µ (micro), 12
Ω (ohms), 6
5.1 standard, 162
720 p format, 156
1080 i standard, 156
A
A (amps), 6
AC (alternating current), 4, 8
additive colors, 30
algorithms, 136
alternating current (AC), 4
amperes, 6
amplifiers, digital distribution, 148
amps (A), 6
analog
components, 166
digital information changing back to, 100–101
switch to digital, 28–29, 148–49
analog mixers, 168
analog-to-digital converter, 28
analog transducer, 168
analog videotape
assemble edits, 118
A to D conversion, 28
ATSC high-definition broadcast
audio
professional and consumer, 164–65
audio compression, 170
audio-follows-video switchers, 66
B
back porch, 20
balanced audio systems, 164
bandwidth, 16
requirements for recording audio and video, 86–87
binary numbering system, 26
bits, 26
black balance, 34
black burst, 58
black reference, 50
blanking pulses, 50
blue minus luminance (B-Y), 78
board, see mixers
broadcast HDTV standards, 154
broadcasting, 154
broadcasting-quality tapes, 124–25
broadcast-quality requirements, 22
buses, 68
B-Y (blue minus luminance), 78
bytes, 26
C
camera control unit (CCU), 60
cameras
seeing light differently, 32–33
capstan lock, 88
capstan servo, 90
converting video signal into visual images, 16–17
CCDs (charge-coupled devices), 22–23
CCU (camera control unit), 60
CGI (computer-generated imagery), 146
CGs (character generators), 144–45
channels, allowing more, 158–59
character generators (CGs), 144–45
charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 22–23
chroma (color) signal, 40
chroma key tracking, 80
clocks, horizontal sync as, 98
color bar display, 54
color black reference, 50
color burst, 50
color difference component video, 78–79
colors
additive, 30
vs. black and white, 30
black and white changing to, 36
complementary, 30
in home video cameras, 40
subtractive, 30
systems, 32
in video cameras, 40
color signals, monitoring, 54–55
color sync, 50
common electrode, 44
complementary colors, 30
component switcher, 64
MPEG compression standard, 140–41
computer-generated imagery (CGI), 146
computers
computer-generated imagery (CGI), 146
dealing with one of two values, 26–27
function of, 24
technology for better pictures, 24–25
console, 168
consumer equipment, 166
consumer video, 164
control track counter editing system, 122–23
control tracks, 88
convergence, 42
converting video signal into visual images, 16–17
cueing up the tape, 114
current, measuring, 6
cuts, 70
cutting, 112
D
data electrode, 44
DAT (digital audiotape) recorder, 170
DAW (digital audio workstation), 172–73
dB (decibel) scale, 10
DC (direct current), 4
decibel (dB) scale, 10
device, 44
digital audio system
and analog components, 166
sound recorders for, 170
digital audiotape (DAT) recorder, 170
digital audio workstation (DAW), 172–73
digital distribution amplifiers, 148
digital encoding ratios, 36–37
digital equipment, talking to each other, 38–39
digital information, changing back to analog, 100–101
digital microphones, 168
digital mixers, 168
digital responses, 36
digital special effects, 80–81
digital switcher, 64
digital technology
digital-to-analog, 28
digital to analog converter, 100
digital video effects (DVE), 80, 146
digital videotape recorders, 106–7
direct current (DC), 4
disc-based recorders, 108
dissolve, 70
distribution amplifier, 58
drive pulses, 50
drop frame mode, 128
dubbing, 112
DVE (digital video effects), 80, 146
DV video, 106
dynamic tracking head, 104
E
edit decision list (EDL), 116, 124
editing
control track counter editing system, 122–23
drop frame and non-drop frame, 128
off-line and on-line editing, 126–27
problems with traditional, 130–31
SMPTE time code editing, 124–25
edit points, 114
EDL (edit decision list), 116, 124
effects
digital effects on analog, 148–49
digital special effects, 80–81
electrical circuits, disruptions in, 10–11
electricity
electrons
flow of through metals, 2
entropy encoding, 136
entropy reduction, 136
equipment
dedicated vs. open architecture, 150–53
digital equipment talking to each other, 38–39
high-impedance and low-impedance, 164
professional and consumer, 166–67
F
fade-in and fade-out, 70
fields (induction) and noise, 10–11
flips, 80
flow diagrams
sync flow diagrams, 58–59, 62–63
frame lock, 90
frames, compression between, 138–39
frame synchronizers, 102, 104–5
frequency, measuring, 8
front porch, 20
G
giga (G), 12
gyroscopic time base error, 94
H
HDTV (high-definition TV), 154–55
helical video recording, 86
hertz (Hz), 8
high-definition TV (HDTV), 154–55
high-impedance equipment, 164
high-level signal, 166
home video cameras, 40
horizontal blanking, 18
horizontal lock, 90
Hz (hertz), 8
I
induction (fields) and noise, 10–11
information, squeezing into smaller space, 134–35
insert edits, 118
interface, between people and machines, 142
IRE units, 20
K
key signal, 72
key source, 72
kilo (K), 12
K (kilo), 12
L
letters, creating by computer, 144–45
linear editing, 130
linear key, 72
line-level signal, 166
liquid crystal display, 46
low-impedance equipment, 164
M
manipulation, 82
master program bus (PGM), 68
mathematical symbols and formulas, 6–7
matte key, 72
measurement, units of, 12
metals, flow of electrons through, 2
micro (µ), 12
mixers, 12
m (milli), 12
monaural, 160
mono sound, 160
MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) compression standard, 140–41
N
nano (n), 12
National Television System Committee (NTSC), 16
n (nano), 12
noise, 10
noncomposite video, 52
non-drop frame mode, 128
nonlinear key, 72
nonsynchronous sources, 102
NTSC (National Television System Committee), 16
numbering system, binary, 26
numbers, creating by computer, 144–45
O
ohms (Ω), 6
on-air switcher, 66
open architecture equipment
vs. dedicated equipment, 150–51
out-of-phase cameras, 62
P
PAL (Phase Alternate Lines), 56–57
pedestal, 20
PGM (master program bus), 68
Phase Alternate Lines (PAL), 56–57
phosphors, 42
photosensitive elements, 22
picture elements (pixels), 22
pictures
encoding information to produce better, 36–37
pixels (picture elements), 22
playback, field conditions making difficult, 94–95
power, measuring, 6
prerolling the VTRs, 114
preset (PST) bus, 68
preview (PVW) output, 68
proc amp, 100
production, 154
production switcher flow diagram, 68–69
professional audio, 166
program (PGM) output, 68
PST (preset) bus, 68
pushes, 80
PVW (preview) output, 68
Q
quantizing, 28
R
recorders
digital videotape recorders, 106–7
disc-based recorders, 108
replacement of tape-based, 110–11
storage of video images, 84–85
recording head, 84
red minus luminance (R-Y), 78
redundancy, 136
reference signal, 58
resistance, measuring, 6
retrace, 20
rotating cubes, 80
routing switcher, 66
R-Y (red minus luminance), 78
S
sampling, 28
scan electrode, 44
SDTV (standard definition digital television), 156, 158–59
self-fill key, 72
signal-to-noise ratio, 10
SMPTE time code
sound tracks, 88
source camera, 74
special effects
switchers, 64
spheres, 80
splicing, 112
split screens, 70
S system, 76
standard definition digital television (SDTV), 156, 158–59
stereophonic, 160
stereo systems, 160
strong signal, 166
subtractive colors, 30
subwoofer, 162
switcher buses, 68
switcher outputs, 68
switchers, 64
flow diagrams for, 66
transitions and special effects, 70–71
sync, 20
combining with pictures, 52–53
combining with video, 52
problems with sources when out of, 102–3
tape-based recorders, replacement of, 110–11
tape transport system, 92
TBCs (time base correctors), 98–99, 100–101, 104–5
television, high-definition, 154–55
television picture tube, 14–15
time base correctors (TBCs), 98–99, 100–101, 104–5
transparent key, 72
U
unbalanced audio, 164
V
VDA (video distribution amplifier), 60
vector display, 54
vertical blanking, 18
vertical interval, 18
vertical interval switcher, 64
vertical lock, 90
video
combining with sync, 52
consumer video, 164
CRTs converting color signals to video images, 42–43
drawing and painting on, 146–47
giving structure to edit, 120–21
production, 104
servers, 108
switchers allowing to choose video sources, 64–65
video cameras, color in, 40
video distribution amplifier (VDA), 60
video proc amp, 100
videotape
recording analog technology, 84–85
recording more than pictures, 88–89
videotape machines, replacement of, 108–9
videotape recorders, 108
visual images, converting video signals into, 16–17
voltage, 6
volts (V), 6
VTRs, 104
V (volts), 6
W
watts (W), 6
white balance, 34
white peak, 20
wide-screen format, 154
window of correction, 100
wipes, 70
Y
Y channel, 78
Y/C system, 76