Contents

About the Authors

Acknowledgments

Introduction

image Chapter 1: What Is Exadata?

An Overview of Exadata

History of Exadata

Alternative Views of What Exadata Is

Data Warehouse Appliance

OLTP Machine

Consolidation Platform

Configuration Options

Exadata Database Machine X5-2

Exadata Database Machine X4-8

Exadata Storage Expansion Rack X5-2

Hardware Components

Operating Systems

Database Servers

Storage Servers

InfiniBand

Flash Cache

Disks

Bits and Pieces

Software Components

Database Server Software

Storage Server Software

Software Architecture

Summary

image Chapter 2: Offloading / Smart Scan

Why Offloading Is Important

What Offloading Includes

Column Projection

Predicate Filtering

Storage Indexes and Zone Maps

Simple Joins (Bloom Filters)

Function Offloading

Compression/Decompression

Encryption/Decryption

Virtual Columns

Support for LOB offloading

JSON Support and Offloading

Data Mining Model Scoring

Non-Smart Scan Offloading

Smart Scan Prerequisites

Full Scans

Direct Path Reads

Exadata Storage

Smart Scan Disablers

Simply Unavailable

Reverting to Block Shipping

Skipping Some Offloading

Skipping Offloading silently

How to Verify That Smart Scan Is Happening

10046 Trace

Session Performance Statistics

Offload Eligible Bytes

SQL Monitoring

Parameters

Summary

image Chapter 3: Hybrid Columnar Compression

Oracle Storage Review

Disassembling the Oracle Block

Compression Mechanics

BASIC Compression

OLTP Compression

Hybrid Columnar Compression

HCC Internals

What Happens When You Create a HCC Compressed Table?

HCC Performance

Load Performance

Query Performance

DML Performance

Expected Compression Ratios

Compression Advisor

Real-World Examples

Restrictions/Challenges

Moving Data to a Non-Exadata Platform

Disabling Serial Direct Path Reads

Locking Issues

Single Row Access

Common Usage Scenarios

Automatic Data Optimization

Example Use Cases for ADO

Summary

image Chapter 4: Storage Indexes

Structure

Monitoring Storage Indexes

Database Statistics

Tracing

Monitoring Wrap-Up

Controlling Storage Indexes

_kcfis_storageidx_disabled

_kcfis_storageidx_diag_mode

_cell_storidx_mode

_cell_storidx_minmax_enabled

Storage Software Parameters

Behavior

Performance

Special Optimization for Nulls

Physical Distribution of Values

Potential Issues

Incorrect Results

Moving Target

Partition Size

Incompatible Coding Techniques

Summary

image Chapter 5: Exadata Smart Flash Cache

Hardware

Flash Memory in Exadata X4-2 Storage Servers

Flash Memory in Exadata X5-2 Storage Servers

Flash Cache vs. Flash Disk

Using Flash Memory as Cache

Mixed Workload and OLTP Optimizations

Using Flash Memory for Database Logging

Using Flash Memory to Accelerate Writes

Miscellaneous Other WBFC-related Optimizations

How ESFC and ESFL Are Created

Enabling the Write-back Flash Cache

Flash Cache Compression

Controlling ESFC Usage

Monitoring

At the Storage Layer

At the Database Layer

Summary

image Chapter 6: Exadata Parallel Operations

Parameters

Parallelization at the Storage Tier

Auto DOP

Operation and Configuration

I/O Calibration

Auto DOP Wrap-Up

Parallel Statement Queueing

The Old Way

The New Way

Controlling Parallel Queueing

Parallel Statement Queueing Wrap-Up

In-Memory Parallel Execution

Troubleshooting Parallel Execution

Summary

image Chapter 7: Resource Management

Consolidation

Types of Database Consolidation

Instance Caging

Configuring Instance Caging

Setting CPU_COUNT

Instance Caging Usage and Results

Instance Caging and Multitenancy

Over-Provisioning

Binding Instances to Specific CPUs Using Cgroups

Installation and Configuration of Cgroups

Oracle 12c THREADED_EXECUTION

Managing PGA Memory

Database Resource Manager

Creating a CDB Resource Plan

Creating a (Pluggable) Database Resource Plan

Using the Scheduler to Change the Resource Plan

The Wait Event: resmgr: cpu quantum

Where to Go from Here

Resource Mapping Priorities

Resource Limiting

Other Limiting Parameters

Consumer Group Mappings Using ORACLE_FUNCTION

Monitoring the Resource Manager

Resource Manager Views

I/O Resource Manager

IORM Methods

How IORM Works

IORM Architecture

IORM Objective

Configuring Interdatabase IORM

Category IORM

I/O Resource Manager and Pluggable Databases

I/O Resource Manager Profiles

Resource Management Directives Matrix

IORM Monitoring and Metrics

Summary

image Chapter 8: Configuring Exadata

Exadata Network Components

The Management Network

The Client Access Network

The Private Network

About the Configuration Process

Configuring Exadata

Step 1: Gathering Installation Requirements

Step 2: Run Oracle Exadata Deployment Assistant

Step 3: Create Network VLANs and DNS Entries for Hostnames

Step 4: Run CheckIP to Verify Network Readiness

Step 5: Run Cables and Power to Exadata Racks

Step 6: Perform Hardware Installation

Step 7: Stage OneCommand Files and Oracle Software

Step 8: Configure the Operating System

Step 9: Run OneCommand

Upgrading Exadata

Creating a New RAC Cluster

Upgrading the Existing Cluster

Summary

image Chapter 9: Recovering Exadata

Exadata Diagnostic Tools

Sun Diagnostics: sundiag.sh

Cell Alerts

Backing Up Exadata

Backing Up the Database Servers

Backing Up the Storage Cell

Backing Up the Database

Disk-Based Backups

Tape-Based Backups

Backup from Standby Database

Exadata Optimizations for RMAN

Recovering Exadata

Restoring the Database Server

Recovering the Storage Cell

Summary

image Chapter 10: Exadata Wait Events

Events Specific to Exadata

The “cell” Events

Plan Steps That Trigger Events

Exadata Wait Events in the User I/O Class

cell smart table scan

cell smart index scan

cell single block physical read

cell multiblock physical read

cell list of blocks physical read

cell smart file creation

cell statistics gather

Minor Events in the User/IO Class

Exadata Wait Events in the System I/O Class

cell smart incremental backup

cell smart restore from backup

Exadata Wait Events in the Other and Idle Classes

cell smart flash unkeep

Event Meaning

Non-Exadata-Specific Events

direct path read

Enq: KO—fast object checkpoint

reliable message

Resource Manager Events

resmgr:become active

resmgr:cpu quantum

resmgr:pq queued

Summary

image Chapter 11: Exadata Performance Metrics

Measuring Exadata’s Performance Metrics

Revisiting the Prerequisites for Exadata Smart Scans

Exadata Smart Scan Performance

Understanding Exadata Smart Scan Metrics and Performance Counters

Exadata Dynamic Performance Counters

When and How to Use Performance Counters

The Meaning and Explanation of Exadata Performance Counters

Performance Counter Reference for a Selected Subset

Understanding SQL Statement Performance

Querying cellsrv Internal Processing Statistics

The V$CELL Family of Views

The cellsrvstat utility

Summary

image Chapter 12: Monitoring Exadata Performance

A Systematic Approach

Monitoring SQL Statement Response Time

Monitoring SQL Statements with Real-Time SQL Monitoring Reports

Monitoring SQL Statements Using V$SQL and V$SQLSTATS

Monitoring the Storage Cell Layer

Accessing Cell Metrics in the Cell Layer Using CellCLI

Accessing Cell Metrics Using the Enterprise Manager Exadata Storage Server Plug-In

Which Cell Metrics to Use?

Monitoring Exadata Storage Cell OS-Level Metrics

Summary

image Chapter 13: Migrating to Exadata

Migration Strategies

Logical Migration

Extract and Load

Copying Data over a Database Link

Replication-Based Migration

Logical Migration Wrap Up

Physical Migration

Backup and Restore

Full Backup and Restore

Incremental Backup

Transportable Tablespaces

Cross-Platform TTS with Incremental Backups

Physical Standby

Wrap Up Physical Migration Section

Summary

image Chapter 14: Storage Layout

Exadata Disk Architecture

Failure Groups

Grid Disks

Storage Allocation

Creating Grid Disks

Creating Grid Disks

Grid Disk Sizing

Creating FlashDisk-Based Grid Disks

Storage Strategies

Configuration Options

Isolating Storage Cell Access

Cell Security

Cell Security Terminology

Cell Security Best Practices

Configuring ASM-Scoped Security

Configuring Database-Scoped Security

Removing Cell Security

Summary

image Chapter 15: Compute Node Layout

Provisioning Considerations

Non-RAC Configuration

Split-Rack Clusters

Typical Exadata Configuration

Multi-Rack Clusters

Summary

image Chapter 16: Patching Exadata

Types of Exadata Patches

Quarterly Database Patch for Exadata

Applying a QDPE in Place

Applying a QDPE by Cloning Homes

Exadata Storage Server Patches

Applying an Exadata Storage Server Patch

Upgrading Compute Nodes

Upgrading InfiniBand Switches

Applying Patches to Standby Systems

Summary

image Chapter 17: Unlearning Some Things We Thought We Knew

A Tale of Two Systems

OLTP-Oriented Workloads

Exadata Smart Flash Cache (ESFC)

Scalability

Write-Intensive OLTP Workloads

DW-Oriented Workloads

Enabling Smart Scans

Things That Can Cripple Smart Scans

Other Things to Keep in Mind

Mixed Workloads

To Index or Not to Index?

The Optimizer Doesn’t Know

Using Resource Manager

Summary

image Appendix A: CELLCLI and DCLI

An Introduction to CellCLI

Invoking cellcli

Getting Familiar with cellcli

Sending Commands from the Operating System

Using cellcli XML Output in the Database

Configuring and Managing the Storage Cell

An Introduction to dcli

Summary

image Appendix B: Online Exadata Resources

My Oracle Support Notes

The Authors’ Blogs

image Appendix C: Diagnostic Scripts

image Appendix D: exachk

An Introduction to exachk

Running exachk

Saving Passwords for exachk

Automating exachk Executions

Summary

Index

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