direction, of effort, 101
intensity of efforts, 101
persistence of effort, 101
about, 101–102
behaviorism, 110
cognitive evaluation theory, 104–105
contemporary theories of, 104–116, 107e, 109e, 112e, 115e
early theories of, 101–104, 102e, 103e
expectancy theory, 115–116, 115e
goal-setting theory, 105–108, 107e
hierarchy of needs theory, 101, 102e
integrating theories of, 116–118, 117e
by job design, 121–123, 122e
job engagement and, 116
McClelland’s theory of needs, 102–104
in OB, , 60
operant conditioning theory, 110
reinforcement theory, 110
self-concordance, 105
self-determination theory, 104–105
self-efficacy theory, 108–110, 109e
social-learning theory, 110
summary of, 118, 134–135
two-factor theory, 102, 103e
using alternative work arrangements, 124–127, 125e
using benefits, 133
using EIP, 127–129
using extrinsic rewards, 129–133
using intrinsic rewards, 133–134
using job redesign, 123–124