELECTRICITY

The Parts of the Atom

The Flow of Electrons through Metals

BASIC CIRCUITS

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (1)

Voltage

Current

Power

Resistance

Mathematical Symbols and Formulas

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (2)

Frequency

AC Frequency

Impedance

FIELDS (INDUCTION) AND NOISE

Fields (Induction)

Noise

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

ABBREVIATIONS

Kilo

Mega

Giga

Milli

Micro

Nano

CATHODE RAY TUBES (CRTS)

Interlace Scanning

Progressive Scanning

NEED FOR INTERLACE SCANNING

BLANKING

Horizontal Blanking

Vertical Blanking

WAVEFORM DISPLAY

CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES

CCD Layout and Operation

Broadcast-Quality Requirements

AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL (1)

What Is Digital?

What Computers Do

AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL (2)

Bits and Bytes — Binary Numbering System

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

A to D Conversion

Sampling and Quantizing

D to A Conversion

COLOR SYSTEMS

Color versus Black and White

Additive and Subtractive Colors

Complementary Colors

HOW THE EYE SEES LIGHT (1)

Color Temperature

HOW THE EYE SEES LIGHT (2)

Filters

Black Balance

White Balance

DIGITAL ENCODING RATIOS

From Black and White to Color

Digital Responses to This Situation

CODECS

COMPOSITE ENCODING

Home Video Cameras

COLOR CRTS

Convergence

PLASMA DISPLAY SCREEN

How It Works

LCD SCREENS

ANALOG SYNC GENERATORS

ANALOG SYNC GENERATOR SIGNALS (1)

Drive Pulses

Blanking Pulses

Sync Pulses

Color Burst

ANALOG SYNC GENERATOR SIGNALS (2)

Combining Sync with Video

VECTORSCOPES

Reading the Vectorscope

Color Bar Display

PAL

ANALOG SYNC FLOW DIAGRAMS

Distribution Amplifiers

CAMERA FLOW DIAGRAMS

COMBINING SYNC AND CAMERA FLOW DIAGRAMS

Out-of-Phase Cameras

VIDEO SWITCHERS

Vertical Interval Switchers

Component Switchers

Digital Switchers

Special Effects

SWITCHER APPLICATIONS

Production and Editing Switchers

On-Air Switchers

Routing Switchers

PRODUCTION SWITCHER FLOW DIAGRAM

Switcher Buses

Switcher Outputs

SWITCHER TRANSITIONS AND SPECIAL EFFECTS

Wipes

SPECIAL EFFECTS KEYS — LUMINANCE KEYS

Linear or Transparent Keys

SPECIAL EFFECTS KEYS — CHROMA KEYS

COMPOSITE VERSUS COMPONENT VIDEO

Problems of Composite Video

Component Video

Y/C

COLOR DIFFERENCE COMPONENT VIDEO

DIGITAL SPECIAL EFFECTS

Compressions

Pushes

Flips

Rotations

Other Special Effects

DIGITAL INTERPOLATION

Manipulation

Interpolation

ANALOG VIDEOTAPE RECORDING TECHNOLOGY

Recorders

Videotape

Recording Heads

ANALOG VIDEO RECORDING STANDARDS AND FORMATS

Audio versus Video Recording

Helical Video Recording

OTHER TRACKS AND LOCKUP (1)

Sound and Control Tracks

VTR Lockup

Capstan Lock

OTHER TRACKS AND LOCKUP (2)

Vertical Lock (Capstan Servo)

Frame Lock

Horizontal Lock

TIME BASE ERROR

EXTERNAL CAUSES OF TIME BASE ERROR

Gyroscopic Time Base Error

TIME BASE ERROR CORRECTION

TIME BASE CORRECTORS (1)

What a Time Base Corrector Does

How a TBC Works

Horizontal Sync as a Clock

TIME BASE CORRECTORS (2)

D to A Conversion

Video Proc Amp

Window of Correction

LARGER ANALOG SYNC PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Nonsynchronous Sources

Frame Synchronizer

OTHER ADVANTAGES OF TBCS AND FRAME SYNCHRONIZERS

Dynamic Tracking Heads

Freeze Frames

TBCs, VTRs, and Production

DIGITAL VIDEOTAPE RECORDERS

DV Video

DIGITAL VIDEO SERVERS

Problems of Videotape

Video Servers

DISC-BASED RECORDERS

EDITING ANALOG VIDEOTAPE

Physical Cutting and Splicing

Electronic Editing

THE EDITING PROCESS (1)

THE EDITING PROCESS (2)

TYPES OF EDIT1S

Assemble Edit1s

Insert Edit1s

EDITING METHODS — MANUAL

Manual EDITING

EDITING METHODS — CONTROL TRACK COUNTERS

SMPTE TIME CODE EDITING

OFF-LINE AND ON-LINE EDITING

Off-Line EDITING

On-Line EDITING

EDITING BY COMPUTER

Drop Frame/Non-Drop Frame EDITING

PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL EDITING

NONLINEAR EDITING

VIDEO COMPRESSION

SPATIAL COMPRESSION

Entropy Reduction

Entropy Encoding

TEMPORAL COMPRESSION

MPEG COMPRESSION STANDARD

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR VIDEO

Originating Computer Graphics

Interface between People and Machines

CHARACTER GENERATORS

CREATING IMAGERY AND EFFECTS

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)

Digital Video Effects

THE DIGITAL STUDIO

OPEN ARCHITECTURE EQUIPMENT VERSUS DEDICATED EQUIPMENT

DRAWBACKS OF OPEN ARCHITECTURE EQUIPMENT

HIGH-DEFINITION TV

Production HDTV Standards versus Broadcast HDTV Standards

ATSC HIGH-DEFINITION BROADCAST STANDARD

STANDARD DEFINITION DIGITAL TELEVISION (SDTV)

AUDIO FOR VIDEO

The Early Years

Mono and Stereo

SURROUND SOUND

5.1 Stereo

PROFESSIONAL AND CONSUMER AUDIO

Impedance

Balanced and Unbalanced Audio

COMBINING AUDIO COMPONENTS

Line and Mic Levels

Analog and Digital

Professional and Consumer Equipment

MICROPHONES, MIXERS, AND LOUDSPEAKERS

Microphones

Mixers

Loudspeakers

SOUND RECORDERS FOR VIDEO

DAT

DIGITAL AUDIO WORKSTATIONS (DAW)

FURTHER READING

GLOSSARY

INDEX