A
Absolute rendering intent, for color management, 281
Absorption
and filters, 242 light on surface, 239
Accelerators, in developers, 391-393
Accuracy color filters, 243 and nodal points, 104-105
Achromatic colors, see Neutral colors
Acutance definition, 331 images, 224-225 and resolving power, 229-230
Addition operation, logarithms, 436-437
Additive color mixture analysis and synthesis, 290 basic system, 287-288 synthesis stage, 295
Additive primary colors definition, 287-288 examples, 265 and filters, 240 in visual perception, 320
Additive system of photographic exposure (APEX) conversion formulas, 62 and meter scales, 61-62
Aerial haze cause, 244 and perspective, 335
Afocal attachments, design and usage, 125
Aftereffects, basic concept, 317-318
Afterimages, basic concept, 316-318
Agitation developing agents, 395-397 in film development, 145-147
Aliasing as artifact, 84 definition, 82
Alkali definition, 353 in developing agent, 390
Alphanumeric resolution, and variability, 225
American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide, natural lighting exposure conditions, 55
Amount, unsharp mask filter, 91
Analytical density, definition, 301
Anamorphic images, from pinholes, 101
Anamorphic lenses, design and function, 129
Angle of view, from graphical drawings, 108
Anomalous trichomats, in visual perception, 321
Anti-foggants, in developers, 390, 393
Anti-log, calculation, 438
Aperture definition, 38 pinhole, 99-101
Aperture color, definition, 264
APEX, see Additive system of photographic exposure (APEX)
Archer, Frederick Scott, 379
Archiving digital images, 97, 402-403 drying films, 406 drying preparation, 405-406 drying prints, 406 photography preservation, 406-407 silver images, 403-405
Arithmetic film speeds, vs. logarithmic, 432
Artifacts, digital SLR camera, 84
ASA speeds, see ISO film speed
Assignable cause, as variation source, 411
Assimilation, in visual perception, 325
Atlas of the Munsell Color System, 269
Atomic weight, basic concept, 351
Average in normal distribution, 414 statistical symbol, 416
Average gradient in sensitometry, 160 tone reproduction, 205
B
Back movements and image sharpness, 118 lenses, 117-118
Back nodal point, lens location, 103-104
Back shutters, definition, 43-44
Base plus fog, in characteristic curves, 151
Bayer pattern filter, and color reproduction, 293
Behind-lens meters advantages, 71 design, 58
Benzene ring, definition, 351
Between-the-lens shutters calibration, 49 definition, 43-44 and effective exposure time, 45
Bicubic interpolation, frame image processing, 92
Bilinear interpolation, frame image processing, 92
Bioluminescence, definition, 11
Black-and-white development accelerators, 391-393 agitation, 395-397 anti-foggants, 393 developer analysis, 398 developer concentration, 393-394 developer constitution, 389-390 developing agents, 390 direct-positive images, 388 formula comparison, 399 and graininess, 220-221 hydroquinone, 390-391 mechanism, 389 Metol, 391 Metol-hydroquinone developer, 391 negative development, 387-388 paper processing, 398 practical applications, 399-400 preservatives, 392 replenishment, 397-398 restrainers, 392-393 reversal processing, 388-389 specific processes, 398-399 temperature, 394-395 time factor, 394
Black-and-white films exposure latitude, 53-54 reciprocity exposure, 432
Black-and-white paper, reciprocity, 181-182
Black-and-white photographs and color filters, 243-244 neutral-density filters, 250
Blackbody radiation definition, 2 as solid-object source, 7-8
Blending distance, and graininess, 219
Blending magnification, graininess measurement, 218-219
Bloch's law, definition, 315-316
Blue filters, and exposure meters, 55-56
Blue light, and mireds, 14
Blur filters, in digital imaging, 91
Border effect, images, 224
Brewster angle definition, 17 and polarizing filters, 251-252
Brighteners function, 12 in papers, 165 properties, 362-363
Brightness definition, 262 ISO brightness, 164-165 and visual perception, 323
Brightness-range method, see Calculated midtone readings
Brightness resolution, and digital image quality, 83
Bubble jet, for halftone printing, 96
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, 179
C
Cadmium sulfide cells, exposure meters, 69, 71
Calculated midtone readings, determination, 68-69
Calibration in color management, 281 illuminance meters, 28
Callier coefficient, and grain size, 221
Calotype process, basic concept, 377
Camera design, as flare factor, 197
Camera exposure definition, 37 vs. photographic exposure, 37-38
Camera filtration, and discharge-lamp light, 21
Camera meters color filters, 243 reflected-light exposure meters, 69-72
Camera movement, and resolving power, 227
Camera-position readings, reflected-light exposure meters, 69
Cameras digital, 82-87, 143-144, 298 exposure latitude, 52-54 for sensitometry, 142-143
Candela definition, 25-26 lumen relationship, 28 and luminance, 30-31
Candela per square foot, in sensitometry, 140
Candlepower, definition, 26
Catadioptric lenses, design and function, 120-121
Cathode-ray tube (CRT) for continuous-tone printing, 94 for electronic image display, 382-383
CCD, see Charge-coupled device (CCD)
CC filters, see Color-compensating (CC) filters
CCT, see Correlated color temperature (CCT)
CD, see Compact discs (CD)
Cellulose nitrate film bases, properties, 360
Celsius, conversion units, 429-430
Center-weighted meters, definition, 58
Chance, as variation source, 410-411
Characteristic curves exposure relationship, 152-155 family of papers, 170-172 high-illuminance film reciprocity, 181 logarithm operations, 438 papers, 167 positive films, 175-177, 201-202 reversal films, 177-178 in sensitometry, 150-152
Characterization, in color management, 281-282
Charge-coupled device (CCD) basic function, 383-384 definition, 347-348 digital SLR camera, 82 and filters, 245 and pixels, 233-234
Charge-injection device (CID), and pixels, 233-234
Charge-priming device (CPD), and pixels, 233-234
Chemical compounds, definition, 350
Chemical reactions, examples, 351-352
Chemical reducer agent, constitution, 389-390
Chemiluminescence, definition and example, 10-11
Chemistry concepts acid/base, 353-354 atomic weight, 351 atoms, 350-351 complexes, 356 ionization, 354 oxidation/reduction, 352-353 Periodic table, 349-350 pH, 354-355 pH indicators, 355-356 pH meters, 355 solutions, 356-357 specific gravity, 357 valence, 351
Chromatic adaptation, in visual perception, 325
Chromaticity coordinates, equations, 279
Chromaticity map CIE specifications, 273-274 non-uniform color space, 274
CID, see Charge-injection device (CID)
CIE, see International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
CIELAB, see Uniform color space
Circle of confusion, permissible amount, 110-113
Circle of good definition definition, 116 wide-angle lens, 122
Cloning, in digital image processing, 87
CM, see Color management (CM)
CMOS sensor, see Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor
Coherent light waves, vs. noncoherent, 25
Color additive primary colors, 240, 265, 287-288, 320 aperture color, 264 attributes, 266 definition, 258 Fechner's colors, 326 gamut color, 325 and grain size, 221 illuminant color, 264-265 illumination color, 264 measurement types, 262 neutral colors, 265, 266-267, 320 out-of-gamut color, 280 and perspective, 335 primary colors, 240, 265-266, 287-288, 295, 320-321 and spectrophotometers, 259 and spectrophotometric curves, 259-260 subjective colors, 326 surface color, 264 and visible spectrum, 6 visual experience, 257-258 volume color, 264 in white light, 7
Color afterimages, definition, 317
Color analyzers, definition, 262
Colorant, definition, 258
Color balance in digital image processing, 87 in digital photography, 298
Color balance tool (Photoshop), pixel point image processing, 88
Color chain, basic concept, 262-263
Color-compensating (CC) filters design, 247-248 and mired scale, 14
Color constancy, definition, 5
Color correction, with color filters, 246-247
Color densities classification, 301 color-negative films, 310 conditions, 302-303 densitometer benefits, 303 measurement, 261-262, 300
Color densitometers, function and classification, 260-261
Color film reciprocity, basic concept, 182-183
Color films graininess, 223-224 Q-factor, 204 spectral sensitivity, 291-292
Color filters contrast filters, 240 and filter factor, 242-243 identification, 240 and Maxwell triangle, 240-242 and panchromatic film, 244
Color gamut, in color management, 279-280
Color management (CM) calibration, 281 characterization, 281-282 chromaticity diagram, 279 chromaticity values, 279 color gamut, 279-280 color spaces, 282 definition, 277-278 governance, 278-279 ICC profile, 282-283 profile building, 283-284 profile classes, 283 profile connection space, 282-283 rendering intents, 280-281
Color masking, and spectrophotometric curves, 249
Color mode, characteristics, 263-265
A Color Notation, 269
Color papers, properties, 310-313
Color photograph materials, sensitometry, 304-306
Color photography, color filters, 246-248
Color prints, and graininess, 220-221
Color reflection paper, exposed and processed, 311-312
Color-rendering index (CRI) development and application, 15-16 fluorescent lamps, 16
Color reproduction analysis stage, 289-293 color densities, 300-304 color papers, 310-313 dye characteristics, 299-300 function, 286-287 negative color films, 308-310 objectives, 285-286 reversal color films, 306-308 and sensitometry, 304-306 and spectral sensitivity, 297-298 synthesis stage, 293-297
Color response, densitometers, 149-150
Color saturation, in digital image processing, 87
Color spaces, types, 282
Color specification CIE System, 272-273 Munsell system, 268-272 Pantone® Matching System, 272 systems for, 268
Colors theory Hering opponent colors theory, 267-268 Hurvich-Jameson quantitative opponent-colors theory, 268
Color temperature applications, 12-13 daylight, 20 daylight vs. tungsten, 15 light sources, 12 vs. mired scale, 13-15 tungsten-filament lamps, 19-20 in visual perception, 325
Color-temperature meters, basic function, 77
Color vision defects, 321-322 theory, 267-268
Column defects, as artifacts, 84
Compact discs (CD), digital image archiving, 348, 403
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor definition, 348 digital SLR camera, 82 and filters, 245
Complement mapping, pixel point image processing, 89
Complex compound, definition, 356
Computers, color display, 263
Condenser enlargers and paper grade, 171 and sensitometry, 172-173
Cones, and color lightness, 324
Confidence level, in paired comparison, 421-422
Continuous-flow inkjet, for halftone output, 96-97
Continuous-tone films, applications, 163
Continuous-tone printing basic concept, 92-93 with film recorders, 93-94 with laser diode, 94 with LED, 94 by thermal transfer, 95
Contrast color-negative films, 309 emulsions, 366 papers, 167-172 in visual perception, 325
Contrast filters as color filters, 240 in color photography, 246 spectrophotometric curves, 248-249
Contrast index optimum, 201 prediction, 206 in sensitometry, 160-161
Conversion tables illuminance-luminance, 32, 429 temperature scales, 429-430
Convertible lenses, design and function, 125-126
Convolution, in digital imaging, 90
Cool White Deluxe lamp, and CRI, 15-16
Corpuscular theory, definition, 2
Cosine-corrected meter, definition, 59
CPD, see Charge-priming device (CPD)
Crayon spitters, for halftone printing, 95
CRI, see Color-rendering index (CRI)
Crossed curves, definition, 308
CRT, see Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Cunningham, Imogen, 40
Curves, tone reproduction, 202-208
Curves tool (Photoshop), pixel point image processing, 90
Cyanotype process, basic concept, 378-379
D
Daguerre, Jacques Mande, 378
Daguerreotype process, basic concept, 378
Dark pixel defects, as artifacts, 84
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 7
Daylight color temperature, 15, 20 as light source, 18-19
Daylight-type films, spectral sensitivity, 297-298
Decamireds, for convenience, 14
Decimal fractions, logarithms, 438
Decimation, frame image processing, 92
Defects, silver halide crystals, 368
Definition basic concept, 232-233 graininess effects, 217
DeLuxe White®, 22
Densitometers benefits, 303 color densitometers, 260-261 color response, 149-150 and enlargers, 172-173 vs. exposure meters, 147 photoelectric reflection, 304 photoelectric transmission, 303 reflection density, 166-167
Density color-compensating filters, 247-248 color paper, 311-312 and graininess, 219-220 measurement, 148-150 minimum useful density, 155 monitor density, 207 opacity relationship, 147 in sensitometry, 148, 151 separation negatives vs. positives, 294 and tone reproduction, 194
Density range, and paper grade, 171
Depth, in visual perception, 333-335
Depth of field controlling, 113 and f-number, 113 and focal length, 114-115, 432 and lenses, 110 and object distance, 113-114 and perspective, 335
Depth of focus, basic concept, 115-116
Detail basic concept, 232-233 graininess effects, 217
Developing agents accelerators, 391-393 agitation, 395-397 analysis, 398 anti-foggants, 393 B&W processes, 398-399 chemical process, 390 concentration, 393-394 constitution, 389-390 developer concentration, 393-394 developer constitution, 389-390 development effects, 370 direct-positive images, 388 in film development, 145-146 formula comparison, 399 hydroquinone, 390-391 mechanism, 389 Metol, 391 Metol-hydroquinone developer, 391 negative development, 387-388 practical applications, 399-400 preservatives, 392 replenishment, 397-398 restrainers, 392-393 reversal processing, 388-389
Development B&W, see Black-and-white development and effective film speed, 74-75 effect on developers, 370 negatives, 387-388 over- and underdevelopment, 169 and resolving power, 228 and Zone System, 210
Development Index, for Zone System, 211
Development time making negatives, 200-201 in sensitometry, 157-158 Zone System, 210
Diaphragm and aperture, 38 and effective exposure time, 44-46 maximum openings, 39-40 minimum openings, 40-41
Diazo process, basic concept, 381-382
Dichroic fog, silver image archiving, 403-404
Dichromats, in visual perception, 321
Diffraction, as lens aberration, 130
Diffraction-limited lenses, definition, 130
Diffuse color density, vs. specular density, 300-301
Diffuse measurement, definition, 149
Diffusion enlargers and paper grade, 171 and sensitometry, 172-173
Diffusion transfer, basic process, 384
Digital backs, definition, 82
Digital images archival considerations, 97 archiving, 402-403 basic concept, 87 frame image processing, 92 histograms, 87 pixel group processing, 90-92 pixel point process, 88-90 quality, 83-84
Digital negative (DNG), archiving, 403
Digital printing continuous-tone output, 92-93 halftone output, 93 sensitometry, 164
Digital sensors exposure latitude, 54 overview, 347-348
Digital SLR camera (DSC) artifacts, 84 basic structure, 82-83 color balance issues, 298 file formats, 85-87 image quality, 83-84 ISO speed, 144 noise, 85 sensitometry, 143-144
Digital systems color reproduction, 292-293 resolution, 235-236 tone reproduction, 206-208
Digital video discs (DVD) digital image archiving, 348, 402-403 and lasers, 24
Digital zoom lenses, design and function, 127
Direct-positive images, production, 388
Direct sunlight, and exposure meters, 55
Dirt, as flare factor, 197
Discharge-lamp, as light sources, 21-23
Disparity, demonstration, 333-334
Display profiles, definition, 283
Division operation, logarithms, 437
DOD, see Drop-on-demand (DOD)
Donor ribbon, in thermal transfer, 95
Dots per inch (dpi), and digital image quality, 84
Doubling operation, logarithms, 437
dpi, see Dots per inch (dpi)
Drag, in developer agitation, 396
Driffield, Vero Charles, 152, 210
Drop-on-demand (DOD), for halftone printing, 96
Drying process films, 406 prints, 406
Durst Lambda printer, for continuous-tone output, 94-95
Dust, as flare factor, 197
DVD, see Digital video discs (DVD)
Dye-diffusion printing, basic process, 95
Dyes in color reproduction, 299-300 fluorescence, 11 sensitization, 370-371
Dye transfer, basic process, 384
Dynamic range digital camera sensitometry, 143 and digital image quality, 83
E
East Coast f/180 School, 40
Effective aperture, determination, 38
Effective exposure time, and diaphragm, 44-46
Effective f-number, calculation, 42
Eidetic imagery, basic concept, 318
Einstein, Albert, 2
Electrical discharge, and vapor sources, 8-10
Electromagnetic spectrum, basic concept, 3-4
Electronic-flash lamp with focal-plane shutter, 48 as light source, 23-24
Electronic-flash meters, basic function, 75-76
Electronic image display, basic concept, 382-383
Electronic shutters, categories and timing, 49
Electronic subsystem, digital SLR camera, 83
Electro-optical shutter, structure, 49
Electrophotographic technology basic process, 380-381 for halftone printing, 95-96
Electrostatic photography, basic process, 380
Emboss filter, in digital imaging, 91
Emerson, P.H., 210
Emulsions characteristics, 365 components, 359-360 crystal structure, 367-368 diffusion transfer, 384 dye sensitization, 370-371 film positives, 175-177 grain composition, 366-367 grain size, 366
latent image formation, 371-373 multiple coatings, 369-370 in negative development, 387-388 precipitation, 368-369 production, 365 reciprocity effects, 373-374 in reversal processing, 388-389 Sabattier effect, 375 spectral sensitivity, 367 T-grain, 236 washed emulsions, 369
Endothermic solutions, definition, 357
Enlarger lens, design and function, 129
Enlargers flare testing, 173-174 light effects, 173 and paper grade, 171 and sensitometry, 172-173
Eosin, fluorescence, 11
Epson, piezoelectric inkjets, 96
Equations, see also Formulas chromaticity coordinates, 279 filter factor, 242 flare factor, 196 flash guide numbers, 75 luminance, 31-32 mired scale, 14 mired shift, 14-15 monitor density, 207 Planck's equation, 6-7
Error-diffusion screening, digital printing, 93
Evaluative meter, definition, 58
Exciter filter, definition, 246
Existing-light photography, 431
Exothermic solutions, definition, 356-357
Exponential scale, for measurement, 420
Exposure camera vs. photographic, 37-38 characteristic curve relationship, 152-155 focal-plane shutters, 46-48 making negatives, 201 and resolving power, 227 in sensitometry, 140-143, 151 and Zone System, 210
Exposure latitude basic concept, 52-53 black-and-white film, 53-54 digital sensors, 54 in sensitometry, 156-157
Exposure meters accuracy and testing, 63-64 alternatives, 55 color-temperature meters, 77 vs. densitometers, 147 flash guide numbers, 75 flash meters, 75-76 scales, 61-62 spectral sensitivity, 55-56
Exposure range, and paper grade, 171
Exposure time and f-number determination, 47 variation, 43
Extender lenses, design and usage, 124-125
F
Facsimile, tone reproduction, 192
Fahrenheit, conversion units, 429-430
Fechner's colors, definition, 326
Figural aftereffect, definition, 318
Figure-ground, definition, 326
File formats, digital SLR cameras, 85-87
Film bases polyester film bases, 360-362 safety base films, 360
Film development and effective film speed, 74-75 and Zone System, 210
Film positive emulsions, curve analysis, 175-177
Film positives, curve analysis, 175-177
Film recorders, for continuous-tone printing, 93-94
Films calculated midtone readings, 69 and color filters, 244 continuous-tone films, 163 daylight-type films, 297-298 drying, 406 exposure latitude, 52-54, 53-54 graininess, 222, 223-224 graininess minimization, 223 line-copy films, 163 negative color films, 308-310 normal-contrast films, 163, 210 Q-factor, 204 reciprocity exposure, 432 release print films, 175-177 reversal color films, 306-308 reversal films, 53-54, 69, 177-178 safety base films, 360 sensitometry, 144-147 spectral sensitivity, 291-292 speed and graininess, 218 structure, 362
Film speeds arithmetic and logarithmic, 432 ASA and DIN, 162 and degree of developments, 74-75 for digital cameras, 144 and digital image quality, 83 digital SLR camera, 85 and flash guide numbers, 75 and graininess, 218 vs. ISO speed latitude, 145 and meter testing, 63 and resolving power, 225 sensitometry, 161-163 trial exposures, 431 white-card, 66-67
Film type, making negatives, 200
Filter factors and color filters, 242-243 objective, 243
Filters classification, 240 color filters, 240-244 for color photography, 246-248 and color temperature, 13 function, 239-240 graduated ND filters, 250-251 infrared filters, 244-246 interference filters, 251 mired shift value, 14 neutral-density filters, 249-250 polarizing effects, 18 polarizing filters, 251-254 spectrophotometric curves, 248-249 ultraviolet filters, 244-246 Wratten 90, 324
Fine-grain films graininess, 222 graininess minimization, 223
Fisheye lenses, as wide-angle lens, 122
Fixing baths, silver image archiving, 404
Flare factor equation, 196 factors, 196-197
Flare light enlarger effects, 173 enlarger testing, 173-174 human eye, 199 testing, 133-135 and tone reproduction, 194-199
Flash guide numbers, definition, 75
Flash meters, basic function, 75-76
Flat diffuser, in exposure meters, 60
Flexible film roll, invention, 81
Fluorescence definition, 11 and ultraviolet radiation, 245-246
Fluorescent lamps applications, 20 CCTs and CRIs, 16 function, 11-12 as light sources, 20-21 as vapor source, 10
Fluorescent light source, spectral power distribution, 5
Fluorescing screens, in radiography, 12
Fluoroscein, fluorescence, 11
f-number calculation, 38-39 and circle of confusion, 111-112 definition, 38 and depth of field, 113, 432 vs. diffraction-limited resolving power, 131 and exposure time, 43 intermediate f-numbers, 41 and lens transmittance, 42-43 making positives, 201 maximum diaphragm openings, 39-40 minimum diaphragm openings, 40-41 stop determination, 47 system limitations, 41-42 whole stops, 39 and Zone System, 210
Focal length convertible lenses, 125 and depth of field, 114-115, 432 and f-number, 38 and f-number limitations, 41-42 and image size, 337-339 and object distance, 340-342 unmarked lens, 109-110
Focal-plane shutters definition, 43-44 design and considerations, 46-48
Focal point, principal, definition, 102
Focus, and resolving power, 227
Footcandle definition, 28 as illuminance measure, 28-29
Footlambert, definition, 32
Formulas, see also Equations average gradient, 160 color-negative film speed, 309 developing agents, 399 gamma, 158-159 ISO film speed, 161 mean, 416 optics relationships, 109 pH, 355 for pinhole size, 101 positive film speeds, 176 reflectance, 147 reflection density, 166 reversal color film speed, 307 shadow speed, 174 standard deviation, 416 supplementary lenses, 123-124 tone reproduction average gradient, 205 transmittance, 147
Four-quadrant tone reproduction digital system, 207 properties, 204-206
Foveon sensors and color reproduction, 293 definition, 348
Frame image processing, digital images, 92
Fringe effect, images, 224
Front nodal point, lens location, 103-104
Front shutters, definition, 43-44 f/16 rule basic concept, 433 as exposure meter check, 62 f-stops, and Zone System, 210
G
Galvanoluminescence, definition, 11
Gamma definition, 159 in sensitometry, 158-159
Gamma infinity, definition, 159
Gamut clipping, definition, 280
Gamut color, in visual perception, 325
Gamut compression, definition, 280
Gases, spectrum emittance, 8
Gelatin chemical nature, 364 as colloid, 363-364 dye transfer, 384 physical properties, 364-365 properties, 364
Gelatin filters, function, 250
General Electric Chroma 50®, 21
General Electric Lucalox®, 22
General Electric Multi-Vapor® lamp, 22
General-purpose black-and-white films, reciprocity exposure, 432
Gloss, sensitometry, 165
Glossy surface contrast and sharpness, 224 polarizing effect, 17
Graduated neutral-density filters, function, 250-251
Graininess color films, 223-224 detail effects, 217 and film speed, 218 as image characteristic, 216-218 measurement, 218-221 minimization, 223 and resolving power, 229
Grains composition, 366-367 size, 366
Grain size, and image color, 221
Granularity, as image characteristic, 216-218, 221-222
Graphical drawings for angle of view, 108 and beginning photographers, 108-110 for image formation solutions, 106-110
Gravure, definition, 96
Gray scales and neutrals, 266 and Sabattier effect, 184 in sensitometry, 140
Gray surface, and midtone readings, 66
Gretag MacBeth ColorChecker, spectrophotometric curves, 260
Group f/64, 40
Gum bichromate process, basic concept, 379-380
Gurney-Mott hypothesis, 372
H
Halftone printing basic concept, 93 technologies, 95-97
Halftone screening, definition, 93
Hand exposure meter, for reflected-and incident-light, 58
Heat-light relationship, basic concept, 7-8
Helmholtz, Herman von, 267
Hering opponent colors theory, definition, 267-268
Herschel, Sir John, 378
High-intensity discharge lamps, as light sources, 21-23
Highlights and development time, 158 and tone reproduction, 205
Histograms, digital image processing, 87
Holography, and perspective, 335
Hot pixel defects, as artifacts, 84
Hue additive color mixture, 288 definition, 262 and filter combinations, 248 and Munsell Color System, 270-271 in visual perception, 320-322
Hue/Value/Chroma (H/V/C), in Munsell Color System, 271-272
Human eye color reproduction systems, 286-287 flare, 199 as measuring instrument, 323-324 motion detection, 331 sensitivity curve, 5
Human judgment, and resolving power, 228-229
Hurvich-Jameson quantitative opponent-colors theory, 268
Huygens, Christian, light theory, 2
H/V/C, see Hue/Value/Chroma (H/ V/C)
Hydroquinone, in developers, 390-391
Hyperfocal distance, definition, 111-112
I
ICC, see International Color Consortium (ICC)
Illuminance conversion units, 429 definition, 28 exposure meters, 33 intensity relationship, 28-29 luminance conversions, 32 measurement, 28-30 for reflection print viewing, 30 in sensitometry, 141
Illuminance meters, calibration, 28
Illuminant color, definition, 264-265
Illumination color, definition, 264
Illumination color correction, with color filters, 246-247
Images acutance, 224-225 characteristics, 215-216 definition testing, 130-131 digital, see Digital images digital sensor capture, 347-348 direct-positive, 388 display methods, 348-349 distance and f-number, 42 graininess, 216-218 graininess measurement, 218-221 graininess minimization, 223 grain size and color, 221 granularity, 216-218, 221-222 graphical drawing solutions, 106-110 modulation transfer function, 230-232 photographic definition, 232-233 from pinhole, 99-101 pixels, 233-235 with positive lens, 101-103 resolving power, 225-227 shape and back movements, 117-118 sharpness, 224 sharpness and back movements, 118 sharpness and lens movement, 119 size and focal length, 337-339 size and object distance, 337-339
Imagination imagery, basic concept, 319-320
Imaging sensors, digital SLR camera, 82
Imbibition blank film, for dye transfer, 384
Incandescence, definition, 7
Incandescent lamps, as light sources, 19-20
Incident-light exposure meters concept and application, 72-74 and illuminance, 33 operation, 58-60
Indoor scenes, luminance ratio, 195
Infrared filters, function and application, 244-246
Infrared radiation, and visible spectrum, 4
Infrared region, in electromagnetic spectrum, 4
Inkjet papers, sensitometry, 164
Inkjet printers, for halftone output, 96
Ink stability, inkjet printers, 96
Inorganic compounds, definition, 351
Input profiles, definition, 283
Integral density, definition, 301
Integrated-light metering method, reflected-light exposure meters, 69
Intensity illuminance relationship, 28-29 measurement, 27 properties, 26-27
Interference filters, function, 251
Intermittency effects, basic concept, 374
International Color Consortium (ICC) for color managment, 278-279 profile, 282 profile applications, 284
International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity map, 273-275 CIE Color System, 272-273 Standard CIE System of Color Specification, 257-258 and visible spectrum, 5
International Standards Organization (ISO) brightness and sensitometry, 164-165 digital resolution, 235 film speed, 63, 75, 83, 85, 144-145, 161-163, 431-432
Interpolation and effective resolution, 84 frame image processing, 92
Inter-Society Color Council, for color variable organization, 258
Interval scales logarithms, 436 for measurement, 419
Inverse logarithms, see Anti-log
Inverse-square law, and illuminance, 29
Ionization, basic concept, 354
IRIS printers, for halftone output, 96-97
Ishihara color plates, 322
Isochromotic color rendering, definition, 370
ISO film speed arithmetic and logarithmic, 432 for digital cameras, 144 and digital image quality, 83 digital SLR camera, 85 and flash guide numbers, 75 vs. ISO speed latitude, 145 latitude vs. speed, 145 and meter testing, 63 sensitometry, 161-163 trial exposures, 431
J
JND, see Just-noticeable difference (JND)
JPEG file format, digital SLR cameras, 85-87
Just-noticeable difference (JND) non-uniform color space, 274 in visual perception, 325
K
Kelvin, Lord, 4
Kelvin (K) and color temperature, 12 conversion units, 429-430 and temperature, 4
Kerr, Rev. John, 49
Kerr cell, structure, 49
Keytone method definition, 64 reflected-light exposure meters, 66-68
Kodak dye-diffusion printing, 95 film granularities, 222 film resolution, 228 Pegasus LED printer, 94 Photo-Flo™, 405-406 PORTA and ULTRA color films, 308 safety base films, 360 T-grain emulsions, 236
KODAK Grain Index, method, 222
L
Lamp-reflector combination, polar-coordinate plot, 26
Lamps Cool White Deluxe lamp, 15-16 discharge-lamp, 21-23 electronic-flash lamp, 23-24, 48 fluorescent lamps, 10, 11-12, 16, 20-21 General Electric Multi-Vapor® lamp, 22 high-intensity discharge lamps, 21-23
Lamps (continued) incandescent lamps, 19-20 lamp-reflector combination, 26 tungsten-filament lamps, 19-20
Laser basic properties, 24-25 for continuous-tone printing, 94-95
Latensification, 376
Latent image formation, 371-373 stability, 375-376
LCD, see Liquid crystal display (LCD)
LCL, see Lower-control limit (LCL)
Leaf shutters, definition, 43-44
LED, see Light-emitting diode (LED)
Lens design, as flare factor, 196
Lenses back movements, 117-118 catadioptric lenses, 120-121 convertible lenses, 125-126 depth of field, 110, 432 diffraction, 130 digital zoom, 127 flare testing, 133-135 f-number limitations, 42 for image formation, 101-106 macro lenses, 127 macro-zoom lenses, 127 nodal point applications, 104-106 nodal point locations, 103-104 optical center, 103 perpendicular movements, 116-117 resolving power, 226 shortcomings, 129-130 soft-focus lenses, 128-129 special supplementary lenses, 124-125 supplementary lenses, 123-124 telephoto lenses, 119-120 testing, 130-133 types, 119 unmarked, focal length, 109-110 wide-angle lenses, 121-122 zoom lenses, 126-127
Lens movement, and image sharpness, 119
Lens shutters, categories, 43-44
Lens-to-film distance, telephoto lenses, 120
Lens transmittance, f-number limitations, 42-43
Levels tool (Photoshop), pixel point image processing, 88-89
Light and aerial haze, 244 basic terminology, 33 definition, 1 definition and units, 25-26 electromagnetic spectrum, 3, 4 enlarger effects, 173 importance, 1-2 polarization, 16-18 production process, 9 reflection, absorption, transmittance, 239 units of length, 3 visible spectrum, 4-6
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) basic properties, 24-25 for continuous-tone printing, 94-95
Light-emitting diode (LED), for continuous-tone printing, 94
Lighting conditions as flare factor, 196 and perspective, 335
Light meters, see Exposure meters
Lightness additive color mixture, 288 and tone reproduction, 190 and visual perception, 322-324
Light output curve, electronic flash unit, 23
Light ratios, basic concept, 62
Light sources candela, 25-26 color temperatures, 12 daylight, 18-19 electronic flash, 23-24 fluorescent lamps, 20-21 high-intensity discharge lamps, 21-23 and resolving power, 228 tungsten-filament lamps, 19-20 tungsten-halogen lamps, 20
Light waves, basic concept, 2-3
Linear-array sensors, and digital image quality, 83-84
Linear perspective basic assumptions, 337 definition, 335-336 object distance, 340-341 object distance and image size, 337-339
Line-copy films, applications, 163
Line drawings, visual perception, 330
Liquid crystal display (LCD), for electronic images, 383
Localization, definition, 330
Logarithmic film speeds, vs. arithmetic, 432
Logarithms basic operations, 436-438 via calculator, 438, 440-441 number table, 439
Log exposure, in sensitometry, 151
Log exposure range, in sensitometry, 155-156
Log luminance-range method, see Calculated midtone readings
Logs, see Logarithms
Lossless file format, digital SLR camera, 86
Lossy file format, digital SLR camera, 86
Lower-control limit (LCL), in quality control, 424-425
Low-illuminance film reciprocity, basic concept, 180-181
Lumen candela relationship, 28 definition, 27
Luminance conversion units, 429 definition, 30 exposure meters, 33 formulas, 31-32 illuminance conversions, 32 measurement, 30-31 and opical flare, 194-195 outdoor scenes, 194-195 in photography, 32-33 and tone reproduction, 190 for transparency viewing, 30 and uniform color space, 274 and visual perception, 322-323
Luminance meter, see Reflected-light exposure meters
Luminance-range method, see Calculated midtone readings
Luminance-ratio method, see Calculated midtone readings
Luminance-subject range, in sensitometry, 152
Luminescence, definition and example, 10
Luminous efficacy, definition, 21
Luminous flux, see Flux
Luminous intensity, see Intensity
M
MacAdam, David, 274
Macro lenses, design and function, 127
Macro-zoom lenses, design and function, 127
Mantissa, logarithm operations, 438
Mapping chromaticity map, 273-274 pixel point image processing, 89
Masking, and spectrophotometric curves, 249
Maxwell, James Clerk, 267
Maxwell triangle, and color filters, 240-242
Mean calculation, 435 formulas, 416 in normal distribution, 414 statistical symbol, 416
Measurement concept exponential scale, 420 interval scale, 419 methods, 418 nominal scale, 418-419 ordinal scale, 419 ratio scale, 419-420 scale types, 421
Mechanical compensation, zoom lenses, 126
Median, in normal distribution, 414
Median filter, in digital imaging, 91
Megapixel, definition, 84
Memory, recognition, 319
Mercury-vapor source fluorescent lamps, 20-21 as high-intensity discharge sources, 22 spectral-energy distribution, 9
Metercandles, definition, 28
Meters for color temperature, 13 illuminance meters, 28 pH meters, 355
Metol, in developers, 391
Metol-hydroquinone (MQ) developer, in developers, 391
Micro-reciprocal-degrees (Mired), see Mired scale
Midtone readings calculated, 68-69 and graininess, 219 positive films, 176 reflected-light exposure meters, 64-66 and Zone System, 212
Minimum useful density, in sensitometry, 155
Mired scale, vs. color temperature, 13-15
Mired shift value (MSV), for filters, 14
Mode, in normal distribution, 414
Modulation transfer function (MTF), basic concept, 230-232
Moire pattern, definition, 82
Monitor density, definition, 207
Monochromats, in visual perception, 321
Monocular attachment, definition, 124
Mosaic screen process, for color reproduction, 295
Motion, in visual perception, 331-333
Motion-picture photography, vs. direct vision, 333
MQ, see Metol-hydroquinone (MQ) developer
MTF, see Modulation transfer function (MTF)
Multiplication operation, logarithms, 436-437
Munsell Color System into CIE notations, 273 for color specification, 268-272 for color variable organization, 257-258 definition, 16
Munsell color tree, specifications, 270
Natural lighting, and exposure, 55
ND filters, see Neutral-density filters
N
Negative color films, properties, 308-310
Negative curves, in sensitometry, 163
Negative density, and graininess, 220
Negative development, basic process, 387-388
Negative films calculated midtone readings, 69 exposure latitude, 52-54
Negatives, and tone reproduction, 199-201
Neutral attenuators, spectral density curves, 305
Neutral colors definition, 265 examples, 266-267 in visual perception, 320
Neutral-density filters function, 249-250 graduated ND filters, 250-251
Nodal points lens location, 103-104 in practice, 104-106
Nominal scale, for measurement, 418-419
Noncoherent light waves, vs. coherent, 25
Non-photo-grade media, as inkjet paper, 164
Normal-contrast films applications, 163 and Zone System, 210
Normal distribution definition, 412-413 description, 416-418 in variability, 414-415
Normal trichromats, in visual perception, 321
Norwood, Don, 60
Norwood exposure meter, operation, 60
Number of observations, statistical symbol, 416
Nystagmus, in visual perception, 326
O
Object distance and depth of field, 113-114, 432 and focal length, 340-342 and image size, 337-339
Objective measurements, definition, 418
Objective tone reproduction analysis, 193-194 for pictorial system, 203 and preferred photographs, 191-193 and subjective, 190-191 and Zone System, 213
OECF, see Opto-electronic conversion function (OECF)
Opacity density relationship, 147 papers, 165-166 in sensitometry, 148
Optical brighteners, in papers, 165
Optical center, lenses, 103
Optical compensation, zoom lenses, 126
Optical pumping, ruby laser, 25
Optical solution, zoom lenses, 126
Optics and back movements, 117-118 catadioptric lenses, 120-121 circle of confusion, 110-113 convertible lenses, 125-126 depth of field, 110 depth of field controls, 113-115 depth of focus, 115-116 diffraction, 130 digital SLR camera, 82 digital zoom, 127 flare testing, 133-135 graphical drawing applications, 106-110 image formation from lens, 101-106 image formation from pinhole, 99-101 lens movement, 119 lens shortcomings, 129-130 lens testing, 130-133 lens types, 119 macro lenses, 127 macro-zoom lenses, 127 perpendicular movements, 116-117 reversed telephoto wide-angle lens, 122-123 special supplementary lenses, 124-125 telephoto lenses, 119-120 view-camera movements, 116 wide-angle lenses, 121-122 zoom lenses, 126-127
Opto-electronic conversion function (OECF) vs. characteristic curves, 150 digital camera sensitometry, 143-144
Ordinal scale, for measurement, 419
Organic compounds, definition, 351
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology, 383
Orthochromotic color rendering, definition, 370
Outdoor scenes luminance, 194-195 and Zone System, 209-210
Out-of-gamut color, definition, 280
Output devices, and resolution, 84
Output profiles, definition, 283
Overdevelopment, and paper contrast, 169
Overexposure, and exposure latitude, 52-54
Overlap, and perspective, 335
Oxidation-reduction reactions, basic concept, 352-353
Oxidizing agent, definition, 352
P
Paired comparisons, in measurement, 420-423
Panchromatic films and color filters, 244 speed and graininess, 218
Panoramic image, and nodal points, 105
Pantone® Matching System, color specification, 272
Paper bases, properties, 362
Partitive mixing, see Spatial color mixing
PCS, see Profile connection space (PCS)
Pellet process, 379
Perception, see Visual perception
Perceptual rendering intent, for color management, 281
Periodic table definition, 348 development, 349-350
Perpendicular movements, lenses, 116-117
Persistence of vision, definition, 288
Persistent images, basic concept, 315-316
Personal Speed Index, Zone System, 210
Perspective, in visual perception, 335-337
PGI, see Print Grain Index (PGI)
Phase-change technology, for halftone printing, 95
pH indicators, definition, 355-356
Phi phenomenon, definition, 332-333
pH meters, function, 355
Phosphorescence, definition, 11
Phosphors, classes, 10
Photoelectric reflection densitometer, major components, 304
Photoelectric transmission densitometer, major components, 303
Photo-Flo™, in archiving, 405-406
Photo-grade media, as inkjet paper, 164
Photographic definition, basic concept, 232-233
Photographic effects basic concept, 178-179 black-and-white paper reciprocity, 181-182 color film reciprocity, 182-183 high-illuminance film reciprocity, 181 intermittency effects, 374 low-illuminance film reciprocity, 180-181 reciprocity, 179-180 reciprocity effects, 373-374 Sabattier effect, 375 solarization, 375
Photographic exposure vs. camera exposure, 37-38 definition, 37
Photographic papers B&W paper reciprocity, 181-182 characteristic curves, 167, 170-172 color, 310-313 color papers, 310-313 contrast, 167-172 curve analysis, 166-167 diffusion and condenser enlargers, 171 opacity, 165-166 processing, 398 reflection densities, 211 sensitometry, 163-164 speeds, 174-175 textured, 224 weight and thickness, 363
Photographic process basics flow diagram, 193 zone distortion, 214
Photoluminescence, definition, 11
Photometric quantities, luminance, 31
Photoshop, pixel point image processing, 88-90
Phototopic vision, and color lightness, 324
Physics, and color measurement, 262
Pictorial system, objective tone reproduction, 203
Piezoelectric inkjet, for halftone output, 96
Pinhole for anamorphic images, 101 camera components, 100 for image formation, 99-101 optimum size, 100-101
Pixel group image processing, concept and application, 90-92
Pixel point image processing, digital images, 88-90
Pixels defects as artifacts, 84 and images, 233-235 replication, frame image processing, 92 and resolution, 235
Pixels per inch (ppi), and digital image quality, 84
Planck, Max, 2
Planck's equation, and spectral power distribution, 6-7
Pointevin process, 379
Polarizing angle, see Brewster angle
Polarizing filters effects, 18 function, 251-252 and transillumination, 253-254 types, 253
Polyestser film bases, properties, 360-362
Populations, vs. samples, 415-416
Positive lens, for image formation, 101-103
Positives, and tone reproduction, 201-202
Positive supplementary lens, applications, 123-124
Post-stimulus perception aftereffects, 317-318 afterimages, 315-316-318 eidetic imagery, 318 imagination imagery, 319-320 persistent images, 315-316 visual memory, 318-319
Power operation, logarithms, 437
ppi, see Pixels per inch (ppi)
Precipitate, definition, 356
Precipitation, emulsions, 368-369
Preference test, and measurement, 422
Preferred photographs, and objective tone reproduction, 191-193
Preservation, photographs, 406-407
Preservatives in developers, 392 in developing agent, 390
Pressure, and vapor source, 9-10
Primary colors additive, 240, 265, 287-288, 320 color systems, 265-266 psychological primary colors, 265, 321 subtractive, 265, 288, 295, 320-321
Primary hues, and filter combinations, 248
Principal focal point, definition, 102
Print Grain Index (PGI), purpose, 222
Printing time, making positives, 201
Prints, drying, 406
Print tone, subject tone relationship, 204
Print values, reflection densities, 211
Print viewers, fluorescent lamps, 20
Profile connection space (PCS), in color management, 282-283
Profiles classes, 283 construction, 283-284 ICC profile, 282
Psychological primary colors example, 265 in visual perception, 321
Psychology, and color measurement, 262
Psychophysics, and color measurement, 262
Q
Q-factor color films, 204 and enlargers, 173
Quality control example calculations, 426 and variability, 423-426
Quantum theory, as light theory, 2
Quartz-iodine lamps, see Tungsten-halogen lamps
Quenching, and flash meters, 76
R
Radiant energy as electromagnetic spectrum, 3-4 wavelength, 3, 9
Radiography, with fluorescing screens, 12
Radius, unsharp mask filter, 91
Randomness, as variation source, 410-411
Range, in normal distribution, 414
Ratio scales logarithms, 436 for measurement, 419-420
RAW file format digital image archiving, 402-403 digital SLR cameras, 85-86
Rayleigh scattering and filters, 244-245 and skylight, 19
RC, see Resin-coated photo-grade paper (RC)
Reading, and visual perception, 327-328
Reciprocity effects basic concept, 179-180, 373-374 black-and-white paper reciprocity, 181-182 color film reciprocity, 182-183 high-illuminance film reciprocity, 181 low-illuminance film reciprocity, 180-181
Reciprocity exposure, general-purpose black-and-white films, 432
Reciprocity law failure (RLF), definition, 179
Recognition, for memory testing, 319
Rectangular distribution, in variation, 411
Reducing agent, definition, 352
Reflectance formula, 147 papers, 165-166
Reflected-light exposure meters calculated midtone readings, 68-69 camera meters, 69-72 camera-position readings, 69 vs. incident-light meters, 73 keytone readings, 66-68 and luminance, 33 midtone readings, 64-66 operation, 56-58 zone system readings, 66-68
Reflecting surfaces and luminance, 31 and polarizing filters, 252-253
Reflection, light on surface, 239
Reflection density photographic paper and print values, 211 photographic papers, 166-167
Reflection prints, and illuminance, 30
Relative aperture, see f-number
Relative colorimetric intent, for color management, 281
Release print films, curve analysis, 175-177
Rendering intents, in color management, 280-281
Replenishment, developing agents, 397-398
Resin-coated photo-grade paper (RC), as inkjet paper, 164
Resizing, frame image processing, 92
Resolution digital systems, 235-236 and pixels, 235 testing, 331
Resolving power and acutance, 229-230 categories, 229 diffraction limited, 131 and graininess, 229 and images, 225-227 variables, 227-229
Restrainers in developers, 392-393 in developing agent, 390
Reversal films calculated midtone readings, 69 curve analysis, 177-178 exposure latitude, 53-54 properties, 306-308
Reversal processing, basic process, 388-389
Reversed telephoto wide-angle lenses, design and function, 122-123
RGB data file formats, 86 histograms, 87
Rhodamine, fluorescence, 11
RLF, see Reciprocity law failure (RLF)
Root operation logarithms, 437 whole stops, 41
Roscoe, Henry Enfield, 179
Ruby laser, basic properties, 24-25
S
Sabattier effect, basic concept, 183-184, 375
Safety base films, properties, 360
Samples, vs. populations, 415-416
Saturation additive color mixture, 288 definition, 262 in visual perception, 324-326
Saturation rendering intent, for color management, 281
Scale of reproduction, determination, 110
Scales exponential scales, 420 exposure meters, 61-62 gray scales, 140, 184, 266 interval scales, 419, 436 for measurement, 421 nominal scales, 418-419 ordinal scales, 419 ratio scales, 419-420, 436 temperature conversion units, 429-430
Scaling, frame image processing, 92
Scattered light, enlarger effects, 173
Scenes, and Zone System, 209
Screening, digital printing, 93
Seasoned developing agent, replenishment, 397
Selenium cells, exposure meters, 69, 71
Semi-silhouettes, and exposure meters, 67
Sensitivity, emulsions, 366
Sensitometers and color photographic materials, 304-306 development, 143 parts, 141-142 reversal color film properties, 307
Sensitometry average gradient, 160 basic concept, 139-140 black-and-white paper reciprocity, 181-182 with camera, 142-143 characteristic curves, 150-152 color film reciprocity, 182-183 condenser and diffusion enlargers, 172-173
Sensitometry (continued) contrast index, 160-161 density measurement, 148-150 development time effects, 157-158 digital cameras, 143-144 enlarger testing for flare, 173-174 exposure, 140-143 exposure latitude, 156-157 film, 144-147 gamma, 158-159 gloss readings, 165 high-illuminance film reciprocity, 181 inkjet papers, 164 ISO brightness, 164-165 ISO film speed, 161-163 light effects on enlarger, 173 log exposure range, 155-156 low-illuminance film reciprocity, 180-181 negative curve analysis, 163 opacity, 148 paper contrast, 167-172 paper opacity, 165-166 papers, 163-164 paper speeds, 174-175 photographic effect concepts, 178-179 photographic paper curves, 166-167 positive film curve analysis, 175-177 reciprocity effects, 179-180 reversal film curve analysis, 177-178 Sabattier effect, 183-184 solarization, 184 subject-luminance range, 152 and transmittance, 147-148
Sensors CMOS, 82, 245, 348 and color reproduction, 293 digital, 347-348 digital sensors, 54 digital SLR camera, 82 Foveon sensors, 293, 348 linear-array sensors, 83-84
Separation negatives, 294
Separation positives, 294
Shadows and development time, 158 and paper contrast, 170
Shadow speed, formula, 174
Shape, in visual perception, 326-329
Shape constancy, 328
Sharpening, definition, 329
Sharpening filters, in digital imaging, 91-92
Sharpness definition, 331 images, 224
Shoulder, in characteristic curves, 151-152
Shutters categories, 43-44 electronic shutters, 49 in sensitometry, 142 testing, 49-52
Shutter speed, and exposure time, 43
Signal-to-noise ratio, digital SLR camera, 85
Silhouettes, and exposure meters, 67
Silver halide in emulsions, 359-360 granularity, 216 as image sensors, 348 in negative development, 387-388 in reversal processing, 388-389 structure, 367-368 T-grains, 236 and UV and IR, 244
Silver image archiving dichroic fog, 403-404 fixing baths, 404 stop baths, 403 washing, 404-405
Simultaneous contrast, in visual perception, 325
Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras, white balance settings, 13
Size, in visual perception, 329-330
Skylight polarization, 17 Rayleigh scattering, 19
SLR, see Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras
Smellen eye charts, 330
Sodium-vapor source, spectral-energy distribution, 9
Soft-focus lenses, design and function, 128-129
Solarization basic concept, 375 definition, 53 and sensitometry, 184
Solid-object sources blue light, 14 and color temperature, 13 examples, 7-8
Solids, spectrum emittance, 8
Solubility, definition, 356
Solutions, definition, 356-357
Sony, dye-diffusion printing, 95
Spatial color mixing, definition, 288
Spatial resolution and artifacts, 84
and digital image quality, 83-84
SPD, see Spectral power distribution (SPD)
Specific gravity, basic concept, 357
Spectral density, definition, 301
Spectral-energy distribution high-intensity discharge sources, 22 xenon-filled electronic flash unit, 23
Spectral power distribution (SPD) definition, 8 for light identification, 6-7 tungsten and fluorescent light sources, 5
Spectral sensitivity color films, 291-292 and color reproduction, 297-298 emulsions, 367 exposure meters, 55-56
Spectrophotometers for color measurement, 259 function, 248
Spectrophotometric absorption curves and color, 259-260 from filters, 248-249
Specular color density, vs. diffuse density, 300-301
Speed color-negative films, 309 color papers, 312-313 papers, 174-175 positive films, 176 reversal color film, 306-307
Squaring operation, logarithms, 437
Stair stepping, see Aliasing Standard deviation calculation, 435 formulas, 416 in normal distribution, 415 for normal distribution spread, 417 statistical symbol, 416
Standard Paper Range Number, family of papers, 171
Statistical symbols, summary, 416
Status A densitometry, definition, 302
Status M densitometry, definition, 302
Steiner, Ralph, 40
Stereophotography, and perspective, 335
Stereopsis, definition, 334
Stochastic screening, digital printing, 93
Stop baths, silver image archiving, 403
Straight line, in characteristic curves, 151
Stretch mapping, pixel point image processing, 88-89
Stronger perspective, definition, 338-339
Subject characteristics, as flare factor, 196
Subjective colors, definition, 326
Subjective tone reproduction, and objective, 190-191
Subjectivity and measurement, 418 paired comparisons, 420-423 and test conditions, 423 and variability, 410
Subject-luminance range, in sensitometry, 152
Subject tones, print tone relationship, 204
Subject values, Zone System, 208-209, 212-213
Subtraction operation, logarithms, 437
Subtractive primary colors analysis and synthesis, 295 definition, 288 examples, 265 in visual perception, 320-321
Subtractive primary mixing basic system, 288-289 dye characteristics, 299
Successive contrast, in visual perception, 325 Sun, temperature, 19
Supersaturated solutions, definition, 356
Supplementary lenses special types, 124-125 types, 123-124
Surface color, definition, 264 Surface mode, definition, 264
Surfaces glossy surface polarizing, 17 and graininess, 224 light reflection, absorption, transmittance, 239 and luminance, 31 and midtone readings, 65-66
Swinging, and image shape, 118
T
Tablet, in sensitometry, 141-142
Tele-extender lenses, design and usage, 124-125
Telephoto lenses design and function, 119-120 reversed telephoto wide-angle lens, 122-123
Temperature developing agents, 394-395 and electromagnetic spectrum, 4 in film development, 145 Kelvin, 4 and solid-object sources, 8 sun, 19
Temperature coefficient, definition, 394-395
Temperature scales, conversion units, 429-430
Temporal color mixing, definition, 288
Test conditions enlargers for flare, 173-174 flare light, 133-135 lenses, 130-133 lens resolving power, 226 and subjectivity, 423
Test target contrast, and resolving power, 227
Textured paper, graininess, 224
T-grain emulsions, technology, 236
Thermal jet, for halftone printing, 96
Thermal transfer, for continuous-tone printing, 95
Thermal wax transfer, for halftone printing, 95
Thermography, basic process, 381
Threshold, unsharp mask filter, 91
TIFF file format, digital SLR cameras, 85, 87
Tilting, and image shape, 118
Time factor developing agents, 394 in film development, 145
Time-gamma chart, definition, 159 TNC, see
Total negative contrast (TNC) T-number system, and /-number, 43 Toe, in characteristic curves, 151 Tonal contrast, in digital image processing, 87 Tonal placement, in digital image processing, 87
Tonal range, in digital image processing, 87
Tone reproduction curve generation, 202-208 for digital system, 206-208 negatives, 199-201 objective and subjective, 190-191 and optical flare, 194-199 positives, 201-202 purposes, 189-190 simplified system, 194 and Zone System, 208-214, 212-213
Tones, subject vs. print, 204
Total density range, papers, 167
Total negative contrast (TNC), determination, 154
Tourmaline crystal, polarizing effect, 17
Transillumination, and polarizing filters, 253-254
Transmittance from filters, 248 light on surface, 239 in sensitometry, 147-148
Transmitting surfaces, and luminance, 31
Transparencies and luminance, 30 and objective tone reproduction, 191-193
Transparency illuminator, and meter testing, 63
Transparent illuminators, fluorescent lamps, 20
Triads, in paired-comparison test, 422-423
Trial exposures, ISO/ASA 400 speed film, 431
Triangular distribution, in variation, 412
Triboluminescence, definition, 11
Tricolor analysis, in color reproduction, 290-291
Tristimulus values, in chromaticity diagram, 279
Tungsten color film, applications, 12
Tungsten-filament lamps, as light sources, 19-20
Tungsten-halogen lamps, as light sources, 20
Tungsten light source color temperature, 15 spectral power distribution, 5
U
UCL, see Upper-control limit (UCL)
Ultraviolet filters, function and application, 244-246
Ultraviolet radiation and aerial haze, 244 and fluorescence, 245-246 and visible spectrum, 4
Underdevelopment, and paper contrast, 169
Underexposure, and exposure latitude, 52-54
Uniform color space, and chromaticity map, 274-275
Units of length, light, 3
Unpolarized light beam, definition, 16
Unsharp mask filter, in digital imaging, 91
Upper-control limit (UCL), in quality control, 424-425
Useful log exposure range, in sensitometry, 155-156
V
Valence, basic concept, 351
Vapors and electrical discharge, 8-10 spectrum emittance, 8
Variability and alphanumeric resolution, 225 basic concept, 409-410 normal distribution, 414-415 normal distribution description, 416-418 patterns, 411-414 populations vs. samples, 415-416 and quality control, 423-426 sources, 410-411
Vesicular process, basic concept, 382
View-camera lens movements, 116 nodal points, 105
Viewing distance, in visual perception, 342-343
Visible light, definition, 4
Visible spectrum, definitions, 4-6
Visual acuity, in perception, 330-331
Visual memory, basic concept, 318-319
Visual perception color hue, 320-322 color lightness, 322-324 color saturation, 324-326 depth, 333-335 focal length and image size, 339-340 motion, 331-333 object distance and focal length, 340-342 object distance and image size, 337-339 perspective, 335-337 post-stimulus perception, 315-320 shape, 326-329 size, 329-330 and viewing distance, 342-343 wide-angle effect, 343-344
Volume color, definition, 264
W
Washing, silver image archiving, 404-405
Wavelength radiant energy, 3 and spectrophotometric curves, 248 and vapor source, 9 visible spectrum, 4
Wave theory, basic concept, 2
Weaker perspective, definition, 338
Weston, Edward, 40
Wet collodion process, basic concept, 379
White balance digital camera sensitometry, 143 in SLR cameras, 13
White-card film speeds, and exposure meters, 66-67
White light, colors, 7
White point compensation, definition, 281
White surface, and midtone readings, 65
Whole stops calculation, 41 f-number, 39 Wide-angle effect, in visual perception, 343-344
Wide-angle lenses design and function, 121-122 reversed telephoto wide-angle lens, 122-123
Wideband three-filter density, definition, 301
Wilhelm, Henry, 97
Wratten, F.C., 369
Wratten 90 filter, and Zone System, 324
X
Xenon-filled electronic flash unit, spectral-energy distribution, 23
Xerography, basic process, 380-381
Y
Young, Thomas, 2, 267 Young-Helmholtz three-component theory, definition, 267
Y
Zone System definition, 64 Development Index, 211 development time, 210 objective tone reproduction, 213 origins, 208 and outdoor scenes, 209-210 reflected-light exposure meters, 66-68 scene and print values, 433 scene and subject value, 209 subject values, 212-213 and tone reproduction, 212 Wratten 90 filter, 324