Contents
A Brief Perspective on Cisco Certification Exams
Step 1: Think in Terms of Parts and Chapters
Step 2: Build Your Study Habits Around the Chapter
Step 3: Use Book Parts for Major Milestones
Step 4: Use the Final Review Chapter to Refine Skills and Uncover Weaknesses
Step 5: Set Goals and Track Your Progress
Things to Do Before Starting the First Chapter
Find Review Activities on the Web and DVD
Should I Plan to Use the Two-Exam Path or One-Exam Path?
Study Options for Those Taking the 200-125 CCNA Exam
Other Small Tasks Before Getting Started
Chapter 1 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking
The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols
Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router
Routing Packets with a Layer 3 Switch
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration
Implementing Interfaces Connected to Phones
Data and Voice VLAN Configuration and Verification
Summary: IP Telephony Ports on Switches
Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D)
What IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Does
The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
Choosing Each Switch’s Root Port
Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Influencing and Changing the STP Topology
Making Configuration Changes to Influence the STP Topology
Reacting to State Changes That Affect the STP Topology
How Switches React to Changes with STP
Changing Interface States with STP
Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w) Concepts
RSTP and the Alternate (Root) Port Role
RSTP and the Backup (Designated) Port Role
Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Connecting STP Concepts to STP Configuration Options
Per-VLAN Configuration Settings
The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
STP Configuration Option Summary
Configuring Priority to Influence the Root Election
Implementing Optional STP Features
Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard
Configuring a Manual EtherChannel
Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels
Identifying the STP Mode on a Catalyst Switch
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches
STP Tiebreakers When Choosing the Root Port
Suggestions for Attacking Root Port Problems on the Exam
Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Suggestions for Attacking Designated Port Problems on the Exam
Troubleshooting Layer 2 EtherChannel
Incorrect Options on the channel-group Command
Configuration Checks Before Adding Interfaces to EtherChannels
Analyzing the Switch Data Plane Forwarding
Predicting STP Impact on MAC Tables
Predicting EtherChannel Impact on MAC Tables
Choosing the VLAN of Incoming Frames
Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks
Access VLAN Configuration Incorrect
Access VLANs Undefined or Disabled
Mismatched Trunking Operational States
Mismatched Supported VLAN List on Trunks
Mismatched Native VLAN on a Trunk
Chapter 5 VLAN Trunking Protocol
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) Concepts
Synchronizing the VTP Database
Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches
VTP Version 1 Versus Version 2
VTP Configuration and Verification
Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients
Verifying Switches Synchronized Databases
Storing the VTP and Related Configuration
Determining Why VTP Is Not Synchronizing
Common Rejections When Configuring VTP
Problems When Adding Switches to a Network
Chapter 6 Miscellaneous LAN Topics
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Securing Access with IEEE 802.1x
Summarizing DHCP Snooping Features
Switch Stacking and Chassis Aggregation
Traditional Access Switching Without Stacking
Switch Stacking of Access Layer Switches
Switch Stack Operation as a Single Logical Switch
Cisco FlexStack and FlexStack-Plus
High Availability with a Distribution/Core Switch
Improving Design and Availability with Chassis Aggregation
Part II IPv4 Routing Protocols
Chapter 7 Understanding OSPF Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms
Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes
Meeting Neighbors and Learning Their Router ID
Exchanging the LSDB Between Neighbors
Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors
Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB
Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links
Calculating the Best Routes with SPF
How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time
Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Implementing Single-Area OSPFv2
OSPF Single-Area Configuration
Matching with the OSPF network Command
Configuring the OSPF Router ID
Verifying the Multiarea Configuration
Verifying the Correct Areas on Each Interface on an ABR
Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR
Verifying Interarea OSPF Routes
Setting the Cost Based on Interface Bandwidth
The Need for a Higher Reference Bandwidth
OSPFv2 Interface Configuration
OSPFv2 Interface Configuration Example
Verifying OSPFv2 Interface Configuration
Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
The Concept of a Distance and a Vector
Full Update Messages and Split Horizon
EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol
EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As Needed
EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using Hello
Summary of Interior Routing Protocol Features
Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information
Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table
An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics
Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links
Feasible Distance and Reported Distance
EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors
Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification
Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask
Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP Is Enabled
Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status
Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table
EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors
Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table
Finding Feasible Successor Routes
Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route
Examining the Metric Components
Other EIGRP Configuration Settings
Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes
Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation
Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks
Automatic Summarization at the Boundary of a Classful Network
Discontiguous Classful Networks
Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems
Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol
EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting
Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces
Examining the Problems with EIGRP Interfaces
OSPF Interface Troubleshooting
EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks
EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example
Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs
Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches
Shutting Down the OSPF Process
Chapter 12 Implementing External BGP
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Choosing the Best Routes with BGP
Internet Edge Designs and Terminology
Advertising the Enterprise Public Prefix into the Internet
Learning Default Routes from the ISP
eBGP Configuration and Verification
Configuring eBGP Neighbors Using Link Addresses
Administratively Disabling Neighbors
Injecting BGP Table Entries with the network Command
Injecting Routes for a Classful Network
Advertising Subnets to the ISP
Advertising a Single Prefix with a Static Discard Route
Learning a Default Route from the ISP
Chapter 13 Implementing Point-to-Point WANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
The Physical Components of a Leased Line
Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC
Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems
Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems
PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure
Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems
Chapter 14 Private WANs with Ethernet and MPLS
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Metro Ethernet Physical Design and Topology
Ethernet WAN Services and Topologies
Ethernet Line Service (Point-to-Point)
Ethernet LAN Service (Full Mesh)
Ethernet Tree Service (Hub and Spoke)
Layer 3 Design Using Metro Ethernet
Layer 3 Design with E-Line Service
Layer 3 Design with E-LAN Service
Layer 3 Design with E-Tree Service
Ethernet Virtual Circuit Bandwidth Profiles
Charging for the Data (Bandwidth) Used
Controlling Overages with Policing and Shaping
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
MPLS VPN Physical Design and Topology
OSPF Area Design with MPLS VPN
Routing Protocol Challenges with EIGRP
Chapter 15 Private WANs with Internet VPN
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Internet Access and Internet VPN Fundamentals
GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network
Tunnel Interfaces and Interface State
Layer 3 Issues for Tunnel Interfaces
Multipoint Internet VPNs Using DMVPN
PPPoE Configuration Breakdown: Dialers and Layer 1
PPPoE Configuration Breakdown: PPP and Layer 2
PPPoE Configuration Breakdown: Layer 3
A Brief Aside About Lab Experimentation with PPPoE
Verifying Dialer and Virtual-Access Interface Bindings
Verifying Virtual-Access Interface Configuration
Verifying PPPoE Session Status
Verifying Dialer Interface Layer 3 Status
Step 0: Status Before Beginning the First Step
Step 1: Status After Layer 1 Configuration
Step 2: Status After Layer 2 (PPP) Configuration
Step 3: Status After Layer 3 (IP) Configuration
Part IV IPv4 Services: ACLs and QoS
Chapter 16 Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
IPv4 Access Control List Basics
Taking Action When a Match Occurs
Matching Logic and Command Syntax
Matching a Subset of the Address with Wildcards
Finding the Right Wildcard Mask to Match a Subnet
Standard Numbered ACL Example 1
Standard Numbered ACL Example 2
Troubleshooting and Verification Tips
Practice Applying Standard IP ACLs
Practice Building access-list Commands
Reverse Engineering from ACL to Address Range
Chapter 17 Advanced IPv4 Access Control Lists
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Extended Numbered IP Access Control Lists
Matching the Protocol, Source IP, and Destination IP
Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
Practice Building access-list Commands
Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers
Numbered ACL Configuration Versus Named ACL Configuration
ACL Implementation Considerations
Troubleshooting with IPv4 ACLs
Analyzing ACL Behavior in a Network
Example Issue: Reversed Source/Destination IP Addresses
Steps 3D and 3E: Common Syntax Mistakes
Example Issue: Inbound ACL Filters Routing Protocol Packets
ACL Interactions with Router-Generated Packets
Local ACLs and a Ping from a Router
Router Self-Ping of a Serial Interface IPv4 Address
Router Self-Ping of an Ethernet Interface IPv4 Address
Chapter 18 Quality of Service (QoS)
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
QoS: Managing Bandwidth, Delay, Jitter, and Loss
Matching (Classification) Basics
Classification on Routers with ACLs and NBAR
Marking IP DSCP and Ethernet CoS
Marking the Ethernet 802.1Q Header
DiffServ Suggested Marking Values
Congestion Management (Queuing)
Round Robin Scheduling (Prioritization)
A Prioritization Strategy for Data, Voice, and Video
Setting a Good Shaping Time Interval for Voice and Video
Part V IPv4 Routing and Troubleshooting
Chapter 19 IPv4 Routing in the LAN
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
VLAN Routing with Router 802.1Q Trunks
VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch SVIs
Configuring Routing Using Switch SVIs
Troubleshooting Routing with SVIs
VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch Routed Ports
Implementing Routed Interfaces on Switches
Implementing Layer 3 EtherChannels
Troubleshooting Layer 3 EtherChannels
Chapter 20 Implementing HSRP for First-Hop Routing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
The Need for Redundancy in Networks
The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol
The Three Solutions for First-Hop Redundancy
Configuring and Verifying Basic HSRP
HSRP Active Role with Priority and Preemption
Symptoms of HSRP Misconfiguration
Chapter 21 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Problems Between the Host and the Default Router
Root Causes Based on a Host’s IPv4 Settings
Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match
Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet
Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems
Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting
Root Causes Based on the Default Router’s Configuration
Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues
Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers
IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route
Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route
Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route
Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans
Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not
Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Pointers to Related Troubleshooting Topics
Filtering Packets with Access Lists
Chapter 22 IPv6 Routing Operation and Troubleshooting
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Unicast IPv6 Addresses and IPv6 Subnetting
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Router Address and Static Route Configuration
Configuring IPv6 Routing and Addresses on Routers
Verifying Connectivity from IPv6 Hosts
Pings from the Host Work Only in Some Cases
Pings Fail from a Host to Its Default Router
Problems Using Any Function That Requires DNS
Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: Stateful DHCP Issues
Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: SLAAC Issues
Traceroute Shows Some Hops, But Fails
Routing Looks Good, But Traceroute Still Fails
Chapter 23 Implementing OSPF for IPv6
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
IPv6 Routing Protocol Versions and Protocols
Two Options for Implementing Dual Stack with OSPF
Single-Area Configuration on the Three Internal Routers
Adding Multiarea Configuration on the Area Border Router
Other OSPFv3 Configuration Settings
Setting OSPFv3 Interface Cost to Influence Route Selection
OSPFv3 Verification and Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Interfaces
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Neighbors
OSPFv3 Metrics and IPv6 Routes
Verifying OSPFv3 Interface Cost and Metrics
Troubleshooting IPv6 Routes Added by OSPFv3
Chapter 24 Implementing EIGRP for IPv6
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
EIGRP for IPv6 Configuration Basics
EIGRP for IPv6 Configuration Example
Other EIGRP for IPv6 Configuration Settings
Setting Bandwidth and Delay to Influence EIGRP for IPv6 Route Selection
EIGRP for IPv6 Verification and Troubleshooting
EIGRP for IPv6 Topology Database
Chapter 25 IPv6 Access Control Lists
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
IPv6 Access Control List Basics
Similarities and Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs
IPv4 Wildcard Mask and IPv6 Prefix Length
Configuring Standard IPv6 ACLs
Configuring Extended IPv6 ACLs
Examples of Extended IPv6 ACLs
Practice Building ipv6 access-list Commands
An Example of Filtering ICMPv6 NDP and the Negative Effects
How to Avoid Filtering ICMPv6 NDP Messages
IPv6 ACL Implicit Filtering Summary
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMP Variable Reading and Writing: SNMP Get and Set
SNMP Notifications: Traps and Informs
The Management Information Base
Configuring SNMPv2c Support for Get and Set
Configuring SNMPv2c Support for Trap and Inform
SNMPv3 Users, Passwords, and Encryption Keys
Implementing SNMPv3 Notifications (Traps and Informs)
Summarizing SNMPv3 Configuration
Basic IP SLA ICMP-Echo Configuration
Troubleshooting Using IP SLA Counters
Troubleshooting Using IP SLA History
The Need for SPAN When Using a Network Analyzer
SPAN Session Parameters for Troubleshooting
Choosing to Limit SPAN Sources
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Networking with Virtual Switches on a Virtualized Host
The Physical Data Center Network
Workflow with a Virtualized Data Center
Cloud and the “As a Service” Model
(Development) Platform as a Service
WAN Traffic Paths to Reach Cloud Services
Enterprise WAN Connections to Public Cloud
Accessing Public Cloud Services Using the Internet
Pros and Cons with Connecting to Public Cloud with Internet
Private WAN and Internet VPN Access to Public Cloud
Pros and Cons with Connecting to Cloud with Private WANs
Summarizing the Pros and Cons of Public Cloud WAN Options
A Scenario: Branch Offices and the Public Cloud
Migrating Traffic Flows When Migrating to Email SaaS
Branch Offices with Internet and Private WAN
Virtual Network Functions and Services
Virtual Network Functions: Firewalls and Routers
Address Assignment Services and DHCP
Chapter 28 SDN and Network Programmability
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
SDN and Network Programmability Basics
The Data, Control, and Management Planes
Cisco Switch Data Plane Internals
Controllers and Network Architecture
Controllers and Centralized Control
Examples of Network Programmability and SDN
The Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure
The Cisco APIC Enterprise Module
Cisco APIC-EM Path Trace ACL Analysis Application
APIC-EM Path Trace ACL Analysis Tool Timing and Exam Topic
Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial
Think About Your Time Budget Versus Number of Questions
Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions
Reserve the Hour After the Exam in Case You Fail
Practicing Taking the ICND2 or CCNA R&S Exam
Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions
Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review
Review Mind Maps from Part Review
Assess Whether You Are Ready to Pass (and the Fallacy of Exam Scores)
Study Suggestions After Failing to Pass
Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables
Appendix B CCNA ICND2 200-105 Exam Updates
Appendix C Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes
Appendix D Practice for Chapter 16: Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists
Appendix G Learning IPv4 Routes with RIPv2
Appendix H Understanding Frame Relay Concepts
Appendix I Implementing Frame Relay
Appendix J IPv4 Troubleshooting Tools