Index
Symbols
2-way state (neighbor relationships), 186, 628
3G wireless, 393
4G wireless, 393
trunking. See ROAS
802.1w RSTP
defined, 58
port roles, 60
port states, 62
802.11 headers, 501
A
aaa authentication login default command, 149
aaa new-model command, 149
authentication
login authentication rules, 150
login process, 147
TACACS+/RADIUS protocols, 148
configuring for 802.1x, 145
defining, 149
enabling, 149
username/passwords, verifying, 145
aaS (as a Service), 742
ABR (Area Border Router), 190, 625
interface OSPF areas, verifying, 210-211
OSPFv2 multiarea configuration, 209-210
OSPFv3 multiarea configuration, 625
access
Internet, 389
cable Internet, 391
DSLs (digital subscriber lines), 390-391
fiber, 393
WANs, 389
IPv6 restrictions, 685
public cloud services
VPNs, 747
securing with IEEE 802.1x, 144-146
AAA servers, configuring, 145
authentication process, 145
EAP, 146
switches as 802.1x authenticators, 145
username/password combinations, verifying, 145
access-class command, 486
access control lists. See ACLs
Access Control Server (ACS), 147
access interfaces, 24, 113-114
access layer switches, 156-157
access links
MetroE, 365
MPLS, 378
access-list command, 445, 457, 463-466, 486
building ACLs with, 454
examples and logic explanations, 467
extended numbered ACL configuration commands, 467
keywords
any, 448
log, 452
tcp keyword, 464
upd keyword, 464
reverse engineering from ACL to address range, 454-456
ACI (Application Centric Infrastructure), 773-774
ACLs (access control lists), 586
classification, 497
comparison of ACL types, 442-443
extended numbered ACLs
matching protocol, source IP, and destination IP, 463-464
matching TCP and UDP port numbers, 464-467
overview, 462
HSRP packets, blocking, 563
implementation considerations, 476-477
access-list commands, building, 678-679
access restrictions, 685
blocking, 683
capabilities, 669
filtering ICMPv6 NDP messages, 679-683
filtering policies, 668
ICMPv6 message filtering, 668-669
implicit filtering ICMPv6 NDP messages, 683-684
logging, 670
management control, 685
prefix lengths, 670
problems, 612
router originated packets, 670
standard, configuring, 671-674
testing, 677
tunneled traffic matching, 670
location and direction, 440-441
named ACLs
configuration, 472
overview, 440
QoS tools, compared, 496
SNMP security, 698
access-list command, 454
command syntax, 445
configuration examples, 448-452
matching any/all addresses, 448
matching exact IP address, 445-446
matching subset of address, 446-447
overview, 443
reverse engineering from ACL to address range, 454-456
troubleshooting, 477
ACL behavior in network, 477-479
ACL interactions with router-generated packets, 483-485
common syntax mistakes, 481
inbound ACL filters routing protocol packets, 481-482
reversed source/destination IP address, 480-481
ACS (Access Control Server), 147
active HSRP routers, 558
address blocks. See prefixes
addresses
families, 619
global unicast, 593
IPv4, 197
IPv6
connectivity, verifying, 600-603
multicast, 682
static route configuration, 599
link-local, 595
MAC, 49
public cloud assignment services, 756-757
source/destination, 406
unique local unicast, 593
administrative distance, 177-178
administratively shutdown interfaces, 49
ADSL (asymmetric DSL), 391
advertising
eBPG enterprise public prefixes, 307-308
subnets to ISPs, 318
AF (Assured Forwarding), 502-503
agents (SNMP), 695
Get/Set messages, 696
MIB, 697
NMS polling, 696
algorithms
Dijkstra SPF, 180
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 242-243, 646
IGP routing protocol algorithm, 175
SPF (Shortest Path First), 180, 186-188
STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 48
all IP addresses, matching, 448
Amazon Web Services (AWS), 742
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), 174
analyzers (network), 719
answering exam questions, 790-792
anti-replay (Internet VPNs), 394
any keyword, 448
any/all IP addresses, matching, 448
APIs (application programming interfaces), 768-769
APIC (Application Policy Infrastructure Controller), 774
APIC EM (APIC Enterprise Module), 774-776
ACL Analysis tool, 777
controller, 777
labs website, 777
Path Trace ACL Analysis tool, 777-778
Path Trace app, 777
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC), 774
application signatures, 498
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), 765
architectures (SDN), 770
APIC Enterprise Module (APIC-EM), 774-776
controller, 777
labs website, 778
Path Trace ACL Analysis tool, 777-778
Path Trace app, 777
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
comparisons, 776
Open SDN, 771
Open SDN Controller (OSC), 772
OpenFlow, 771
Area Border Router. See ABR
backbone areas, 190
multiarea on ABR configuration, 625
super, 381
backbone routers, 190
benefits, 191
interarea routes, 190
internal routers, 190
intra-area routes, 190
network size, 189
single-area, 188
SPF workload, reducing, 190
three-area, 189
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), 174
AS (autonomous system), 174, 304
as a Service (-aaS), 742
ASAv (virtual ASA firewall), 754
ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), 765
ASNs (AS numbers), 174
BGP, 304
EIGRP, 248
for IPv6, 649
Assured Forwarding (AF), 502-503
asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 391
DHCP-based, 152
types, 150
auth keyword (snmp-server group command), 707
802.1x, 145
AAA servers
configuration examples, 148-150
login authentication rules, 150
login process, 147
TACACS+/RADIUS protocols, 148
Internet VPNs, 393
PPP CHAP, 356
PPP PAP, 356
authentication ppp pap command, 346
authenticators, switches as, 145
auto-cost reference-bandwidth command, 222, 643
autonomous system (AS), 174, 304
auto-summary command, 267
defined, 270
EIGRP, 247
EIGRP for IPv4, 648
autosummarization, 266
classful network boundaries, 266-267
discontiguous classful networks, 267-268
AWS (Amazon Web Services), 742
B
backbone areas (OSPF), 190
multiarea on ABR configuration, 625
super, 381
backbone routers, 190
backup DRs (BDRs), 185, 211-212
backup port role (RSTP), 62-63
bandwidth
EIGRP
routes, tuning, 259
interfaces
defaults, 216
higher, 217
least-bandwidth, 237
managing, 491
for IPv6, 662
OSPFv3 interface, 643
batch traffic, 493
BDRs (backup DRs), 185, 211-212
Bellman-Ford protocols. See DV protocols
best path selection (BGP), 305-306
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 174, 300, 303
AS, 304
ASNs, 304
configuring, 310
external. See eBGP
IGPs, compared, 302
internal (iBGP), 304
ISP default routes, learning, 320-321
neighbors, 303
disabling, 314
states, 313
prefixes, 303
reachability, 302
routing table analysis reports website, 303
table entries, injecting, 314
advertising subnets to ISPs, 318
classful network routes, 315-318
static discard routes, 319-320
bgp commands, 311
STP, 49
verification, 77
binary-to-hexadecimal conversion, 808
binary wildcard masks, 447
blocking state
RSTP ports, 92
Border Gateway Protocol. See BGP
BPDUs (bridge protocol data units), 49
BPDU Guard, 66
configuring, 81
enabling/disabling, 83
global settings, displaying, 83
branch offices public cloud example, 749-752
email services traffic flow, 750-751
Internet connections, 751
private WAN connections, 751
bridge IDs. See BIDs
bridges. See switches
burned-in MAC addresses, 49
C
cable Internet, 391
cabling
DTE cables, 335
stacking cables, 156
CAC (Call Admission Control) tools, 507
carrier Ethernet, 366
Catalyst switches RSTP modes, 88-90
Catalyst switches STP modes, 88-89
CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing), 505
CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, 272
CCNA ICND2 200-105 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test, 792
CCNA ICND2 Config Labs website, 796
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 Official Cert Guide website, 777
CCNA R&S practice exam, 790
CE (customer edge), 377
centralized control planes, 766
CFN (Cisco Feature Navigator), 531
challenge messages, 342
channel-group command (EtherChannels), 84, 95, 543
incorrect options, troubleshooting, 106-108
Layer 3, troubleshooting, 541
channel service unit (CSU)/data service unit (DSU), 332-334
CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol)
chassis aggregation, 159
benefits, 161
design, improving, 160
distribution/core switches high availability, 159-160
CIR (committed information rate), 373, 509
Cisco
Access Control Server (ACS), 147
Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), 773-774
BPDU Guard, 66
Catalyst switches RSTP modes, 88-90
Catalyst switches STP modes, 88-89
DevNet, 777
Feature Navigator (CFN), 531
Intercloud Fabric, 749
nondisclosure agreement (NDA), 788
Open SDN Controller (OSC), 772
Prime management products website, 695
Unified Communication Manager (CUCM), 35
virtual ASA firewall (ASAv), 754
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ), 505
Class of Service (CoS) fields (802.1Q header), 500-501
Class Selector (CS), 503
classful networks
autosummarization at boundaries, 266-267
classful routing protocols, 177, 266
classic mode (EIGRP configuration), 249
classification (QoS), 495
ACLs, 497
NBAR, 498
router queuing, 496
routers, 497
with marking, 497
classless routing protocols, 177
clear ip ospf process command, 204, 223
clear-text passwords, 698
clocking, 332
cloud computing
address assignment services, 756-757
cloud services catalogs, 740
Cloud Services Routers (CSRs), 747
DHCP services, 757
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 742
Platform as a Service (PaaS), 743-744
public, 741
accessing with Internet, 745-746
accessing with private VPNs, 747
accessing with private WANs, 746-749
branch offices example, 749-752
email services traffic flow, 750-751
Internet connections, 751
private WAN connections, 751
services, 739
Software as a Service (SaaS), 743
Cloud Services Routers (CSRs), 747
codecs, 493
aaa authentication login default, 149
aaa new-model, 149
access-class, 486
access-list, 445, 457, 463-466, 486
any keyword, 448
building ACLs with, 454
examples and logic explanations, 467
extended numbered ACL configuration commands, 467
log keyword, 452
reverse engineering from ACL to address range, 454-456
tcp keyword, 464
upd keyword, 464
authentication ppp pap, 346
auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 222, 643
EIGRP, 247
EIGRP for IPv4, 648
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
OSPFv3 interface, 643
bgp, 311
channel-group (EtherChannels), 84, 95, 543
incorrect options, troubleshooting, 106-108
Layer 3, troubleshooting, 541
clear ip ospf process, 204, 223
command, 222
configure terminal, 28
debug, 286
debug eigrp fsm, 271
debug ip ospf adj, 298
mismatched OSPF areas, 290
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
debug ip ospf events, 298
debug ip ospf hello, 298
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
debug ip ospf packet, 298
debug ipv6 ospf adj, 632
debug ppp authentication, 356, 360
debug ppp negotiation, 360
debug spanning-tree events, 79, 96
default-information originate, 223, 321, 628
default-information originate always, 214
EIGRP, 647
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
extended IPv6 ACLs, 675
IPv6 ACLs, 672
deny icmp any any, 683
description, 359
dns-server, 571
EIGRP, 647
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
encapsulation dot1q, 543
encapsulation ppp, 344, 350, 417, 432
erase startup-config, 135
frequency, 728
history buckets-kept 6, 728
history enhanced, 717
history enhanced interval, 728
history filter all, 728
history lives-kept 1, 728
hostname, 345
icmp-echo, 728
interface dialer, 432
interface multilink, 360
interface multilink1, 350
interface port-channel, 543
interface range, 27
interface vlan, 543
ip -6 neighbor show, 615
ip access-group, 450, 457, 467, 477, 486
ip access-list extended, 473
IP addresses on loopback interfaces, 196
MLPPP, 350
subinterfaces, 525
ip address negotiated, 418, 432
ip domain-lookup, 572
ip hello-interval eigrp, 247, 270, 297, 648
ip hold-time eigrp, 247, 270, 297
ip name-server, 572
ip ospf, 222
ip ospf cost, 222
ip ospf dead-interval, 297
ip ospf hello-interval, 297
ip route, 323
ip routing, 543
ip sla, 728
ip sla restart, 728
ip sla schedule, 715
ipv6 access-list
IPv6 ACLs, 687
ipv6 access-list deny, 678
ipv6 access-list permit, 678
ipv6 dhcp relay destination, 614
ipv6 hello-interval eigrp, 662
ipv6 hold-time eigrp, 662
ipv6 mtu, 637
ipv6 ospf cost, 643
ipv6 router ospf, 614, 624, 643
ipv6 unicast routing, 614
ipv6 unicast-routing, 598
mac-address, 432
maximum-paths, 218
EIGRP load balancing, 263
mtu, 432
ndp -an, 615
neighbor, 322
neighbor shutdown, 314
netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors, 615
network
BGP, 323
BGP table entries, injecting, 314-320
EIGRP, enabling, 246
EIGRP for IPv4, 648
EIGRP for IPv6 compatibility, 647
OSPF single-area configuration, 198-200
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 218
OSPFv2 multiarea configuration, 209
no auto-summary, 268
no ip access-group, 476
no ip address, 539
no ip domain-lookup, 572
no ip sla schedule 1, 715
no neighbor shutdown, 314
no passive-interface, 223, 270
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
EIGRP for IPv6 routing, 650
Layer 1 leased-line WAN problems, 354
OSPF processes, 294
ROAS subinterfaces, 527
no spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default, 95
no spanning-tree portfast default, 95
no switchport
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 539
Layer 3 switches, 543
routed ports, 535
passive-interface, 205
EIGRP, 270
EIGRP support, 251
OSPF interfaces as passive, configuring, 196
OSPFv3, 624
passive-interface default, 205, 270
extended IPv6 ACLs, 675
GRE tunnel ACLs, 410
IPv6 ACLs, 672
permit gre, 432
permit icmp any any router-advertisement, 684
permit icmp any any router-solicitation, 684
permit ipv6, 687
IPv6 host connectivity, testing, 600
IPv6 routes, testing, 602, 614
leased-line WANs, 353
ping6, 615
IPv6 ACLs, 674
IPv6 connectivity, testing, 601
ppp authentication chap, 345
ppp chap hostname, 432
ppp chap password, 432
ppp multilink group, 360
ppp multilink group 1, 350
ppp pap sent-username, 346, 359
pppoe-client dial-pool-number, 417, 432
router bgp, 311
OSPFv3, 643
RIDs, defining, 196
router ospf 1, 198
sdm prefer, 532
sdm prefer lanbase-routing, 543
show
IPv6 ACLs, 673
routing protocol-enabled interfaces, verifying, 275
STP status, 68
show access-list, 473
show access-lists, 450, 457, 479, 487, 687
show arp, 572
show controllers, 352
show controllers serial, 360
show etherchannel 1 summary, 86
show etherchannel summary, 107, 540
show interfaces, 298, 360, 543, 569
EIGRP neighbor requirements, verifying, 286
MLPPP, 352
OSPF interfaces, troubleshooting, 283
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
OSPFv3 interface bandwidth, 640
PPP CHAP status, 345
PPP PAP, 346
routed ports, 536
show interfaces description, 298, 576
show interfaces dialer, 421, 433
show interfaces PPP status, 344
show interfaces status
Layer 3 EtherChannels, 539
routed ports, 536
show interfaces switchport, 31-34, 37, 41, 114-116, 135
show interfaces trunk, 32-34, 38, 41, 116-117
show interfaces tunnel, 405, 433
show interfaces virtual-access, 433
show interfaces virtual-access configuration, 423
show interfaces vlan, 543
show ip access-list, 457, 474-476
show ip access-lists, 450, 479, 487
show ip bgp, 323
show ip eigrp interfaces, 271, 297
EIGRP enabled interfaces, 250-251, 275
EIGRP neighbor requirements, verifying, 286
multilink interfaces, 352
show ip eigrp interfaces detail, 250, 271
show ip eigrp neighbors, 271, 297
neighbor status, displaying, 253
neighbor verification checks, 285
show ip eigrp topology, 259, 271
metrics, 262
successor routes, 258
topology table, 256
show ip eigrp topology all-links, 260
show ip interface, 450, 457, 479
show ip interface brief, 360
GRE tunnels, 404
multilink interfaces, 352
OSPF interfaces, troubleshooting, 283
show ip interfaces, 286
duplicate OSPF RIDs, 291
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
show ip ospf database, 179, 201, 223
show ip ospf interface, 223, 298
DRs/BDRs details, displaying, 211
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293
OSPF areas for ABR interfaces, 210
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 220
passive interface, 206
show ip ospf interface brief, 205, 223, 298
OSPF areas for ABR interfaces, 210
OSPF-enabled interfaces, identifying, 275
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
OSPF status on interfaces, 281
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 221
show ip ospf neighbor, 182, 223, 298
DRs/BDRs details, displaying, 211
neighbors, listing, 288
OSPF processes shutdown, 295
show ip ospf neighbor interface brief, 295
show ip protocols, 223, 271, 297
EIGRP-enabled interfaces, 251-252, 275
EIGRP neighbor requirements, verifying, 286
EIGRP neighbor status, displaying, 253
IPv4 routing protocols, 202
OSPF configuration errors, 282-283
OSPFv2 interface configuration, 219
show ip route, 223, 271, 323, 577-580
administrative distance, 178
dialer interface Layer 3 orientation, 425
EIGRP-learned routes, displaying, 254
IPv4 routes added by OSPF, 201
routing tables, displaying, 543
show ip route eigrp, 254, 271, 297
show ip route ospf, 223, 298, 577-578
show ip route static, 214
show ip sla enhanced-history distribution-statistics, 729
show ip sla statistics, 729
show ip sla summary, 729
show ipv6 access-list, 677, 687
show ipv6 eigrp interfaces, 654, 662
show ipv6 eigrp interfaces detail, 662
show ipv6 eigrp neighbors, 663
show ipv6 eigrp topology, 663
show ipv6 eigrp topology | section, 663
show ipv6 neighbors, 614
IPv6 ACL ICMPv6 NDP message filtering, 681
IPv6 IPv4 replacement, 603
show ipv6 ospf database, 636, 643
show ipv6 ospf interface, 630-631, 643
show ipv6 ospf interface brief, 630, 640, 643
show ipv6 ospf neighbor, 635, 643
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
EIGRP for IPv6 interfaces, 654
OSPFv3 interfaces, 630
EIGRP for IPv6, 663
IPv6 router connectivity, 603
show ipv6 route eigrp, 663
show ipv6 route ospf, 638, 643
show ipv6 route | section, 663
show mac address-table, 114
show mac address-table dynamic, 111
show monitor session, 724, 729
show monitor session all, 723
show running-config, 135, 449, 473-475
show snmp contact, 728
show snmp location, 728
show spanning-tree, 96
show spanning-tree bridge, 81
show spanning-tree interface, 96
show spanning-tree interface detail, 82
show spanning-tree root, 77, 81
show spanning-tree summary, 83, 96
show spanning-tree vlan, 96
show spanning-tree vlan 10, 75-77
show spanning-tree vlan 10 bridge, 77
show spanning-tree vlan 10 interface gigabitethernet0/2 state, 92
show tcp brief, 313
show tcp summary, 323
show vlan status, 135
show vtp status, 29, 41, 131, 134, 141
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
EIGRP for IPv6 routing, 650
Layer 1 leased-line WAN problems, 354
OSPF processes, 294
ROAS subinterfaces, 527
snmp-server, 700
snmp-server community, 727
snmp-server contact, 727
snmp-server enable traps, 727
snmp-server group, 705
snmp-server host, 701, 710, 727
snmp-server location, 727
snmp-server user, 707
spanning-tree, 95
spanning-tree bpduguard disable, 95
spanning-tree bpduguard enable, 75, 81, 95
spanning-tree mode mst, 72
spanning-tree mode pvst, 72
spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst, 72, 90
spanning-tree pathcost method long, 55
spanning-tree portfast, 75, 81, 95
spanning-tree portfast bpduguard, 95
spanning-tree portfast default, 83, 95
spanning-tree portfast disable, 83, 95
spanning-tree vlan, 74
spanning-tree vlan 10 port-priority 112, 103
speed, 576
standby 1 preempt, 558
standby version, 559
standby version 1 | 2, 564
switchport
Layer 3 switches, 543
routed ports, 535
switchport access vlan, 25, 28-29, 37-38, 40, 113, 135
switchport mode access, 25, 28, 37-38, 139
switchport mode dynamic auto, 116
switchport mode dynamic desirable, 32
switchport mode trunk, 30, 116, 524
switchport nonegotiate, 34, 40, 116, 139
switchport trunk allowed vlan, 41, 117
switchport trunk encapsulation, 30, 40
switchport trunk native vlan, 40, 118
switchport voice vlan, 36-38, 41, 135
traceroute, 574
GRE tunnels, 406
IPv6 host connectivity, testing, 600
IPv6 network router problems, troubleshooting, 611
IPv6 router connectivity, testing, 602, 614
traceroute6, 615
tracert, 615
tunnel destination, 406-408, 432
tunnel mode gre multipoint, 404
undebug all, 298
variance, 270
verification, 75
vlan 10, 122
vlan 200, 137
vtp, 134
vtp version, 140
committed information rate (CIR), 373, 509
Community-based SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2c), 699
community strings (SNMP), 698
confidentiality (Internet VPNs), 393
Config Checklist app, 796
configure terminal command, 28
configuring
AAA servers for 802.1x, 145
ACLs (access control lists)
named, 472
BGP, 310
disabling eBGP neighbors, 314
eBGP neighbor verification, 312-313
eBGP neighbors using link addresses, 311-312
ISP default routes, learning, 320-321
table entries, injecting, 314-320
transporting messages with TCP, 310
update messages, 310
EIGRP, 246
ASNs, 248
checklist, 246
classful network numbers, 248
classic versus named mode, 249
sample internetwork, 247
verification. See verifying, EIGRP configuration
EIGRP for IPv6, 647
commands, 647
timers, 652
EtherChannels, 84
IGPs, 310
interfaces as passive, 205
IPv6
addressing on routers, 598-599
routing, 598
static routes, 599
ISL, 525
ISP routers, 419
Layer 3
network commands, 209
single-area configurations, 207-208
subnets, 206
OSPFv3, 621
load balancing, 627
multiarea example, 622
multiarea on ABR, 625
route selection metrics, setting, 626
overlapping VLSM subnets, 584-585
ISP router configuration example, 419
ROAS, 524
subinterface numbers, 525
subinterfaces, creating, 524-525
IPv4 addresses, 197
matching with network command, 198-200
multiarea configurations, 207-208
network command, 198
wildcard masks, 199
SNMPv2
SNMPv3, 704
requirements, 704
users, 707
STP, 71
modes, 72
per-VLAN port costs, 74
root election influence, 80-81
topology changes, influencing, 55
verification commands, 75
full VLAN configuration example, 25-28
shorter VLAN configuration example, 28-29
VTP
common rejections, troubleshooting, 137
default VTP settings, 129
new VTP configuration settings, 130
planning, 129
steps, 129
storing configuration, 134-135
transparent mode, 135
congestion avoidance, 512
congestion management, 504
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
multiple queues, 504
output queuing, 504
prioritization, 505
round robin scheduling, 505
strategy, 507
connections (public cloud access)
branch offices, 751
VPNs, 747
contiguous networks, 267
control planes
centralized, 766
distributed, 766
control protocols (CP), 341
controllers, 766
APIC-EM, 777
Northbound Interfaces (NBIs), 768-770
OpenDaylight SDN controller, 771
Southbound Interfaces (SBIs), 767-768
convergence
EIGRP, 239
feasible successor routes, 260-261
routing protocols, 173
binary to hexadecimal, 808
hexadecimal to binary, 808
CoS (Class of Service) fields (802.1Q header), 500-501
costs. See metrics
CP (control protocols), 341
CPE (customer premises equipment), 332
CS (Class Selector), 503
CS DSCP values, marking, 503
CSRs (Cloud Services Routers), 747
CSU/DSU (channel service unit/data service unit), 332-334
CUCM (Cisco Unified Communication Manager), 35
customer edge (CE), 377
D
data
EIGRP for IPv6 topology, 657-658
integrity, 393
usage (MetroE), 373
bandwidth used, charging for, 373-374
overages, controlling, 374-375
data centers (virtual)
networking, 735
physical networks, 736
vendors, 735
data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE), 334
EtherChannel impact on MAC tables, 111-112
STP impact on MAC tables, 110
VLAN of incoming frames, 112-113
data terminal equipment (DTE), 334-335
databases
LSDB, 179
area design, 190
best routes, finding, 180
contents, displaying, 201
exchanging between neighbors, 183-186
LSAs relationship, 179
OSPFv3, 636
OIDs, 697
variable numbering/names, 697
variables, monitoring, 696
views, 705
topology, 188
DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 334
Dead Interval timer, 184
debug command, 286
debug eigrp fsm command, 271
debug eigrp packets command, 286, 298
debug ip ospf adj command, 298
mismatched OSPF areas, 290
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
debug ip ospf events command, 298
debug ip ospf hello command, 298
Hello/dead timer mismatches, 293
OSPF neighbors, troubleshooting, 289
debug ip ospf packet command, 298
debug ipv6 ospf adj command, 632
debug messages, 261
debug ppp authentication command, 356, 360
debug ppp negotiation command, 360
debug spanning-tree events command, 79, 96
decimal-to-binary conversion, 805-807
decimal wildcard masks, 446-447
default-information originate always command, 214
default-information originate command, 223, 321
OSPF default routes, 214
OSPFv3, 628
default VLANs, 25
delay command, 270
EIGRP for IPv6, 662
delays
EIGRP
managing, 491
delivery headers, 400
extended IPv6 ACLs, 675
IPv6 ACLs, 672
deny icmp any any command, 683
dependencies (SPAN), 722
description command, 359
design
improving with chassis aggregation, 160
Internet edge, 306
MetroE Layer 3, 370
E-Tree service, 372
MPLS Layer 3, 377
OSPF area, 189
backbone areas, 190
backbone routers, 190
benefits, 191
interarea routes, 190
internal routers, 190
intra-area routes, 190
network size, 189
single-area, 188
SPF workload, reducing, 190
three-area, 189
OSPFv3 multiarea, 622
designated ports. See DPs
designated routers. See DRs
destination addresses, 406
destination IP, matching, 463-464
destination ports (SPAN), 719
devices, networking, 762
control, centralizing, 766-767
management plane, 764
switch internal processing, 765-766
DevNet, 777
DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
Binding Table, 153
DHCP Relay, 573
public cloud services, 757
snooping
configuration settings, 153
DHCP-based attacks, 152
DHCP Binding Table, 153
features, 151
ports as trusted, configuring, 153
rate limiting, 154
rules summary, 153
trusted/untrusted ports, 151-154
DHCP-based attacks, 152
DHCPv6, 596
dialer interfaces
Layer 3 orientation, 425
PPPoE
Differentiated Services Code Point. See DSCP
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), 242-243, 646
Digital Signal level 0 (DS0), 334
Digital Signal level 1 (DS1), 334
Digital Signal level 3 (DS3), 334
digital subscriber lines (DSLs), 390-391
Dijkstra SPF algorithm, 180
disabling
BGP neighbors, 314
BPDU Guard, 83
DTP, 116
EIGRP for IPv6 routing, 650
PortFast, 83
ports, 60
VLAN trunking, 139
discard routes, 319
discarding state
RSTP, 61
discontiguous classful networks, 266-268
discontiguous networks, 267
discovery (EIGRP neighbors), 234
displaying
BPDU Guard global settings, 83
DRs/BDRs details, 211
EIGRP
enabled interfaces, 275
neighbor status, 253
LSDB contents, 201
OSPF-enabled interfaces, 275
passive interfaces, 206
PortFast global settings, 83
TCP connections, 313
distance vector protocols. See DV protocols
distributed control planes, 766
distribution switches, chassis aggregation, 159-160
DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN), 411
multipoint GRE tunnels, 411
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol), 412-413
DNS (Domain Name System)
IPv6 network troubleshooting, 607-608
public cloud services, 754-756
dns-server command, 571
down status (interfaces), 354
DP (designated port), LAN segments, 49, 60
problems, troubleshooting, 105
DR (designated router), 185
backup (BDRs), 185
DROthers routers, 186
DS0 (Digital Signal level 0), 334
DS1 (Digital Signal level 1), 334
DS3 (Digital Signal level 3), 334
DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point), 497
fields (QoS marking), 501
marking values
CS, 503
EF, 502
DSL (digital subscriber line), 390-391
DSLAMs (DSL access multiplexers), 390
DTE (data terminal equipment), 334-335
DTP (Dynamic Trunking Protocol), 116
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 242-243, 646
dual Internet edge design, 306
dual stack
OSPFv2/OSPFv3, 619
OSPFv3 address families, 620
strategies, 598
DV (distance vector) protocols, 175, 228
distance/vector information learned, 228
dynamic EtherChannels configuration, 86-87
Dynamic Host Control Protocol. See DHCP
Dynamic Multipoint VPN. See DMVPN
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP), 116
E
E1, 334
E3, 334
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 146
EAPoL (EAP over LAN), 146
earplugs (exam), 786
eBGP (External BGP), 304
Internet edge, 306
design, 306
enterprise public prefixes, advertising, 307-308
ISP default routes, learning, 309
configuring, 312
disabling, 314
using link addresses, configuring, 311
Eclipse IDE, 744
edge ports, 63
EF (Expedited Forwarding), 501
EF DSCP value marking, 502
EF RFC (RFC 3246), 502
EGP (exterior gateway protocol), 173, 302
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 175
as advanced DV protocol, 232-233
authentication, 286
autosummarization, 266
classful network boundaries, 266-267
discontiguous classful networks, 267-268
benefits, 227
configuration, 246
ASNs, 248
checklist, 246
classful network numbers, 248
classic versus named mode, 249
sample internetwork, 247
convergence, 239
feasible successor routes, 260-261
disadvantages, 227
EIGRP for IPv6, compared, 644-646, 653
feasible successor routes
goals, 302
interfaces
configuration problems, 278-281
identifying, 275
OSPF interfaces, compared, 281
K-values, 286
metrics, 236
bandwidth, 265
components, 262
delay settings, 265
EIGRP topology database, 262
FD (feasible distance), 240-241
RD (reported distance), 240-241
route load balancing, 264
serial link bandwidth, 238-239
MPLS VPN challenges, 382
discovery, 234
topology information, exchanging, 235-236
troubleshooting example, 286-288
OSPF, compared, 224
query/reply messages, 242
RIDs, configuring, 252
RIP metrics, compared, 176
RIPv2/OSPFv2, compared, 233
routes
choosing, 234
tuning with bandwidth changes, 259
successor routes, identifying, 257-258
topology
database metrics, 262
exchange, 234
verification, 249
EIGRP enabled interfaces, finding, 250-252
IPv4 routing table, displaying, 253-254
neighbor status, displaying, 253
configuration, 647
commands, 647
timers, 652
DUAL, 646
EIGRP for IPv4, compared, 644-646, 653
FS, 646
routes
ASNs, 649
enabling/disabling, 650
FS, 646
successors, 646
troubleshooting, 660
eigrp router-id command, 246, 252, 647, 662
E-LAN (Ethernet LAN) service, 368-372
E-Line (Ethernet Line) service, 367-371
enabling
AAA servers, 149
BPDU Guard, 83
EIGRP, 246
EIGRP for IPv6 routing, 650
IPv6 routing, 598
OSPF configuration mode, 198
PortFast, 83
PPPoE, 417
VLANs, 115
Encapsulated RSPAN (ERSPAN), 721
encapsulation command, 359, 525
encapsulation dot1q command, 543
encapsulation ppp command, 344, 350, 417, 432
encryption
keys, 395
tunnel VPNs, 395
End-to-End QoS Network Design, Second Edition (Cisco Press), 494
end-user traffic, measuring, 713
endpoints, 773
enhanced history, 717
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), 175. See also EIGRP for IPv4; EIGRP for IPv6
Enterprise QoS Solution Reference Network Design Guide, 494
enterprises, classification matching, 496-497
eq 21 parameters, 465
erase startup-config command, 135
ERSPAN (Encapsulated RSPAN), 721
configuring, 84
Layer 3
troubleshooting, 541
MAC tables impact, predicting, 111-112
troubleshooting, 106
configuration checks before adding interfaces, 108-109
Ethernet
802.11 headers, 501
access links, 365
carrier, 366
IEEE standards, 366
WANs, 747
Ethernet LANs
VLANs (virtual LANs)
default VLANs, 25
IDs, 18
native VLANs, 20
Ethernet Line (E-Line) service, 367-371
E-Tree (Ethernet Tree) service, 369, 372
ETSI (European Telco standards body), 754
EVC (Ethernet Virtual Connection), 367
exact IP address matching, 445-446
exam
earplugs, 786
exam-day suggestions, 787
knowledge gaps, finding, 792-793
practice exams
CCNA R&S, 790
checklist, 790
ICND2, 790
other, 792
preparing for failure, 788
question types, 784
ready to pass assessment, 797
study tasks, 798
studying after failing to pass, 797-798
time budget versus number of questions, 785
time-check method, 786
Expedited Forwarding (EF), 501
extended IPv6 ACLs
extended numbered IPv4 ACLs, 462
matching protocol, source IP, and destination IP, 463-464
matching TCP and UDP port numbers, 464-467
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), 146
exterior gateway protocol (EGP), 173, 302
external BGP. See eBGP
F
Facebook (Wendell Odom), 799
failed interfaces, 49
failing the exam, 788, 797-798
failures
CHAP authentication, 356
HSRP, 552
keepalive, 355
PAP authentication, 356
FCS (Frame Check Sequence), 336
FD (feasible distance), 240-241, 256
feasibility conditions, 242, 260
feasible successor (FS), 646
feasible successor routes, 241-242
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol), 544
features, 550
HSRP, 551
active/passive model, 551
active/standby routers, choosing, 555
active/standby rules, 557
configuring, 554
failover, 552
group numbers, 555
load balancing, 553
no preemption, 557
with preemption, 558
need for, 549
fiber Internet, 393
FIFO (first-in, first-out), 504
filtering
ICMPv6 messages, 668-669, 679-683
IPv6
ACL policies, 668
issues, 604
finding
EIGRP
feasible successor routes, 258-260
mismatched Hello/dead timers, 293
routers best routes, 180
wildcard masks, 448
firewalls, 754
First Hop Redundancy Protocol. See FHRP
first-in, first-out (FIFO), 504
FlexStack, 158
FlexStack-Plus, 158
flooding, 179
flow
networking, 493
Forward delay timer (STP), 56
forwarding
data. See routing
forwarding plane. See data plane
Fractional T1, 334
Fractional T3, 334
Frame Check Sequence (FCS), 336
Frame Relay, 362
frames
defined, 495
HDLC, 336
looping, preventing, 44
multiple frame transmissions, 47
PPP, 341
switching, 113
frequency command, 728
FS (feasible successor), 646
full drops, 514
full mesh topology (MetroE), 368
full VLAN configuration example, 25-28
fully adjacent neighbors, 186, 633
G
generic routing encapsulation (GRE), 398
“Get IEEE 802” program, 59
Get messages
agent information, 696
RO/RW communities, 699
GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol), 544
global unicast addresses, 593
Google App Engine PaaS, 744
GRE (generic routing encapsulation), 398
GRE tunnels, 398
between routers, 399
details, displaying, 404
functionality, testing, 406
large scale environments, 411
multipoint with DMVPN, 411
point-to-point, 399
routes, 405
troubleshooting, 406
interface state, 407
Layer 3 issues, 409
source/destination addresses, 406
tunnel destination, 408
tunnel interfaces, 398
group numbers (HSRP), 555
endpoint, 773
MIB views, 705
security levels, 705
write views, 706
H
HDLC (High-level Data Link Control), 331, 336-340, 398
headers
802.11, 501
delivery, 400
MPLS Label, 501
Hello BPDU, 49
Hello messages (OSPF), 181-182
Hello timer
dead timer mismatches, troubleshooting, 293-294
STP, 56
hexadecimal-to-binary conversion, 808
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC), 331, 336-340, 398
High-speed WICs (HWICs), 332
historical success/failure counters (IP SLAs), 716
history
IP SLA data, 717
OSPF, 619
SNMP, 695
history buckets-kept 6 command, 728
history enhanced command, 717
history enhanced interval command, 728
history filter all command, 728
history lives-kept 1 command, 728
Hold Interval, 233
hostname command, 345
hosts
IPv6, 595
connectivity, verifying, 600-601
issues, 604
name resolution problems, 607-608
pings fail from default router, 606-607
pings only working in some cases, 605-606
stateful DHCPv6, 596
stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC), 597
routes, 357
server virtualization, 734
troubleshooting IPv4 settings
default router IP address setting, 572
ensuring IPv4 settings match, 568-569
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), 544, 551
active/passive model, 551
active/standby routers, choosing, 555
active/standby rules, 557
configuring, 554
failover, 552
group numbers, 555
load balancing, 553
no preemption, 557
with preemption, 558
troubleshooting, 560
ACL blocks HSRP packets, 563
group number mismatches, 563
misconfiguration symptoms, 561
routers configuring different VIPs, 563
version mismatches, 562
HSRPv2 (HSRP version 2), 559
hub and spoke topology (MetroE), 369
Huston, Geoff website, 303
HWICs (High-speed WICs), 332
hypervisors, 734
I
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 742
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 174
ASNs, assigning, 174
ICMPv6 parameters, 669
IPv6 multicast address space registry website, 682
website, 174
iBGP (Internal BGP), 304
icmp-echo command, 728
ICMP Echo probe, 713
icmp keyword, 481
ICMPv6
Echo Request messages, 674
packets, matching, 675
ICND2 practice exam. See practice exams
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
802.1D Spanning-Tree states, 58
802.1D standard, 58
802.1w amendment, 58
802.1x
authenticators, 145
default port costs, 55
Ethernet standards, 366
“Get IEEE 802” program, 59
ifconfig command, 568, 600, 615
IGP (interior gateway protocol), 173, 226
BGPs, compared, 302
classless/classful, 177
configuring, 310
goals, 302
routing protocol algorithm, 175
subnets, 303
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 175
inferior Hello, 50
infinity, 231
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 742
injecting BGP table entries, 314
advertising subnets to ISPs, 318
classful network routes, 315-318
static discard routes, 319-320
instantiating VMs, 742
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. See IEEE
Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), 175
interactive data application traffic, 492
interactive voice traffic, 494
interarea routes, 190, 212, 640
Intercloud Fabric, 749
interface command, 25, 37, 543
interface dialer command, 432
interface loopback command, 196, 222
interface multilink command, 360
interface multilink 1 command, 350
interface port-channel command, 543
interface range command, 27
interface tunnel command, 400, 432
interface vlan command, 543
interfaces
ABR OSPF areas, verifying, 210-211
administratively shutdown, 49
application programming (APIs), 768-769
bandwidth
defaults, 216
EIGRP metric calculations, 265
EIGRP routes, tuning, 259
higher reference, 217
blocking state, 47
delays, 265
dialer
Layer 3 orientation, 425
down status, 354
EIGRP
configuration problems, 278-281
enabled, finding, 250-252, 275
OSPF interfaces, compared, 281
EtherChannels, adding, 108-109
failed, 49
forwarding state, 47
LAN speeds, 490
learning state, 58
listening state, 58
loopback, 203
multilink, 349
OSPF
bandwidth, 216
EIGRP interfaces, compared, 281
identifying, 275
passive, 196
OSPFv2 configuration, 218
example, 218
OSPFv3, 630
influence route selections, setting, 626
passive
EIGRP, 251
OSFPv3, 624
per-VLAN STP costs, 74
routing protocol-enabled, verifying, 274
states
forwarding or blocking criteria, 48-49
status codes, 353
switched virtual. See SVIs
tunnel
creating, 400
destinations, 408
Layer 3 issues, 409
replacing serial links, 398
state, 407
virtual-access, 423
VLAN. See SVIs
WANs, 490
working, 49
interior gateway protocol. See IGP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), 175
interior IP routing protocols, 233
internal BGP (iBGP), 304
internal processing (switches), 765-766
internal routers, 190, 623-624
Internet
access, 389
cable Internet, 391
DSLs (digital subscriber lines), 390-391
fiber, 393
WANs, 389
edge, eBGP and, 306
design, 306
enterprise public prefixes, advertising, 307-308
ISP default routes, learning, 309
public cloud
computing branch office connections, 751
VPNs, 389
benefits, 394
security, 393
as WAN service, 389
wireless, 393
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. See IANA
Internet service providers. See ISPs
Inter-Switch Link (ISL), 20-21, 525
intra-area routes, 190
ip -6 neighbor show command, 615
ip access-group command, 450, 457, 467, 477, 486
ip access-list command, 472, 486
ip access-list extended command, 473
IP ACLs (access control lists). See ACLs
ip address command, 568, 584-585
IP addresses on loopback interfaces, 196
MLPPP, 350
subinterfaces, 525
ip address negotiated command, 418, 432
ip_address parameter (network command), 198
conversions
binary-to-hexadecimal, 808
hexadecimal-to-binary, 808
public clouds
address assignment services, 756-757
DHCP services, 757
ip domain-lookup command, 572
ip hello-interval eigrp command, 247, 270, 297, 648
ip helper-address command, 573-574
ip hold-time eigrp command, 247, 270, 297
ip name-server command, 572
ip ospf command, 222
ip ospf cost command, 222
ip ospf dead-interval command, 297
ip ospf hello-interval command, 297
ip route command, 323
ip routing command, 543
ip sla command, 728
ip sla restart command, 728
IP SLAs (IP Service Level Agreements), 712
historical success/failure counters, 716
history data, troubleshooting with, 717
operations, 713
responders, 713
sources, 713
troubleshooting with
history data, 717
UDP Jitter probes, 713
ip sla schedule command, 715
IP telephony (VLANs), 34
data and voice VLAN concepts, 34-36
data and voice VLAN configuration and verification, 36-38
ipconfig command, 568, 600, 615
IPP (IP Precedence) fields (QoS marking), 501-503
EIGRP
EIGRP verification, 249
EIGRP enabled interfaces, finding, 250-252
IPv4 routing table, displaying, 253-254
neighbor status, displaying, 253
Layer 3 EtherChannels
troubleshooting, 541
Layer 3 switch routed ports, 534-537
Layer 3 switching with SVIs
verifying, 531
any/all addresses, 448
OSPF added, 201
QoS marking, 499
routing protocols
displaying, 202
subnet masks
VLSM (variable length subnet masking), 581
troubleshooting, 572
default router IP address setting, 572
incorrect addressing plans, 581-585
mismatched IPv4 settings, 568-569
packet filtering with access lists, 586
router WAN interface status, 585
ipv6 access-list commands
IPv6 ACLs, 687
ipv6 access-list deny command, 678
ipv6 access-list permit command, 678
ipv6 address command, 598, 614
ipv6 dhcp relay destination command, 614
ipv6 hello-interval eigrp command, 662
ipv6 hold-time eigrp command, 662
ipv6 mtu command, 637
ipv6 ospf command, 614, 624, 643
ipv6 ospf cost command, 643
ipv6 router eigrp command, 647, 662
ipv6 router ospf command, 614, 624, 643
access restrictions with IPv6 ACLs, 685
access-list commands, building, 678-679
access restrictions, 685
blocking, 683
capabilities, 669
filtering ICMPv6 NDP messages, 679-683
filtering policies, 668
ICMPv6 message filtering, 668-669
implicit filtering ICMPv6 NDP messages, 683-684
logging, 670
management control, 685
prefix lengths, 670
problems, 612
router originated packets, 670
standard, configuring, 671-674
testing, 677
tunneled traffic matching, 670
addressing on routers configuration, 598-599
connectivity, verifying, 600-601
ASNs, 649
DUAL, 646
EIGRP for IPv4, compared, 644-646, 653
FS, 646
successors, 646
timers, 652
global unicast addresses, 593
host configuration, 595
stateful DHCPv6, 596
stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC), 597
link-local addresses, 595
multicast addresses, 682
OSPFv3
interface cost metrics, 638-640
interfaces, 630
IPv6 routes, troubleshooting, 640-641
load balancing, 627
LSAs, 636
LSDBs, 636
multiarea on ABR configuration, 625
neighbors, 632
OSPFv2, compared, 621, 628-629
passive interfaces, 624
RIDs, 624
route selection metrics, 626
single-area configuration, 623-624
troubleshooting interfaces, 631-632
troubleshooting neighbors, 633-635
protocols, 619
QoS marking, 500
routers, enabling, 598
routes
EIGRP for IPv6 metrics, 650-651
subnetting, 593
unique local unicast addresses, 593
static route configuration, 599
troubleshooting, 604
ACLs, 612
filtering issues, 604
host issues, 604
host pings fail from default router, 606-607
host pings only working in some cases, 605-606
missing IPv6 settings in host, 608-610
name resolution problems, 607-608
router issues, 604
ipv6 traffic-filter command, 673, 687
ipv6 unicast routing command, 598, 614
IS-IS (Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System), 175
ISL (Inter-Switch Link), 20-21, 525
ISPs (Internet service providers), 389
default routes, learning, 320-321
dial connections with PPP, 414
Internet edge, learning, 309
router configuration example, 419
subnets, advertising, 318
J
Jenkins continuous integration and automation tool, 744
jitter, managing, 491
K
keepalive failures, 355
keyboard, video display, or mouse (KVM), 733
keys (encryption), 395
keywords. See also commands
any, 448
icmp, 481
tcp, 464
udp, 464
knowledge gaps, finding, 792-793
K-values (EIGRP), 286
KVM (keyboard, video display, or mouse), 733
L
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), 86
LANs, 523
defined, 16
interfaces, 490
redundancy
problems caused without STP, 45-46
STP, 42
security
VLAN support, adding, 122
Layer 1
leased-line WANs
CSU/DSUs, 334
troubleshooting, 354
leased-line WANs with HDLC, 335-336
PPPoE
switches, 21
Layer 2
leased-lines with HDLC, 336
MLPPP, 349
PPPoE
configuration, 417
GRE tunnel issues, 409
leased-line WANs, troubleshooting, 357-358
MetroE design, 370
E-Tree service, 372
MPLS, 377
EIGRP challenges, 382
PPPoE
status, verifying, 425
troubleshooting, 429
switches, 21
VLAN (virtual LAN) routing, 23-24
LCP (Link Control Protocol), 341-342
learning state (interfaces), 58
CSU/DSU, 334
with HDLC, 336
de-encapsulating/re-encapsulating IP packets, 336
framing, 336
with PPP
control protocols, 341
framing, 341
multilink. See MLPPP
PPP functions, 340
Layer 1 problems, 354
mismatched subnets, 358
least-bandwidth, 237
limiting SPAN sources, 725
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), 86
Link Control Protocol (LCP), 341-342
link-local addresses, 595
link-state advertisements. See LSAs
link-state database. See LSDB
link-state protocols, 175. See also OSPF
Link-State Update (LSU) packets, 183
links
access
MetroE, 365
MPLS, 378
RSTP types, 63
serial
replacing with IP tunnels, 398
routing IP packets over, 398
listening state (interfaces), 58
LLQ (Low Latency Queuing), 505-507
HSRP, 553
MLPPP, 349
OSPF, 217
OSPFv3, 627
local SPAN, configuring, 721-724
log messages, unsolicited, 283
logging IPv6 ACLs, 670
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 393
loopback interfaces, 203
looping frames, preventing, 44
loss, managing, 491
Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 505-507
LSAs (link-state advertisements), 183
exchanging with OSPF neighbors, 183-184
DRs on Ethernet links, 185-186
flooding, 179
LSDB relationship, 179
OSPFv3, 636
router, 636
LSDB (link-state database), 179
area design, 190
best routes, finding, 180
contents, displaying, 201
exchanging between neighbors
DRs on Ethernet links, 185-186
fully exchanging LSAs, 183-184
maintaining neighbors, 184-185
LSAs relationship, 179
OSPFv3, 636
LSU (Link-State Update) packets, 183
LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 393
M
mac-address command, 432
MAC addresses
burned-in, 49
forwarding, 111
learning, 111
tables
EtherChannel impact, predicting, 111-112
instability, 47
STP impact, predicting, 110
maintenance
EIGRP neighbors, 233
Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF), 366
Management Information Base. See MIB
management plane (networking devices), 764
managing
bandwidth, 491
delay, 491
IPv6 ACLs, 685
jitter, 491
loss, 491
SNMP, 695
manual EtherChannels configuration, 84-86
with classification, 497
DiffServ DSCP values
CS, 503
EF, 502
Ethernet 802.1Q headers, 500-501
Ethernet 802.11 headers, 501
MPLS Label headers, 501
matching parameters
extended numbered ACLs
protocol, source IP, and destination IP, 463-464
TCP and UDP port numbers, 464-467
standard numbered ACLs
any/all addresses, 448
command syntax, 445
MaxAge timer (STP), 56
maximum-paths command, 218, 222, 270
EIGRP
load balancing, 263
maximum transmission unit. See MTU
measuring
cloud computing services, 739
end-user traffic, 713
MEC (Multichassis EtherChannel), 161
MEF (Managed Extensibility Framework), 366
memory (TCAM), 766
messages
challenge, 342
debug, 261
EIGRP, 242
Get
agent information, 696
RO/RW communities, 699
ICMPv6
Echo request, 674
NA (neighbor advertisement), 683
NS (neighbor solicitation), 683
partial update, 232
RA (router advertisement), 610, 684
RS (router solicitation), 610, 684
RSTP, 62
Set
RO/RW communities, 699
writing variables on agents, 696
SNMP variables, monitoring, 696
STP Hello BPDU, 49
unsolicited log, 283
update
BGP best path selection, 305-306
EIGRP, 236
bandwidth, 265
components, 262
delay settings, 265
EIGRP topology database, 262
FD (feasible distance), 240-241
RD (reported distance), 240-241
route load balancing, 264
serial link bandwidth, 238-239
infinity, 231
IPv6 routes
OSPFv3 interface costs, 626
OSPF, 215
based on interface bandwidth, 216-217
higher reference bandwidth, 217
setting, 217
per-VLAN STP, 74
root, 48
STP port, 53
MetroE (Metro Ethernet), 362-364
access links, 365
data usage, 373
bandwidth used, charging for, 373-374
overages, controlling, 374-375
IEEE Ethernet standards, 366
Layer 3 design, 370
E-Tree service, 372
MEF, 366
services, 366
topologies
full mesh, 368
hub and spoke, 369
partial mesh, 369
MIB (Management Information Base), 695-697
OIDs, 697
variables
monitoring, 696
numbering/names, 697
views, 705
mind maps, reviewing, 795
mismatched IPv4 settings, troubleshooting, 568-569
mismatched masks, troubleshooting, 569-571
mismatched subnets, 286
MLPPP (multilink PPP), 348
Layer 2 fragmentation balance, 349
load balancing, 349
monitor session command, 721, 728
monitoring MIB variables, 696
MPBGP (Multiprotocol BGP), 380
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 362, 375-377
access links, 378
Label headers, 501
Layer 3 design, 377
public cloud connections, 747
virtual private networks. See MPLS VPNs
MPLS VPNs (MPLS Virtual Private Networks), 376
EIGRP challenges, 382
MST (Multiple Spanning Tree), 72
MTU (maximum transmission unit), 236
OSPF mismatched settings, 296
mtu command, 432
multiarea on ABR OSPFv3 configuration, 625
multiarea OSPFv2 configuration, 206-210
network commands, 209
single-area configurations, 207-208
subnets, 206
multiarea OSPFv3 configuration, 622
multicast addresses, 682
Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC), 161
multihomed Internet edge design, 306
multilayer switches. See Layer 3, switches
multilink interfaces, 349
multiple frame transmissions, 47
multiple queues (queuing systems), 504
multiple serial links between routers, 347
Multiple Spanning Tree (MST), 72
Multiprotocol BGP (MPBGP), 380
Multiprotocol Label Switching. See MPLS
multithreading, 734