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by Tanel Poder, Kerry Osborne, Randy Johnson, Frits Hoogland, Andy Colvin, Karl Ara
Expert Oracle Exadata, Second Edition
Cover
Title
Copyright
About IOUG Press
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: What Is Exadata?
An Overview of Exadata
History of Exadata
Alternative Views of What Exadata Is
Data Warehouse Appliance
OLTP Machine
Consolidation Platform
Configuration Options
Exadata Database Machine X5-2
Exadata Database Machine X4-8
Exadata Storage Expansion Rack X5-2
Hardware Components
Operating Systems
Database Servers
Storage Servers
InfiniBand
Flash Cache
Disks
Bits and Pieces
Software Components
Database Server Software
Storage Server Software
Software Architecture
Summary
Chapter 2: Offloading / Smart Scan
Why Offloading Is Important
What Offloading Includes
Column Projection
Predicate Filtering
Storage Indexes and Zone Maps
Simple Joins (Bloom Filters)
Function Offloading
Compression/Decompression
Encryption/Decryption
Virtual Columns
Support for LOB offloading
JSON Support and Offloading
Data Mining Model Scoring
Non-Smart Scan Offloading
Smart Scan Prerequisites
Full Scans
Direct Path Reads
Exadata Storage
Smart Scan Disablers
Simply Unavailable
Reverting to Block Shipping
Skipping Some Offloading
Skipping Offloading silently
How to Verify That Smart Scan Is Happening
10046 Trace
Session Performance Statistics
Offload Eligible Bytes
SQL Monitoring
Parameters
Summary
Chapter 3: Hybrid Columnar Compression
Oracle Storage Review
Disassembling the Oracle Block
Compression Mechanics
BASIC Compression
OLTP Compression
Hybrid Columnar Compression
HCC Internals
What Happens When You Create a HCC Compressed Table?
HCC Performance
Load Performance
Query Performance
DML Performance
Expected Compression Ratios
Compression Advisor
Real-World Examples
Restrictions/Challenges
Moving Data to a Non-Exadata Platform
Disabling Serial Direct Path Reads
Locking Issues
Single Row Access
Common Usage Scenarios
Automatic Data Optimization
Example Use Cases for ADO
Summary
Chapter 4: Storage Indexes
Structure
Monitoring Storage Indexes
Database Statistics
Tracing
Monitoring Wrap-Up
Controlling Storage Indexes
_kcfis_storageidx_disabled
_kcfis_storageidx_diag_mode
_cell_storidx_mode
_cell_storidx_minmax_enabled
Storage Software Parameters
Behavior
Performance
Special Optimization for Nulls
Physical Distribution of Values
Potential Issues
Incorrect Results
Moving Target
Partition Size
Incompatible Coding Techniques
Summary
Chapter 5: Exadata Smart Flash Cache
Hardware
Flash Memory in Exadata X4-2 Storage Servers
Flash Memory in Exadata X5-2 Storage Servers
Flash Cache vs. Flash Disk
Using Flash Memory as Cache
Mixed Workload and OLTP Optimizations
Using Flash Memory for Database Logging
Using Flash Memory to Accelerate Writes
Miscellaneous Other WBFC-related Optimizations
How ESFC and ESFL Are Created
Enabling the Write-back Flash Cache
Flash Cache Compression
Controlling ESFC Usage
Monitoring
At the Storage Layer
At the Database Layer
Summary
Chapter 6: Exadata Parallel Operations
Parameters
Parallelization at the Storage Tier
Auto DOP
Operation and Configuration
I/O Calibration
Auto DOP Wrap-Up
Parallel Statement Queueing
The Old Way
The New Way
Controlling Parallel Queueing
Parallel Statement Queueing Wrap-Up
In-Memory Parallel Execution
Troubleshooting Parallel Execution
Summary
Chapter 7: Resource Management
Consolidation
Types of Database Consolidation
Instance Caging
Configuring Instance Caging
Setting CPU_COUNT
Instance Caging Usage and Results
Instance Caging and Multitenancy
Over-Provisioning
Binding Instances to Specific CPUs Using Cgroups
Installation and Configuration of Cgroups
Oracle 12c THREADED_EXECUTION
Managing PGA Memory
Database Resource Manager
Creating a CDB Resource Plan
Creating a (Pluggable) Database Resource Plan
Using the Scheduler to Change the Resource Plan
The Wait Event: resmgr: cpu quantum
Where to Go from Here
Resource Mapping Priorities
Resource Limiting
Other Limiting Parameters
Consumer Group Mappings Using ORACLE_FUNCTION
Monitoring the Resource Manager
Resource Manager Views
I/O Resource Manager
IORM Methods
How IORM Works
IORM Architecture
IORM Objective
Configuring Interdatabase IORM
Category IORM
I/O Resource Manager and Pluggable Databases
I/O Resource Manager Profiles
Resource Management Directives Matrix
IORM Monitoring and Metrics
Summary
Chapter 8: Configuring Exadata
Exadata Network Components
The Management Network
The Client Access Network
The Private Network
About the Configuration Process
Configuring Exadata
Step 1: Gathering Installation Requirements
Step 2: Run Oracle Exadata Deployment Assistant
Step 3: Create Network VLANs and DNS Entries for Hostnames
Step 4: Run CheckIP to Verify Network Readiness
Step 5: Run Cables and Power to Exadata Racks
Step 6: Perform Hardware Installation
Step 7: Stage OneCommand Files and Oracle Software
Step 8: Configure the Operating System
Step 9: Run OneCommand
Upgrading Exadata
Creating a New RAC Cluster
Upgrading the Existing Cluster
Summary
Chapter 9: Recovering Exadata
Exadata Diagnostic Tools
Sun Diagnostics: sundiag.sh
Cell Alerts
Backing Up Exadata
Backing Up the Database Servers
Backing Up the Storage Cell
Backing Up the Database
Disk-Based Backups
Tape-Based Backups
Backup from Standby Database
Exadata Optimizations for RMAN
Recovering Exadata
Restoring the Database Server
Recovering the Storage Cell
Summary
Chapter 10: Exadata Wait Events
Events Specific to Exadata
The “cell” Events
Plan Steps That Trigger Events
Exadata Wait Events in the User I/O Class
cell smart table scan
cell smart index scan
cell single block physical read
cell multiblock physical read
cell list of blocks physical read
cell smart file creation
cell statistics gather
Minor Events in the User/IO Class
Exadata Wait Events in the System I/O Class
cell smart incremental backup
cell smart restore from backup
Exadata Wait Events in the Other and Idle Classes
cell smart flash unkeep
Event Meaning
Non-Exadata-Specific Events
direct path read
Enq: KO—fast object checkpoint
reliable message
Resource Manager Events
resmgr:become active
resmgr:cpu quantum
resmgr:pq queued
Summary
Chapter 11: Exadata Performance Metrics
Measuring Exadata’s Performance Metrics
Revisiting the Prerequisites for Exadata Smart Scans
Exadata Smart Scan Performance
Understanding Exadata Smart Scan Metrics and Performance Counters
Exadata Dynamic Performance Counters
When and How to Use Performance Counters
The Meaning and Explanation of Exadata Performance Counters
Performance Counter Reference for a Selected Subset
Understanding SQL Statement Performance
Querying cellsrv Internal Processing Statistics
The V$CELL Family of Views
The cellsrvstat utility
Summary
Chapter 12: Monitoring Exadata Performance
A Systematic Approach
Monitoring SQL Statement Response Time
Monitoring SQL Statements with Real-Time SQL Monitoring Reports
Monitoring SQL Statements Using V$SQL and V$SQLSTATS
Monitoring the Storage Cell Layer
Accessing Cell Metrics in the Cell Layer Using CellCLI
Accessing Cell Metrics Using the Enterprise Manager Exadata Storage Server Plug-In
Which Cell Metrics to Use?
Monitoring Exadata Storage Cell OS-Level Metrics
Summary
Chapter 13: Migrating to Exadata
Migration Strategies
Logical Migration
Extract and Load
Copying Data over a Database Link
Replication-Based Migration
Logical Migration Wrap Up
Physical Migration
Backup and Restore
Full Backup and Restore
Incremental Backup
Transportable Tablespaces
Cross-Platform TTS with Incremental Backups
Physical Standby
Wrap Up Physical Migration Section
Summary
Chapter 14: Storage Layout
Exadata Disk Architecture
Failure Groups
Grid Disks
Storage Allocation
Creating Grid Disks
Creating Grid Disks
Grid Disk Sizing
Creating FlashDisk-Based Grid Disks
Storage Strategies
Configuration Options
Isolating Storage Cell Access
Cell Security
Cell Security Terminology
Cell Security Best Practices
Configuring ASM-Scoped Security
Configuring Database-Scoped Security
Removing Cell Security
Summary
Chapter 15: Compute Node Layout
Provisioning Considerations
Non-RAC Configuration
Split-Rack Clusters
Typical Exadata Configuration
Multi-Rack Clusters
Summary
Chapter 16: Patching Exadata
Types of Exadata Patches
Quarterly Database Patch for Exadata
Applying a QDPE in Place
Applying a QDPE by Cloning Homes
Exadata Storage Server Patches
Applying an Exadata Storage Server Patch
Upgrading Compute Nodes
Upgrading InfiniBand Switches
Applying Patches to Standby Systems
Summary
Chapter 17: Unlearning Some Things We Thought We Knew
A Tale of Two Systems
OLTP-Oriented Workloads
Exadata Smart Flash Cache (ESFC)
Scalability
Write-Intensive OLTP Workloads
DW-Oriented Workloads
Enabling Smart Scans
Things That Can Cripple Smart Scans
Other Things to Keep in Mind
Mixed Workloads
To Index or Not to Index?
The Optimizer Doesn’t Know
Using Resource Manager
Summary
Appendix A: CELLCLI and DCLI
An Introduction to CellCLI
Invoking cellcli
Getting Familiar with cellcli
Sending Commands from the Operating System
Using cellcli XML Output in the Database
Configuring and Managing the Storage Cell
An Introduction to dcli
Summary
Appendix B: Online Exadata Resources
My Oracle Support Notes
The Authors’ Blogs
Appendix C: Diagnostic Scripts
Appendix D: exachk
An Introduction to exachk
Running exachk
Saving Passwords for exachk
Automating exachk Executions
Summary
Index
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