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THE INTERIOR DESIGN REFERENCE + SPECIFICATION BOOK
Text
Chapter 3: Drawing Basics
The ability to draw is essential to the design process. In the interior deign profes-
sion, the meaning of “to draw” takes many forms: It can refer to hand drafting, to
computational drawing, or even to photography and other methods of communica-
tion. A number of standards have been established to facilitate the transmission of
visual data and ideas about a design, and it is important to understand how they
function within the world of the interior designer.
MEASUREMENT IN INTERIOR DESIGN
Before the rst line is drawn, the interior designer must grasp the language of measurement.
The worldwide system of measurement collectively known as the International System of
Units, or SI, is the most widely used standard for determining the length, weight, or volume of
an object and its relation to other objects. It comprises a decimal system whose the base unit
is the meter, which when increased or decreased by a power of 10, generates all other units
of measure. Designers working in the United Sates should be familiar with both the metric
system and the U.S. customary units system. Derived from a method originally developed in
the United Kingdom, the latter is an irregular system that combines several unrelated base
measurements—inches and feet (and their fractioned derivatives), for example—for linear
measurement. Although all federal commissions require projects to be in SI units, the con-
struction industry in North America continues to refer to measurements in customary units (a
2" × 4" piece of wood, a 4' × 8' sheet of plywood), as do many architectural and engineering
practices.
CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE
Often, dimensional units are interchanged freely, and it is helpful to know how to translate
between units. Designers will find a range of publications and websites with extensive con-
version tables for length, area, and volume, among other measurements. Numerous online
calculators also allow for swift conversions of specific dimensions. Interior designers will most
frequently turn to the following formulas.
USEFUL CONVERSION FORMULAS
Multiply by to obtain
inches
25.4
millimeters
feet
304.8
millimeters
feet
0.304 8
meters
yards
914.4
millimeters
yards
0.914
meters
Multiply by to obtain
millimeters
0.039 370
inches
millimeters
0.003 281
feet
meters
3.280 8
feet
millimeters
0.001 093 6
yards
meters
1.093 613 3
yards
Multiply by to obtain
square inches
square feet
square feet
square yards
square yards
LINEAR CONVERSIONS
Inches Millimeters (mm) Centimeters (cm) Meters (m)
0.25 6.35 0.635 0.00635
0.5 12.7 1.27 0.0127
0.75 19.1 1.91 0.0191
1 25.4 2.54 0.0254
1.25 31.8 3.18 0.032
1.5 38.1 3.81 0.038
1.75 44.5 4.45 0.045
2 50.8 5.08 0.051
3 76.2 7.62 0.076
4 101.6 10.16 0.102
5 127.0 12.7 0.127
6 152.4 15.24 0.152
7 177.8 17.78 0.178
8 203.2 20.32 0.203
9 228.6 22.86 0.229
10 254.0 25.4 0.254
11 279.4 27.94 0.279
12 304.8 30.48 0.305
24 610.0 61.0 0.610
36 914.5 91.45 0.915
48 1 219.2 121.92 1.219
60 1 524.0 152.4 1.524
72 1 828.8 182.88 1.829
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Text
tion. A number of standards have been established to facilitate the transmission of
Units, or SI, is the most widely used standard for determining the length, weight, or volume of
an object and its relation to other objects. It comprises a decimal system whose the base unit
struction industry in North America continues to refer to measurements in customary units (a
calculators also allow for swift conversions of specific dimensions. Interior designers will most
Multiply by to obtain
Multiply by to obtain
square inches
645.16
square
millimeters
square feet
92 903.04
square
millimeters
square feet
0.092 903 04
square
millimeters
square yards
836 127.36
square
millimeters
square yards
0.836 127 36
square
millimeters
Multiply by to obtain
square
millimeters
0.001 550 0
square inches
square
millimeters
1.076 391
×
10
-5
square feet
square
millimeters
10.763 910
square feet
square
millimeters
1.195 990×10
-6
square yards
square
millimeters
1.195 990
square yards
LINEAR CONVERSIONS
Inches Millimeters (mm) Centimeters (cm) Meters (m)
0.25 6.35 0.635 0.00635
0.5 12.7 1.27 0.0127
0.75 19.1 1.91 0.0191
1 25.4 2.54 0.0254
1.25 31.8 3.18 0.032
1.5 38.1 3.81 0.038
1.75 44.5 4.45 0.045
2 50.8 5.08 0.051
3 76.2 7.62 0.076
4 101.6 10.16 0.102
5 127.0 12.7 0.127
6 152.4 15.24 0.152
7 177.8 17.78 0.178
8 203.2 20.32 0.203
9 228.6 22.86 0.229
10 254.0 25.4 0.254
11 279.4 27.94 0.279
12 304.8 30.48 0.305
24 610.0 61.0 0.610
36 914.5 91.45 0.915
48 1 219.2 121.92 1.219
60 1 524.0 152.4 1.524
72 1 828.8 182.88 1.829
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THE INTERIOR DESIGN REFERENCE + SPECIFICATION BOOK
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Inch-to-Millimeter Conversions (to scale)
0
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
321
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
5
14 15
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
6
25.4 mm
50.8 mm
76.2 mm
101.6 mm
127.0 mm
0
3.93"
1.96"
5.9"
6
10
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
987
26 27 28 2922 23 24 2518 19 20 2117
11
1
/
4
1
/
2
3
/
4
12
3016
279.4 mm
304.8 mm
228.6 mm
254.0 mm
177.8 mm
203.2 mm
152.4 mm
11.81"
9.84"
7.87"
Construction Calculators
Construction calculators provide easy access to a full range of conversions needed in the con-
struction-related industries. They can quickly convert feet and inches to their metric equiva-
lents, as well as translate units of weight and volume. Many models also calculate other data
that is useful to the interior designer, such as stair length and riser height, stringer length,
stud spacing, and material calculations, such as paint or wallpaper quantities.
Every attempt has been made
in this book to represent accu-
rately the relationship between
customary and SI units. Except
where noted, soft conversions
are used throughout—rounding
up
ters rather than
due to constraints of space,
are usually written as follows:
36
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7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
0
.
=
÷
×
−
+
M+
Conv
Yds
m
Bd Ft
Pitch
feet
cm
Stair
Rise
inch
mm
circ
Run
FEET INCH
/
Weight
R/Wall
Diag
Jack
Hip/V
Rcl
%
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Drawing Basics
Text
11.81"
9.84"
Construction Calculators
Construction calculators provide easy access to a full range of conversions needed in the con-
struction-related industries. They can quickly convert feet and inches to their metric equiva-
lents, as well as translate units of weight and volume. Many models also calculate other data
that is useful to the interior designer, such as stair length and riser height, stringer length,
stud spacing, and material calculations, such as paint or wallpaper quantities.
Every attempt has been made
in this book to represent accu-
rately the relationship between
customary and SI units. Except
where noted, soft conversions
are used throughout—rounding
up 12 inches to 305 millime-
ters rather than 304.8—and,
due to constraints of space,
are usually written as follows:
36" (914).
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THE INTERIOR DESIGN REFERENCE + SPECIFICATION BOOK
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MANUAL DRAF TING TOOLS
Although the computer has taken over as the primary method of drawing in most interior
design practices, manual tools continue to be a part of the design process. Manual drafting
is often used for developing quick ideas and details, and is still employed quite frequently for
nal perspective drawings.
Paper Description Sizes Best Use
Tracing Paper
Vellum
Drafting Film
Bond
Illustration Board
Foam Core
DRAWING TOOLS
Lead Holders
Device that hold leads of 2 millimeters diameter; a spring-push action
increases the length of lead for sharpening.
Mechanical
Pencils
Leads, in various diameters up to 0.9 millimeter, that do not require
sharpening.
Other Pencils Standard wood-encased pencils; good for freehand drawing and
sketching.
Lead Pointers Manual sharpener whose blades give leads a specified sharpness.
Graphite Leads in various hardnesses; good for drawing or sketching on tracing
papers and vellum.
Colored Leads Nonprint and nonphoto varieties do not show up on certain reproduc-
tion machines.
Plastic Leads Leads designed for use on drawing lms such as vellum and Mylar.
Technical Pens Pens of specic widths designed for drafting; used exclusively on
drafting lms and vellums; tips can dry out and require frequent
cleaning.
PARALLEL TOOLS
T-squares Plastic straightedges with a perpendicular attachment at one end
to ensure that vertical lines on the page remain perpendicular to
horizontal lines.
Parallel Rules Plastic straightedges whose system of cables, rollers, and springs
provides an edge that can move in one direction on a drawing surface.
Triangles
Clear plastic triangles that come in 45/90-degree and 30/60/90-degree
variations.
Adjustable
Triangles
Clear plastic triangles that can be set to any angle.
Templates Wide variety of plastic sheets whose cutouts simplify drawing repeti-
tive elements such as circles, polygons, and furniture.
Flex Curves Measurable rulers that can ex to a user-dened curve or arc.
French Curves Plastic guides that offer many curved radii.
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