- Cover
- Half title
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Foreword
- 1 Light and Photometry
- The Nature of Light
- Light Waves
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The Visible Spectrum
- Spectral Power Distributions
- Solid-Object Sources and the Heat-Light Relationship
- Vapor Sources and the Effect of Electrical Discharge
- Luminescence/Fluorescence/ Phosphorescence
- The Use of Color Temperature
- The Mired Scale
- Color-Rendering Index
- The Polarization of Light
- Practical Sources of Light and their Properties
- Lasers
- The Language of Light
- The Measurement of Intensity
- The Measurement of Flux
- The Measurement of Illuminance
- The Measurement of Luminance
- 2 Camera and Printing Exposure
- Camera Exposure Versus Photographic Exposure
- F-Numbers
- Whole Stops
- Maximum Diaphragm Openings
- Intermediate F-Numbers
- Limitations of the F-Number System
- Lens Transmittance
- Exposure Time
- Lens Shutters
- Effective Exposure Time
- Focal-Plane Shutters
- Electronic Shutters
- Shutter Testing
- Camera Exposure Latitude
- Alternatives to Exposure Meters
- Exposure Meters
- Reflected-Light/ Incident-Light Exposure Meters
- Meter Scales
- Light Ratios
- Meter Accuracy and Testing
- Methods of Using Reflected-Light Exposure Meters
- Incident-Light Readings
- Effective Film Speed and Degree of Development
- Flash Guide Numbers
- Flash Meters
- Color-Temperature Meters
- 3 Strictly Digital
- 4 Photographic Optics
- Image Formation with a Pinhole
- Image Formation with a Lens
- Graphical Drawings
- Depth of Field
- Permissible Circle of Confusion
- Depth-of-Field Controls
- Depth of Field and F-Number
- Depth of Field and Object Distance
- Depth of Field and Focal Length
- Depth of Focus
- View-Camera Movements
- Perpendicular Movements
- Back Movements and Image Shape
- Back Movements and Image Sharpness
- Lens Movements and Image Sharpness
- Lens Types
- Reversed Telephoto Wide-Angle Lenses
- Supplementary Lenses
- Soft-Focus Lenses
- Lens Shortcomings
- Diffraction
- Lens Testing
- Testing Flare
- 5 Sensitometry
- Introduction
- Exposure
- Digital Camera Sensitometry
- Film Sensitometry
- Transmittance, Density, Opacity
- Density Measurement
- Characteristic Curves
- Exposure—Characteristic Curve Relationships
- Log Exposure Range
- Exposure Latitude
- Effects of Development Time
- Gamma
- Average Gradient
- Contrast Index
- ISO Film Speed
- Analysis of Negative Curves
- Paper Sensitometry
- Analysis of Photographic Paper Curves
- Paper Contrast
- Condenser and Diffusion Enlargers
- The Effects of Enlarger Flare and Scattered Light
- Testing Enlargers for Flare Light
- Paper Speeds
- Analysis of Positive Film Curves
- Analysis of Reversal Film Curves
- Introduction to Photographic Effects
- 6 Tone Reproduction
- Purposes of Tone Reproduction
- Objective and Subjective Tone Reproduction
- Objective Tone Reproduction/ Preferred Photographs
- Objective Tone Reproduction Analysis
- Optical Flare
- The Making of the Negative
- The Making of the Negative
- Generation of the Tone-Reproduction Curve
- Tone Reproduction and the Zone System
- 7 Micro-Image Evaluation
- Image Characteristics
- Graininess/Granularity
- Measuring Graininess
- Grain Size and Image Color
- Granularity
- Minimizing Graininess
- Graininess of Color Films
- Sharpness/Acutance
- Acutance
- Resolving Power
- Resolving-Power Variables
- Resolving-Power Categories
- Resolving Power And Graininess
- Resolving Power And Acutance
- Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
- Photographic Definition
- Pixels
- Digital Resolution
- T-Grain Emulsions
- 8 Filters
- 9 Color
- Introduction
- Spectrophotometers
- Spectrophotometric Curves
- Color Densitometers
- Color Densities
- Physical, Psychophysical, and Psychological Measurements
- Color Chain
- Color Mode
- Primary Colors
- Color Attributes
- Neutrals
- Color-Vision Theory
- Color Specification Systems
- Munsell System of Color Specification
- Pantone® System of Color Specification
- CIE System of Color Specification
- CIE Chromaticity Map
- 10 Color Management
- 11 Color Reproduction
- Objectives of Color Reproduction
- Additive and Subtractive Color Formation
- The Recording of Color (Analysis Stage)
- The Production of Color (Synthesis Stage)
- Spectral Sensitivity
- Dye Characteristics
- Color Densities
- Sensitometry of Color Photographic Materials
- Reversal Color Films
- Negative Color Films
- Photographic Color Paper
- 12 Visual Perception
- 13 Chemistry for Photographers
- 14 Photographic Emulsions, Films, and Papers
- Photographic Emulsions
- Safety Base Films
- Polyester Film Bases
- Film Structure
- Paper Bases
- Brighteners
- Paper Weight and Thickness
- The Gelatin Colloid
- Properties of Gelatin
- Chemical Nature of Gelatin
- Physical Properties of Gelatin
- Emulsion Making
- Emulsion Characteristics
- Grain Size, Sensitivity, and Contrast
- Grain Composition
- Spectral Sensitivity
- Crystal Structure
- Emulsion Precipitation
- Effects of Development on Developers
- Dye Sensitization
- Formation of the Latent Image
- Photographic Effects
- Latent Image Stability
- Some Alternative Systems
- Calotype Process
- Daguerreotype
- Cyanotype
- Wet Collodion
- Gum Bichromate
- Electrophotography
- Thermography
- Diazo
- Electronic Image Display
- Charge-Coupled Devices
- Dye Transfer
- Diffusion Transfer
- 15 Black-and-White Photographic Development
- Negative Development
- Direct-Positive Images
- Reversal Processing
- Mechanism of Development
- Constitution of Typical Developers
- Developing Agents
- Hydroquinone
- Metol
- MQ Developers
- Accelerators
- Preservatives
- Restrainers
- Anti-Foggants
- Other Development Accelerators
- Concentration of Developer
- Development Time
- Developer Temperature
- Developer Agitation
- Replenishment
- Paper Processing
- Analysis of Developers
- Specific Black-and-White Processes
- Practical Applications
- 16 Archiving Photographic Images
- 17 Variability and Quality Control in Photography
- Appendixes
- Answers to Review Questions
- Bibliography
- Index
Basic
Photographic
Materials
and Processes
THIRD EDITION
Nanette Salvaggio
Dr. Leslie Stroebel and
Dr. Richard Zakia, Editors
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