N
NA (neighbor advertisement) messages, 683
named ACLs
configuration, 472
named mode (EIGRP configuration), 249
names (MIB variables), 697
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 739
native VLANs, 20
mismatched on trunks, 118
NBAR (Network Based Application Recognition), 498
NBIs (Northbound Interfaces), 768-770
NCP (Network Control Protocols), 341
NDA (nondisclosure agreement), 788
NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol), 593
filtering messages through IPv6 ACLs, 679-683
implicit filtering messages through IPv6 ACLs, 683-684
SLAAC, 597
ndp –an command, 615
neighbor commands, 322
neighbor shutdown command, 314
neighbors
advertisement (NA) messages, 683
BGP, 303
disabling, 314
states, 313
eBGP
configuring, 312
disabling, 314
using link addresses, configuring, 311
discovery, 234
requirements, 286
status, 253
topology information, exchanging, 235-236
requirements, 656
OSPF
area mismatches, finding, 290-291
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293-294
meeting, 181
requirements, 289
RIDs, learning, 181
OSPFv3, 632
relationships, 284
neighbor requirements, 284
pinging routers, confirming, 285
routing protocol relationships, troubleshooting, 274
solicitation (NS) messages, 683
states, 628
netsh interface ipv6show neighbors command, 615
Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR), 498
BGP table entries, injecting, 314
advertising subnets to ISPs, 318
classful network routes, 315-318
static discard routes, 319-320
EIGRP, 270
enabling, 246
for IPv4, 648
for IPv6 compatibility, 647
wildcard masks, 248
OSPF single-area configuration, 198-200
OSPFv2
interface configuration, 218
multiarea configuration, 209
Network Control Protocols (NCP), 341
network functions virtualization (NFV), 754
network interface cards (NICs), 718, 735
Network Interface Modules (NIMs), 332
Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI), 303
Network Management Station. See NMS
Network Time Protocol (NTP), 757-758
networks
analyzers, 719
broad access, 739
classful
autosummarization at boundaries, 266-267
contiguous, 267
controllers
defined, 766
Northbound Interfaces (NBIs), 768-770
Southbound Interfaces (SBIs), 767-768
devices, 762
control, centralizing, 766-767
management plane, 764
security. See authentication, AAA servers
switch internal processing, 765-766
discontiguous, 267
discontiguous classful, 266-268
flow, 493
physical data center, 736
programmability, 760
APIC Enterprise Module (APIC-EM), 774-776
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
comparisons, 776
public cloud
address assignment services, 756-757
DHCP services, 757
traffic
bandwidth, managing, 491
characteristics, 491
delay, 491
jitter, 491
loss, 491
VMs, 736
Nexus 1000v vSwitch, 736
NFV (network functions virtualization), 754
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol), 412-413
dynamic mapping, enabling, 412
spoke-to-spoke communication, 413
NICs (network interface cards), 718, 735
NIMs (Network Interface Modules), 332
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 739
NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information), 303
NMS (Network Management Station), 695
notification community strings, 701
no auto-summary command, 268
no ip access-group command, 476
no ip address command, 539
no ip domain-lookup command, 572
no ip sla schedule 1 command, 715
no neighbor shutdown command, 314
no passive-interface command, 223, 270
Layer 1 leased-line WAN problems, 354
OSPF processes, 294
ROAS subinterfaces, 527
no spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default command, 95
no spanning-tree portfast default command, 95
no switchport command
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 539
Layer 3 switches, 543
routed ports, 535
nondisclosure agreement (NDA), 788
noninteractive data application traffic, 493
nonroot switches (RPs), 101-103
problems, troubleshooting, 103
normal-time questions, 785
Northbound Interfaces (NBIs), 768-770
notification community strings, 701
notifications
NS (neighbor solicitation) messages, 683
NTP (Network Time Protocol), 757-758
numbered ACLs, configuring, 475-476
numbers
AS numbers. See ASNs
HSRP group, 555
MIB variables, 697
ROAS subinterfaces, 525
sequence, editing ACLs with, 473-475
numeric reference table conversions
binary-to-hexadecimal, 808
hexadecimal-to-binary, 808
O
Odom, Wendell Twitter/Facebook information, 799
OIDs (object IDs), 697
on-demand self-service (cloud computing), 739
one-way delay, 491
ONF (Open Networking Foundation), 771
Open SDN, 771
Open SDN Controller (OSC), 772
Open Shortest Path First. See OSPF
OpFlex, 768
OSC (Open SDN Controller), 772
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 170, 179
area design, 189
backbone areas, 190
backbone routers, 190
benefits, 191
interarea routes, 190
internal routers, 190
intra-area routes, 190
network size, 189
single-area, 188
SPF workload, reducing, 190
three-area, 189
best routes with SPF, calculating, 186-188
configuration
errors, troubleshooting, 282-283
mode, enabling, 198
Dijkstra SPF algorithm, 180
EIGRP, compared, 224
goals, 302
history, 619
interarea routes, verifying, 212
interfaces
EIGRP interfaces, compared, 281
identifying, 275
passive, 196
load balancing, 217
LSAs, 179
metrics, 215
based on interface bandwidth, 216-217
higher reference bandwidth, 217
setting, 217
MTU mismatched settings, 296
neighbors, 181
area mismatches, finding, 290-291
DRs on Ethernet links, 185-186
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293-294
meeting, 181
RIDs, learning, 181
process-ids, 198
processes, shutting down, 294-296
RIDs
duplicate, troubleshooting, 291-293
super backbone, 381
Version 2. See OSPFv2
OSPFv2 (OSPF Version 2), 170
dual stack, 619
history, 619
interface configuration
example, 218
load balancing, 217
metrics, 215
based on interface bandwidth, 216-217
higher reference bandwidth, 217
setting, 217
multiarea configuration, 206-210
network commands, 209
single-area configurations, 207-208
subnets, 206
OSPFv3, compared, 621, 628-629
RIPv2/EIGRP, compared, 233
single-area configuration, 197-198
IPv4 addresses, 197
matching with network command, 198-200
multiarea configurations, 207-208
network command, 198
wildcard masks, 199
OSPFv3 (OSPF Version 3), 616
address families dual stack, 620
configuration, 621
load balancing, 627
multiarea example, 622
multiarea on ABR, 625
route selection metrics, setting, 626
dual stack, 619
interfaces, 630
IPv6
LSAs, 636
LSDBs, 636
neighbors, 632
OSPFv2, compared, 621, 628-629
passive interfaces, 624
RIDs, 624
output queuing, 504
overages (MetroE data usage), 374-375
overlapping routes, troubleshooting, 577-580
overlapping subnets
P
PaaS (Platform as a Service), 743-744
packets
classification, 495
ACLs, 497
with marking, 497
NBAR, 498
router queuing, 496
routers, 497
congestion avoidance, 512
congestion management, 504
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
multiple queues, 504
output queuing, 504
prioritization, 505
queuing strategy, 507
round robin scheduling, 505
de-encapsulating/re-encapsulating with HDLC, 336
defined, 495
filtering. See ACLs
ICMPv6, 675
marking, 499
802.11 headers, 501
with classification, 497
DiffServ DSCP AF values, 502-503
DiffServ DSCP CS values, 503
DiffServ DSCP EF values, 502
MPLS Label headers, 501
policing, 507
discarding excess traffic, 509
edge between networks, 509-510
features, 510
traffic rate versus configured policing rate, 508
router originated, 670
router queuing, 496
routing over serial links, 398
features, 512
slowing messages, 510
TCP, 675
UDP, 675
PAgP (Port Aggregation Protocol), 86
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
parameters
ICMPv6, 669
ip_address, 198
wildcard_mask, 198
partial mesh topology (MetroE), 369
partial updates (EIGRP), 232, 235
passive-interface command, 205
OSPF interfaces as passive, configuring, 196
OSPFv3, 624
passive-interface default command, 205, 270
passive interfaces
EIGRP, 251
OSPFv3, 624
Password Authentication Protocol. See PAP
passwords, 698
path attributes (BGP), 305-306
Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD), 668
paths
forwarding
APIC-EM Path Trace ACL Analysis tool, 778
APIC-EM Path Trace app, 777
selections, 172
PBX (private branch exchange), 34
PCP (Priority Code Point) field (802.1Q header), 500
PE (provider edge), 377
Pearson Network Simulator (the Sim), 796
peers (BGPs), 303
periodic updates, 229
extended IPv6 ACLs, 675
GRE tunnel ACLs, 410
IPv6 ACLs, 672
permit gre command, 432
permit icmp any any router-advertisement command, 684
permit icmp any any router-solicitation command, 684
permit ipv6 commands, 687
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+), 72-73
physical data center networks, 736
physical design (MetroE), 365-366
physical server model, 734
ping command, 483, 571-574, 615
IPv6
connectivity, testing, 600-602
routes, testing, 614
leased-line WANs, 353
ping6 command, 615
IPv6 ACLs, 674
IPv6 connectivity, testing, 601
pings (IPv6 hosts)
failure from default router, 606-607
name resolution problems, 607-608
working only in some cases, 605-606
planes (networking devices)
management, 764
planning
EIGRP configuration, 246
VTP configuration, 129
Platform as a Service (PaaS), 743-744
PMTUD (Path MTU Discovery), 668
point-to-point edge ports, 63, 93
point-to-point GRE tunnels, 399
CSU/DSU, 334
with HDLC, 336
de-encapsulating/re-encapsulating IP packets, 336
framing, 336
with PPP
control protocols, 341
framing, 341
multilink. See MLPPP
PPP functions, 340
Layer 1 problems, 354
mismatched subnets, 358
Point-to-Point over Ethernet. See PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol. See PPP
Point-to-Point topology (MetroE), 367-368
points of presence (PoP), 304, 365
policies
ACI, 773
filtering, 668
policing
data overages (MetroE), 374
QoS, 507
discarding excess traffic, 509
edge between networks, 509-510
features, 510
traffic rate versus configured policing rate, 508
rate, 508
pooling resources, 739
PoP (points of presence), 304, 365
Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP), 86
PortChannels. See EtherChannels
PortFast, 65
configuring, 81
enabling/disabling, 83
global settings, displaying, 83
ports
802.1w RSTP roles, 60
blocking, choosing, 44
channels, 86
costs
IEEE default, 55
disabled, 60
Layer 3 switch routed, 534-537
per-VLAN STP costs, 74
root (RPs), 60
RSTP
SPAN destination/source, 719
stacking ports, 156
states
RSTP, 92
STP versus RSTP, 62
configuring, 153
DHCP snooping, 154
powers of 2 numeric reference table, 810
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 340, 413
CHAP
control protocols, 341
dial connections to ISPs, 414
framing, 341
leased-line WANs, 340
multilink (MLPPP), 348
Layer 2 fragmentation balance, 349
load balancing, 349
PAP
PPPoE Layer 2 configuration, 417
status, 344
ppp authentication chap command, 345
ppp authentication command, 349, 359
ppp chap hostname command, 432
ppp chap password command, 432
ppp multilink command, 350, 360
ppp multilink group command, 360
ppp multilink group 1 command, 350
ppp pap sent-username command, 346, 359
PPPoE (Point-to-Point over Ethernet), 413-415
ISP router configuration example, 419
Layer 2, 417
enabling, 417
history, 414
customer router configuration, 426
dialer 2 status, 427
Layer 3, 429
summary, 430
Layer 3 status, 425
session status, 424
virtual-access interfaces, 423
pppoe-client dial-pool number command, 417, 432
pppoe enable command, 417, 432
CCNA R&S, 790
checklist, 790
ICND2, 790
knowledge gaps, finding, 792-793
other, 792
preemption (HSRP active/standby roles), 557-558
BGP, 303
preparing for the exam
exam-day suggestions, 787
knowledge gaps, finding, 792-793
practice exams
CCNA R&S, 790
checklist, 790
ICND2, 790
other, 792
preparing for failure, 788
question types, 784
ready to pass assessment, 797
study tasks, 798
studying after failing to pass, 797-798
prioritization (congestion management), 505
Priority Code Point (PCP) field (802.1Q header), 500
priority queues, 506
priv keyword (snmp-server group command), 707
private branch exchange (PBX), 34
private cloud computing, 739-741
private WANs
MetroE, 364
access links, 365
full mesh topology, 368
hub and spoke topology, 369
IEEE Ethernet standards, 366
MEF, 366
partial mesh topology, 369
Point-to-Point topology, 367-368
services, 366
access links, 378
Layer 3 design, 377
VPNs, 376
public cloud
branch office connections, 751
types, 362
process-ids (OSPF), 198
processes
RSTP, 62
programmability (network), 760
APIC Enterprise Module (APIC-EM), 774-776
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
comparisons, 776
proprietary routing protocols, 175
protocols, 224
AS, 304
ASNs, 304
configuring, 310
external. See eBGP
IGPs, compared, 302
internal (iBGP), 304
ISP default routes, learning, 320-321
prefixes, 303
reachability, 302
routing table analysis reports website, 303
table entries, injecting, 314-320
BPDUs (bridge protocol data units), 49
control plane, 764
DHCP
Binding Table, 153
DHCP Relay, 573
public cloud services, 757
Dijkstra SPF algorithm, 180
DTP, 116
DV (distance vector), 175, 228
distance/vector information learned, 228
EAP, 146
EAPoL, 146
eBGP, 304
EIGRP, 175
FHRP, 544
features, 550
HSRP. See HSRP
need for, 549
GLBP, 544
active/passive model, 551
active/standby routers, choosing, 555
active/standby rules, 557
configuring, 554
failover, 552
group numbers, 555
load balancing, 553
no preemption, 557
with preemption, 558
iBGP, 304
BGPs, compared, 302
classless/classful, 177
configuring, 310
goals, 302
routing protocol algorithm, 175
subnets, 303
IGRP, 175
IPv4. See IPv4 routing
IPv6. See IPv6 routing
link-state, 175
management plane, 765
MPBGP, 380
NDP, 593
filtering messages through IPv6 ACLs, 679-683
implicit filtering messages through IPv6 ACLs, 683-684
SLAAC, 597
dynamic mapping, enabling, 412
spoke-to-spoke communication, 413
OSPF. See OSPF
OSPFv2. See OSPFv2
OSPFv3. See OSPFv3
PAgP, 86
PAP
PPP. See PPP
enabling, 417
history, 414
ISP router configuration example, 419
RIPv2, 302
EIGRP/OSPFv2, compared, 233
goals, 302
routable, 172
routed, 172
routing
administrative distance, 177-178
algorithms, 175
AS, 174
convergence, 173
defined, 172
DV. See DV protocols
EGP (exterior gateway protocol), 173
interfaces enabled with, verifying, 274
interior comparison, 233
IPv4, 202
link-state, 175
path selections, 172
proprietary, 175
RIPv1, 226
RIPv2, 226
route redistribution, 177
RSTP
Cisco Catalyst STP modes, 88-90
implementing, 88
link types, 63
processes, 62
standards, 58
RTP, 235
SNMP. See SNMP
STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 48
STP. See STP
TACACS+, 148
TCP
BGP connections, displaying, 313
packets, 675
port numbers, matching, 464-467
transporting messages between BGP peers, 310
Jitter probes, 713
packets, IPv6 ACL matching, 675
port numbers, matching, 464-467
VRRP, 544
VTP, 120
automated update powers, 120
features, 128
planning configuration, 129
servers, 124
standard range VLANs, 123
storing configuration, 134-135
switches synchronization to VLAN database, verifying, 131-133
transparent mode, 135
versions, 127
VLAN support, adding, 123
provider edge (PE), 377
public cloud computing, 741
accessing with
VPNs, 747
address assignment services, 756-757
branch offices example, 749-752
email services traffic flow, 750-751
Internet connections, 751
private WAN connections, 751
DHCP services, 757
PVST+ (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus), 72-73
Q
QoE (Quality of Experience), 492
QoS (Quality of Service), 378, 488
bandwidth, 491
classification, 495
ACLs, 497
with marking, 497
NBAR, 498
router queuing, 496
routers, 497
congestion avoidance, 512
congestion management, 504
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
multiple queues, 504
output queuing, 504
prioritization, 505
queuing strategy, 507
round robin scheduling, 505
defined, 488
delay, 491
jitter, 491
loss, 491
marking, 499
with classification, 497
DiffServ DSCP AF values, 502-503
DiffServ DSCP CS values, 503
DiffServ DSCP EF values, 502
Ethernet 802.1Q headers, 500-501
Ethernet 802.11 headers, 501
MPLS Label headers, 501
needs based on traffic types
video applications, 494
policing, 507
discarding excess traffic, 509
edge between networks, 509-510
features, 510
traffic rate versus configured policing rate, 508
features, 512
slowing messages, 510
switches/routers, 495
tools, 496
query messages (EIGRP), 242
questions (exam)
budgeting time, 785
knowledge gaps, finding, 792-793
types, 784
queuing
congestion management, 504
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
multiple queues, 504
output queuing, 504
prioritization, 505
round robin scheduling, 505
strategy, 507
priority queues, 506
queue starvation, 506
routers, classification for, 496
R
RA (Router Advertisement), 610, 684
rapid elasticity (cloud computing), 739
Rapid PVST+, 72
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. See RSTP
rate limiting (DHCP snooping), 154
RD (reported distance), 240-241, 257
reachability (BGP), 302
read-only (RO) communities (SNMP), 699
read-write (RW) communities (SNMP), 699
ready to pass assessment (exam), 797
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 235
redistribution
Internet edge ISP routes, learning, 309
routes (MPLS VPNs), 380
redundancy
FHRP
features, 550
HSRP. See HSRP
need for, 549
LANs
problems caused without STP, 45-46
STP, 42
single points of failure, 547
relationships (neighbors), 284
OSPFv3, troubleshooting, 633-635
pinging routers, confirming, 285
requirements, 284
states, 628
relay agents (DHCPv6), 596
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), 235
Remote SPAN (RSPAN), 721
reply messages (EIGRP), 242
reported distance (RD), 240-241, 257
Representational State Transfer (REST), 769
requirements
cloud computing services, 739
EIGRP for IPv6 neighbors, 656
neighbors, 284
EIGRP, 286
OSPF, 289
SNMPv3 configuration, 704
resource pooling (cloud computing), 739
responders (IP SLAs), 713
REST (Representation State Transfer), 769
RESTful APIs, 769
reverse engineering from ACL to address range, 454-456
reversed source/destination IP address, troubleshooting, 480-481
RFC 1065, 694
RFC 4301 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol, 395
RIDs (router IDs), 181
defining, 196
EIGRP, configuring, 252
OSPF, 181
duplicate, troubleshooting, 291-293
OSPFv3, 624
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 175-176, 226
RIPv2 (RIP Version 2), 226
EIGRP/OSPFv2, compared, 233
goals, 302
RO (read-only) communities (SNMP), 699
ROAS (router-on-a-stick), 520, 524
configuration, 524
example, 524
subinterface numbers, 525
subinterfaces, creating, 524-525
connected routes, 526
show vlans command, 527
subinterface state, 527
roles
ports
root. See RPs
STP, 57
root bridge IDs, 50
root costs (switches), 48
root ports. See RPs
root switches
election influence, configuring, 80-81
STP, verification, 77
round robin scheduling (queuing), 505
round-trip delay, 491
Round Trip Time (RTT), 715
routable protocols, 172
routed protocols, 172
Router Advertisement (RA) messages, 610, 684
router bgp command, 311
router eigrp command, 246, 270, 647
RIDs, defining, 196
router-on-a-stick. See ROAS
router ospf 1 command, 198
Router Solicitation (RS), 610
routers. See also routes; routing
ABR (Area Border Router), 190
interface OSPF areas, verifying, 210-211
OSPFv2 multiarea configuration, 209-210
advertisement (RA) messages, 610, 684
backbone, 190
best routes, finding, 180
classification, 497
ACLs, 497
NBAR, 498
Cloud Services Routers (CSRs), 747
configuring different VIPs, troubleshooting, 563
data plane processing, 763
designated (DRs), 185
backup (BDRs), 185
DROthers, 186
flooding, 179
GRE tunnels between, 399
HSRP
active/passive model, 551
active/standby routers, choosing, 555
active/standby rules, 557
configuring, 554
failover, 552
group numbers, 555
load balancing, 553
no preemption, 557
with preemption, 558
IDs. See RIDs
IPv6
addressing configuration, 598-599
connectivity, verifying, 601-603
issues, 604
routing, enabling, 598
static route configuration, 599
ISP, 419
LSAs, 636
multiple serial links between, 347
public cloud networks, 754
QoS, 495
queuing
classification for, 496
congestion management, 504-507
strategy, 507
subinterfaces, creating, 524-525
router WAN interface status, 585
routing IP packets over serial links, 398
solicitation (RS) messages, 610, 684
troubleshooting
routes. See also routers; routing
BGP
classful networks, injecting, 315-318
discard, 319
EIGRP
choosing, 234
tuning with bandwidth, 259
feasibility conditions, 242
host, 357
interarea, 640
IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6 metrics, 650-651
static, configuring, 599
ISP
Internet edge, learning, 309
OSPF
interarea, verifying, 212
routing. See also routers; routes
EIGRP for IPv6, enabling/disabling, 650
LANs, 523
protocols. See routing protocols
troubleshooting
default router IP address setting, 572
incorrect addressing plans, 581-585
mismatched IPv4 settings, 568-569
router WAN interface status, 585
VLAN. See VLAN routing
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 175
administrative distance, 177-178
algorithms, 175
AS, 174
autosummarization, 266
classful network boundaries, 266-267
discontiguous classful networks, 267-268
convergence, 173
defined, 172
distance/vector information learned, 228
EGP (exterior gateway protocol), 173
IGP, 173
algorithms, 175
classless/classful, 177
interfaces enabled with, verifying, 274
interior comparison, 233
IPv4, 202
link-state, 175
path selections, 172
proprietary, 175
RIPv1, 226
RIPv2, 226
route redistribution, 177
troubleshooting
configuration errors, 274
internetwork, analyzing, 273
neighbor relationships, 274
routing tables, 273
RPs (root ports), 60
problems, troubleshooting, 103
RS (Router Solicitation) messages, 610, 684
RSPAN (Remote SPAN), 721
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), 58-59
Cisco Catalyst switch RSTP modes, 88-90
implementing, 88
link types, 63
ports
processes, 62
standards, 58
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), 235
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 235
RTT (Round Trip Time), 715
AAA login authentication, 150
HSRP active/standby, 557
implicit IPv6 ACL ICMPv6 message filtering, 683-684
RW (read-write) communities (SNMP), 699
S
SaaS (Software as a Service), 743
SBIs (Southbound Interfaces), 767-768
sdm prefer command, 532
sdm prefer lanbase-routing command, 543
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 760
APIC Enterprise Module (APIC-EM), 774-776
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
architecture, 770
comparisons, 776
controllers
Northbound Interfaces (NBIs), 768-770
OpenDaylight SDN controller, 771
Southbound Interfaces (SBIs), 767-768
Open SDN, 771
Open SDN Controller (OSC), 772
OpenFlow, 771
Secure Shell (SSH), 765
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 396-397
security
AAA servers
login authentication rules, 150
login process, 147
TACACS+/RADIUS protocols, 148
access, 145
attacks
DHCP-based, 152
types, 150
authentication
802.1x, 145
Internet VPNs, 393
DHCP snooping
configuration settings, 153
DHCP-based attacks, 152
DHCP Binding Table, 153
features, 151
ports as trusted, configuring, 153
rate limiting, 154
rules summary, 153
trusted/untrusted ports, 151-154
AAA servers, configuring, 145
authentication process, 145
EAP, 146
username/password combinations, verifying, 145
Internet VPNs, 393
sender’s bridge IDs, 50
sender’s root cost, 50
serial cables, 332
serial links. See leased-line WANs
servers
AAA
configuring for 802.1x, 145
defining, 149
enabling, 149
username/passwords, verifying, 145
defined, 732
physical server model, 734
hosts, 734
hypervisors, 734
multithreading, 734
networking, 736
VMs, 734
VTP, 124
service-level agreements (SLAs), 712
service providers (SPs), 362
services
cloud computing
broad network access, 739
cloud services catalogs, 740
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 742
measured, 739
on-demand self-service, 739
Platform as a Service (PaaS), 743-744
public, 741
rapid elasticity, 739
requirements, 739
resource pooling, 739
Software as a Service (SaaS), 743
DHCP, 757
Internet as WAN, 389
MetroE, 366
public cloud
accessing with Internet, 745-746
accessing with private WANs, 746-749
accessing with VPNs, 747
branch offices example, 749-752
session keys, 395
session status (PPPoE), 424
Set messages
RO/RW communities, 699
writing variables on agents, 696
features, 512
rate, 510
slowing messages, 510
shaping data overages (MetroE), 375
shared edge ports, 93
shared keys, 395
shared session keys, 395
shorter VLAN configuration example, 28-29
Shortest Path First algorithm. See SPF algorithm
show access-list command, 473
show access-lists command, 450, 457, 479, 487, 687
show arp command, 572
show commands
IPv6 ACLs, 673
routing protocol-enabled interfaces, verifying, 275
STP status, 68
show controllers command, 352
show controllers serial command, 360
show etherchannel 1 summary command, 86
show etherchannel command, 96, 543
show etherchannel summary command, 107, 540
show interfaces command, 298, 360, 543, 569
EIGRP neighbor requirements, verifying, 286
MLPPP, 352
OSPF
interfaces, 283
neighbors, 289
OSPFv3 interface bandwidth, 640
PPP CHAP status, 345
PPP PAP, 346
PPP status, 344
routed ports, 536
show interfaces description command, 298, 576
show interfaces dialer command, 421, 433
show interfaces status command
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 539
routed ports, 536
show interfaces switchport command, 31-34, 37, 41, 114-116, 135
show interfaces trunk command, 32-34, 38, 41, 116-117
show interfaces tunnel command, 405, 433
show interfaces virtual-access command, 433
show interfaces virtual-access configuration command, 423
show interfaces vlan command, 543
show ip access-list command, 457, 474-476
show ip access-lists command, 450, 479, 487
show ip bgp command, 323
show ip bgp summary command, 313, 323
show ip eigrp interfaces command, 271, 297
EIGRP-enabled interfaces, 250-251, 275
EIGRP neighbor requirements, verifying, 286
multilink interfaces, 352
show ip eigrp interfaces detail command, 250, 271
show ip eigrp neighbors command, 271, 297
neighbor status, displaying, 253
neighbor verification checks, 285
show ip eigrp topology all-links command, 260
show ip eigrp topology command, 271
feasible successor routes, 259
metrics, 262
successor routes, 258
topology table, 256
show ip interface brief command, 360
GRE tunnels, 404
multilink interfaces, 352
OSPF interfaces, troubleshooting, 283
show ip interface command, 286, 450, 457, 479
show ip ospf command, 223, 298
duplicate OSPF RIDs, 291
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
show ip ospf database command, 179, 201, 223
show ip ospf interface brief command, 205, 223, 298
OSPF areas for ABR interfaces, 210
OSPF-enabled interfaces, identifying, 275
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
OSPF status on interfaces, 281
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 221
show ip ospf interface command, 223, 298
DRs/BDRs details, displaying, 211
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293
OSPF areas for ABR interfaces, 210
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 220
passive interface, 206
show ip ospf neighbor command, 182, 223, 298
DRs/BDRs details, displaying, 211
neighbors, listing, 288
OSPF processes shutdown, 295
show ip ospf neighbor interface brief command, 295
show ip protocols command, 223, 271, 297
EIGRP-enabled interfaces, 251-252, 275
IPv4 routing protocols, 202
OSPF configuration errors, 282-283
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 219
show ip route command, 223, 271, 323, 577-580
administrative distance, 178
dialer interface Layer 3 orientation, 425
EIGRP-learned routes, displaying, 254
IPv4 routes added by OSPF, 201
routing tables, displaying, 543
show ip route eigrp command, 254, 271, 297
show ip route ospf command, 223, 298, 577-578
show ip route static command, 214
show ip sla enhanced-history distribution-statistics command, 729
show ip sla history command, 717, 729
show ip sla statistics command, 729
show ip sla summary command, 729
show ipv6 access-list command, 677, 687
show ipv6 eigrp interfaces command, 654, 662
show ipv6 eigrp interfaces detail command, 662
show ipv6 eigrp neighbors command, 663
show ipv6 eigrp topology command, 663
show ipv6 eigrp topology | section command, 663
show ipv6 interface command, 614, 687
show ipv6 neighbors command, 614
IPv6 ACL ICMPv6 NDP message filtering, 681
IPv6 IPv4 replacement, 603
show ipv6 ospf command, 640, 643
show ipv6 ospf database command, 636, 643
show ipv6 ospf interface brief command, 630, 640, 643
show ipv6 ospf interface command, 630-631, 643
show ipv6 ospf neighbor command, 635, 643
show ipv6 protocols command, 614, 643
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
EIGRP for IPv6 interfaces, 654
OSPFv3 interfaces, 630
show ipv6 route command, 614, 643
EIGRP for IPv6, 663
IPv6 router connectivity, 603
show ipv6 route eigrp command, 663
show ipv6 route ospf command, 638, 643
show ipv6 route | section command, 663
show ipv6 routers command, 614, 681
show mac address-table command, 114
show mac address-table dynamic command, 111
show monitor detail command, 724, 729
show monitor session all command, 723
show monitor session command, 724, 729
show ppp all command, 346-347, 360
show ppp multilink command, 353, 360
show pppoe session command, 424, 433
show running-config command, 135, 449, 473-475
show snmp community command, 702, 728
show snmp contact command, 728
show snmp group command, 709, 729
show snmp host command, 702, 729
show snmp location command, 728
show snmp user command, 708, 729
show spanning-tree bridge command, 81
show spanning-tree command, 96
show spanning-tree interface command, 96
show spanning-tree interface detail command, 82
show spanning-tree root command, 77, 81
show spanning-tree summary command, 83, 96
show spanning-tree vlan 10 bridge command, 77
show spanning-tree vlan 10 command, 75-77
show spanning-tree vlan 10 interface gigabitethernet0/2 state command, 92
show spanning-tree vlan command, 96
show standby brief command, 555-565
show standby command (HSRP), 565
configuration, 560
status, 556
show tcp brief command, 313
show tcp summary command, 323
show vlan brief command, 26-29, 114
show vlan command, 41, 114, 141
show vlan status command, 135
show vtp password command, 134, 141
show vtp status command, 29, 41, 131, 134, 141
Layer 1 leased-line WAN problems, 354
OSPF processes, 294
ROAS subinterfaces, 527
shutdown vlan command, 135, 140
shutting down OSPF processes, 294-296
signatures, 498
the Sim (Pearson Network Simulator), 796
Simple Network Management Protocol. See SNMP
single-area OSPF, 188
single-area OSPFv2 configuration, 197-198
IPv4 addresses, 197
matching with network command, 198-200
multiarea configurations, 207-208
network command, 198
IPv4 routing protocols, 201-202
LSDB contents, displaying, 201
wildcard masks, 199
single-area OSPFv3 configuration, 623-624
single homed Internet edge design, 306
single points of failure, 547
SLA (service level agreement), 712
SLAAC (stateless address autoconfiguration)
EUI-64, 597
IPv6 settings, 597
NDP, 597
SLBaaS (SLB as a service), 753
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 692
clear-text passwords, 698
Get messages
agent information, 696
RO/RW communities, 699
history, 695
Inform messages, 696-697, 701-702
managers, 695
read-only (RO) communities, 699
read-write (RW) communities, 699
Set messages
RO/RW communities, 699
writing variables on agents, 696
Trap messages, 696-697, 701-702
snmp-server command, 700
snmp-server community command, 727
snmp-server contact command, 727
snmp-server enable traps command, 727
snmp-server group command, 705
snmp-server host command, 701, 710, 727
snmp-server location command, 727
snmp-server user command, 707
SNMPv2
configuring
security, 699
SNMPv2c (Community-based SNMP Version 2), 699
SNMPv3
configuring, 704
requirements, 704
users, 707
groups
MIB views, 705
security levels, 705
write views, 706
MIB views, 705
security, 699
Software as a Service (SaaS), 743
Software Defined Networking. See SDN
solution apps, 777
sources
addresses, 406
IP SLAs, 713
ports (SPAN), 719
SPAN, limiting, 725
Southbound Interfaces (SBIs), 767-768
SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), 718
dependencies, 722
destination ports, 719
Encapsulated RSPAN (ERSPAN), 721
network analyzer needs for, 719
Remote (RSPAN), 721
source ports, 719
sources, limiting, 725
traffic direction, 725
VLANs, monitoring, 721
spanning-tree algorithm (STA), 48
spanning-tree bpduguard disable command, 95
spanning-tree bpduguard enable command, 81, 95
spanning-tree bpguard enable command, 75
spanning-tree commands, 95
spanning-tree mode command, 88, 95
spanning-tree mode mst command, 72
spanning-tree mode pvst command, 72
spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst command, 72, 90
spanning-tree pathcost method long command, 55
spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default command, 95
spanning-tree portfast command, 75, 81, 95
spanning-tree portfast default command, 83, 95
spanning-tree portfast disable command, 83, 95
Spanning Tree Protocol. See STP
spanning-tree vlan 10 port priority 112 command, 103
spanning-tree vlan command, 74
speed command, 576
speeds
LAN/WAN interfaces, 490
SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm, 180
Dijkstra SPF, 180
OSPF best routes, calculating, 186-188
spinning up VMs, 742
split horizon (DV routing protocols), 230-231
spoofing, 422
SPs (service providers), 362
SSH (Secure Shell), 765
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 396-397
STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 48
stack masters, 157
stacking cables, 156
stacking modules, 156
stacking ports, 156
stacking switches
access layer switches, 156-157
benefits, 155
FlexStack/FlexStack-Plus, 158
operating as single logical switch, 157-158
stack masters, 157
standard ACLs, configuring, 671-674
standard numbered IPv4 ACLs, 443
access-list command, 454
command syntax, 445
configuration examples, 448-452
matching any/all addresses, 448
matching exact IP address, 445-446
matching subset of address, 446-447
overview, 443
reverse engineering from ACL to address range, 454-456
wildcard masks
binary wildcard masks, 447-448
decimal wildcard masks, 446-447
standard range VLANs, 123
standby 1 preempt command, 558
standby HSRP routers, 557
standby version 1 | 2 command, 564
standby version command, 559
stateful DHCP, troubleshooting, 608-609
stateful DHCPv6, 596
stateless address autoconfiguration. See SLAAC
states
change reactions (STP topology), 55-56
discarding, 61
interfaces
forwarding/blocking, 47
learning, 58
listening, 58
neighbors
BGP, 313
OSPFv3, 632
relationships, 628
ports
STP versus RSTP, 62
ROAS subinterfaces, 527
STP, 57
tunnel interfaces, 407
VLAN mismatched trunking operational, 116
static discard routes, 319-320
static routes (IPv6), configuring, 599
status
BPDU Guard global settings, 83
HSRP, 555
interface codes, 353
PortFast global settings, 83
PPP, 344
PPP CHAP, 345
PPP PAP, 346
PPPoE
Layer 3, 425
sessions, verifying, 424
steady-state operation (STP), 56
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), 42
802.1D standard, 58
behind the scenes summary, 72
BIDs
defined, 49
BPDUs (bridge protocol data units), 49
BPDU Guard
configuring, 81
enabling/disabling, 83
global settings, displaying, 83
Cisco Catalyst switch STP modes, 88-89
configuration, 71
modes, 72
per-VLAN port costs, 74
MAC tables impact, predicting, 111-112
forwarding or blocking criteria, 48-49
interface states, changing, 57-58
LAN segment DPs, choosing, 54
looping frames, preventing, 44
MAC tables impact, predicting, 110
PortFast, 65
configuring, 81
enabling/disabling, 83
global settings, displaying, 83
blocking, choosing, 44
states, 62
roles, 57
root election influence, configuring, 80-81
root switch election, 50-52, 100-101
Cisco Catalyst switch RSTP modes, 88-90
implementing, 88
link types, 63
processes, 62
standards, 58
STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 48
switch reactions to changes, 56-57
troubleshooting
RPs on nonroot switches, 101-103
studying after failing the exam, 797-798
studying for exam, 798
subinterfaces
defined, 524
ROAS
numbers, 525
state, verifying, 527
subnet masks
mismatched masks, troubleshooting, 569-571
VLSM (variable length subnet masking)
recognizing when VLSM is used, 581
subnets
advertising to ISPs, 318
IGPs, 303
mismatched
EIGRP neighbors, 286
leased-line WANs, 358
OSPFv2 multiarea configuration, 206
overlapping subnets
subset of IP address, matching, 446-447
successors
EIGRP
for IPv6, 646
feasible
super backbone (OSPF), 381
superior Hello, 50
supplicants, 145
SVIs (switched virtual interfaces), 520, 529
verifying, 531
Switched Port Analyzer. See SPAN
as 802.1x authenticators, 145
chassis aggregation, 159
benefits, 161
design, improving, 160
distribution/core switches high availability, 159-160
Cisco Catalyst
distribution
design, improving, 160
high availability with chassis aggregation, 159-160
Layer 2, 21
Layer 3, 21
Layer 3 EtherChannels
troubleshooting, 541
Layer 3 with SVIs
verifying, 531
links, 63
PortFast, 65
QoS, 495
root
costs, 48
election influence, configuring, 80-81
STP verification, 77
RPs (root ports), choosing, 52-53
SPAN, 718
dependencies, 722
destination ports, 719
Encapsulated RSPAN (ERSPAN), 721
limiting sources, 725
network analyzer needs, 719
Remote (RSPAN), 721
source ports, 719
traffic direction, 725
VLANs, monitoring, 721
stacking
access layer switches, 156-157
benefits, 155
FlexStack/FlexStack-Plus, 158
operating as single logical switch, 157-158
stack masters, 157
synchronization to VLAN database, verifying, 131-133
ToR (Top of Rack), 736
traditional access switching, 155
virtual (vSwitches), 735
voice switches, 34
as VTP servers, 124
switchport access vlan command, 25, 28-29, 37-40, 113, 135
switchport command
Layer 3 switches, 543
routed ports, 535
switchport mode access command, 25, 28, 37-38, 139
switchport mode command, 30, 40
switchport mode dynamic auto command, 116
switchport mode dynamic desirable command, 32
switchport mode trunk command, 30, 116, 524
switchport nonegotiate command, 34, 40, 116, 139
switchport trunk allowed vlan command, 41, 117
switchport trunk encapsulation command, 30, 40
switchport trunk native vlan command, 40, 118
switchport voice vlan command, 36-38, 41, 135
synchronizing
system ID extensions (BIDs), 73-74
T
T1. See leased-line WANs
T3, 334
TACACS+, 148
tail drops, 513
TCAM (ternary content-addressable memory), 766
T-carrier systems, 333
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
BGP connections, displaying, 313
packets, 675
port numbers, matching, 464-467
transporting messages between BGP peers, 310
tcp keyword, 464
TCP/IP networks, 694
TDM (time-division multiplexing), 334
telcos (telephone companies), 331, 390
Telnet, 765
ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM), 766
testing IPv6
ACLs, 677
connectivity
three-area OSPF, 189
TID fields (QoS marking), 501
time burners, 785
time-division multiplexing (TDM), 334
time (exam)
budget versus number of questions, 785
checking, 786
time intervals (QoS shaping), 511-512
timers
EIGRP for IPv6, 652
EIGRP neighbors, 233
Hello messages, 184
Hello/dead mismatches, troubleshooting, 293-294
tools
APIC-EM ACL Analysis, 777
APIC-EM Path Trace ACL Analysis tool, 777-778
APIC-EM Path Trace app, 777
QoS
ACLs, compared, 496
congestion management, 504-507
queuing strategy, 507
Top of Rack (ToR) switches, 736
topologies
EIGRP
feasible successor routes, 258-261
metrics, 262
successor routes, identifying, 257-258
MetroE, 366
full mesh, 368
hub and spoke, 369
partial mesh, 369
OSPF area design, 188
ToR (Top of Rack) switches, 736
ToS (Type of Service) field (IPv4), 499
traceroute command, 574
GRE tunnels, 406
IPv6
connectivity, testing, 600-602
network router problems, troubleshooting, 611
routes, testing, 614
traceroute6 command, 615
tracert command, 615
traditional access switching, 155
traffic
bandwidth, managing, 491
characteristics, 491
congestion avoidance, 512
congestion management, 504
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
multiple queues, 504
output queuing, 504
prioritization, 505
round robin scheduling, 505
strategy, 507
delay, managing, 491
end-user, measuring, 713
IPv6 ACLs, 670
jitter, 491
loss, 491
policing, 507
discarding excess traffic, 509
edge between networks, 509-510
features, 510
traffic rate versus configured policing rate, 508
public cloud branch office email services, 750-751
features, 512
slowing messages, 510
SPAN sessions, 725
types
video, 494
Traffic Class field (IPv6), 500
Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP
transparent mode (VTP), 135
troubleshooting
CHAP authentication failures, 356
DPs on LAN segments, 105
EIGRP for IPv6
interfaces, 655
routes, 660
EIGRP interfaces, 275
configuration problems, 278-281
EIGRP neighbors
authentication failures, 286
incorrect ASNs, 288
mismatched subnets, 286
EtherChannels, 106
channel-group command incorrect options, 106-108
configuration checks before adding interfaces, 108-109
GRE tunnels, 406
interface state, 407
Layer 3 issues, 409
source/destination addresses, 406
tunnel destination, 408
HSRP, 560
ACL blocks HSRP packets, 563
group number mismatches, 563
misconfiguration symptoms, 561
routers configuring different VIPs, 563
version mismatches, 562
with IP SLA
history data, 717
IPv4 ACLs, 477
ACL behavior in network, 477-479
ACL interactions with router-generated packets, 483-485
common syntax mistakes, 481
inbound ACL filters routing protocol packets, 481-482
reversed source/destination IP address, 480-481
troubleshooting commands, 479-480
IPv4 routing
default router IP address setting, 572
incorrect addressing plans, 581-585
mismatched IPv4 settings, 568-569
packet filtering with access lists, 586
router WAN interface status, 585
IPv6 routing, 604
ACLs, 612
filtering issues, 604
host issues, 604
host pings fail from default router, 606-607
host pings only working in some cases, 605-606
missing IPv6 settings in host, 608-610
name resolution problems, 607-608
router issues, 604
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 541
Layer 1 problems, 354
mismatched subnets, 358
neighbors, 285
OSPF
MTU mismatched settings, 296
processes, shutting down, 294-296
area design, 281
details, checking, 283
unsolicited log messages, 283
area mismatches, finding, 290-291
Hello timer/dead timer mismatches, 293-294
LAN problems, 289
neighbor states, 288
OSPFv3
PAP authentication failures, 356
customer router configuration, 426
dialer 2 status, 427
Layer 3, 429
summary, 430
routing protocols
configuration errors, 274
internetwork, analyzing, 273
neighbor relationships, 274
routing tables, 273
RP problems, 103
SPAN sessions, 725
standard numbered ACLs, 452-453
RPs on nonroot switches, 101-103
switch data plane forwarding
EtherChannel impact on MAC tables, 111-112
STP impact on MAC tables, 110
VLAN of incoming frames, 112-113
VLANs
frame switching problems, 113
undefined/disabled VLANs, 114-115
VLAN trunking
frame switching problems, 113
mismatched native VLANs, 118
mismatched operational states, 116
mismatched supported VLAN lists, 117-118
VTP, 135
common configuration rejections, 137
trunking (VLANs)
disabling, 139
ISL (Inter-Switch Link), 20-21
overview, 18
protocol. See VTP
trust boundaries (QoS marking), 501-502
trusted ports, 151
configuring, 153
DHCP snooping, 154
tunnel destination command, 406-408, 432
tunnel mode gre ip command, 404, 432
tunnel mode gre multipoint command, 404
tunnel source command, 406-407, 432
tunnels
destinations, 408
GRE, 398
between routers, 399
details, displaying, 404
functionality, testing, 406
large scale environments, 411
multipoint with DMVPN, 411
point-to-point, 399
routes, 405
tunnel interfaces, 398
interfaces
creating, 400
destinations, 408
Layer 3 issues, 409
replacing serial links, 398
state, 407
Twitter (Wendell Odom), 799
Type of Service (ToS) field (IPv4), 499
U
UCS (Unified Computing System), 733
Jitter probes, 713
packets, IPv6 ACL matching, 675
port numbers, matching, 464-467
undebug all command, 298
undefined VLANs, troubleshooting, 114-115
unequal-cost load balancing, 263
UNI (user network interface), 365
unicast IPv6 addresses, 593-595
Unified Computing System (UCS), 733
unique local unicast addresses, 593
unsecured networks (GRE tunnels), 400-401
unsolicited log messages, 283
upd keyword, 464
updates
full, 229
partial, 232
periodic, 229
User Datagram Protocol. See UDP
user network interface (UNI), 365
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 739
V
v1default MIB view, 706
variable length subnet masking. See VLSM
variables (MIB)
monitoring, 696
numbering/names, 697
variance command, 270
vCPU (virtual CPU), 734
vector (DV protocols), 228
verification command, 75
EIGRP configuration, 249
EIGRP enabled interfaces, finding, 250-252
IPv4 routing table, displaying, 253-254
neighbor status, displaying, 253
EIGRP for IPv6
interfaces, 654
EtherChannel configuration before adding interfaces, 108-109
HDLC, 339
interarea OSPF routes, 212
IPv6 connectivity, 600
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 539-540
OSPFv2 configurations
OSPFv3
PPP
PAP, 347
Layer 3 status, 425
session status, 424
virtual-access interfaces, 423
routing protocol-enabled interfaces, 274
routing with SVIs, 531
standard numbered ACLs, 452-453
switches synchronization to VLAN database, 131-133
username/passwords on AAA servers, 145
versions
OSPF, 619
VTP, 127
video traffic
QoS requirements, 494
shaping time intervals, 512
views (MIB), 705
virtual-access interfaces, 423
virtual LANs. See VLANs
virtual machines. See VMs
virtual network functions (VNFs), 752-754
Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), 367
Virtual Private Networks. See VPNs
Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS), 367
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), 544
virtualization
ASA firewall (ASAv), 754
CPU (vCPU), 734
data centers
networking, 735
physical networks, 736
vendors, 735
firewalls, 754
machines. See VMs
network functions virtualization (NFV), 754
NICs (vNICS), 735
routers (public cloud networks), 754
hosts, 734
hypervisors, 734
multithreading, 734
networking, 736
virtual data center vendors, 735
VMs, 734
switches (vSwitches), 735
configuration
database, VTP synchronization, 125-126
full VLAN configuration example, 25-28
shorter VLAN configuration example, 28-29
database, switches synchronization, 131-133
default, 25
enabling/disabling, 115
IDs, 18
incoming frames, choosing, 112-113
interfaces. See SVIs
IP telephony, 34
data and voice VLAN concepts, 34-36
data and voice VLAN configuration and verification, 36-38
LAN support, adding, 122
mismatched native on trunks, 118
mismatched supported trunk lists, 117-118
routing. See VLAN routing
SPAN monitoring, 721
standard range, 123
troubleshooting
frame switching process problems, 113
undefined/disabled VLANs, 114-115
trunking
disabling, 139
ISL (Inter-Switch Link), 20-21
overview, 18
protocol. See VTP
vlan 10 command, 122
vlan 200 command, 137
VLAN routing, 21
Layer 3 EtherChannels
troubleshooting, 541
Layer 3 switch routed ports, 23-24, 534-537
Layer 3 switching with SVIs
verifying, 531
ROAS, 524
VLAN Trunking Protocol. See VTP
VLSM (variable length subnet masking)
recognizing when VLSM is used, 581
VMs (virtual machines), 734
ACI, 773
IaaS, 742
networking, 736
SaaS, 743
spinning up, 742
virtual NICs (vNICs), 735
VNFs (virtual network functions), 752-754
vNICs (virtual NICs), 735
voice switches, 34
voice traffic, 493
QoS requirements, 494
shaping time intervals, 512
VoIP, 378
VoIP (Voice over IP), 378, 493-494
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 367
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks)
dynamic multipoint (DMVPN), 411
multipoint GRE tunnels, 411
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol), 412-413
Internet, 389
benefits, 394
security, 393
MPLS VPNs, 376
EIGRP challenges, 382
public cloud, accessing, 747
VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 367
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 544
vSwitches (virtual switches), 735
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol), 29, 120
automated update powers, 120
configuration
common rejections, troubleshooting, 137
default VTP settings, 129
new VTP configuration settings, 130
planning, 129
steps, 129
features, 128
servers, 124
standard range VLANs, 123
switches synchronization to VLAN database, verifying, 131-133
synchronization, 125
transparent mode, 135
troubleshooting, 135
common configuration rejections, 137
versions, 127
VLAN support, adding, 123
vtp commands, 134
vtp mode command, 40, 134, 140
vtp mode transparent command, 29, 135
vtp password command, 134, 140
vtp version command, 140
W – Z
WANs
Ethernet, 747
Frame Relay, 362
interface speeds, 490
Internet access, 389
Internet as WAN service, 389
CSU/DSUs, 334
mismatched subnets, 358
leased-line with HDLC, 336
de-encapsulating/re-encapsulating IP packets, 336
framing, 336
leased-line with PPP
control protocols, 341
framing, 341
multilink. See MLPPP
PPP functions, 340
MetroE, 364
access links, 365
full mesh topology, 368
hub and spoke topology, 369
IEEE Ethernet standards, 366
MEF, 366
partial mesh topology, 369
Point-to-Point topology, 367-368
services, 366
access links, 378
Layer 3 design, 377
VPNs, 376
private
public cloud branch office connections, 751
types, 362
public cloud connections
service providers (SPs), 362
WAN interface cards (WICs), 332
WC masks. See wildcard masks
APIC-EM Analysis tool released code, 777
APIC-EM labs, 777
ARIN, 174
BGP routing table analysis reports, 303
CCNA (ICND2) Config Labs, 796
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 Official Cert Guide, 777
Cisco
ACI, 774
APIC-EM pages, 777
DevNet, 777
Feature Navigator, 531
Prime management products, 695
Eclipse IDE, 744
ETSI, 754
Google App Engine PaaS, 744
IANA, 174
ICMPv6 parameters, 669
IPv6 multicast address space registry, 682
ICMPv6 packets, 669
Jenkins continuous integration and automation tool, 744
MEF, 366
OpenDaylight SDN controller, 771
OpenFlow, 768
Pearson Network Simulator (the Sim), 796
Wendell Odom’s SDN Skills, 777
Wireshark network analyzer, 718
weighting, 505
Wendell Odom’s SDN Skills blog, 777
WICs (WAN interface cards), 332
wildcard_mask parameter (network command), 198
binary, 447
finding, 448
OSPF single-area configuration, 199
wireless Internet, 393
Wireshark network analyzer, 718
workflow (virtualized data center), 737-738
working interfaces, 49
write views (SNMPv3 groups), 706