You can refer to the following references for further information:

• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/vni-hyperconnectivity-wp.html
• http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/infographic/four-vs-big-data
• https://spreadstreet.io/database/
• http://mattturck.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Matt-Turck-FirstMark-2017-Big-Data-Landscape.png
• http://mattturck.com/bigdata2017/
• https://dzone.com/articles/hadoop-t-etl
• https://www.cloudamqp.com/blog/2014-12-03-what-is-message-queuing.html
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/jms-vs-amqp-eran-shaham
• https://www.cloudamqp.com/blog/2017-01-09-apachekafka-vs-rabbitmq.html
• https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=ActiveMQ,RabbitMQ,ZeroMQ
• https://thenextweb.com/insider/2017/03/06/the-incredible-growth-of-the-internet-over-the-past-five-years-explained-in-detail/#.tnw_ALaObAUG
• https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/mapreduce-osdi04.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop#Architecture
• https://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/PoweredByYarn
• https://www.slideshare.net/cloudera/introduction-to-yarn-and-mapreduce-2?next_slideshow=1
• https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/mongodb-live-at-craigslist
• https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/mongodb-at-baidu-powering-100-apps-across-600-nodes-at-pb-scale
• http://www.datamation.com/data-center/hadoop-vs.-spark-the-new-age-of-big-data.html
• https://www.mongodb.com/mongodb-data-warehouse-time-series-and-device-history-data-medtronic-transcript
• https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/mongodb-debuts-in-gartner-s-magic-quadrant-for-data-warehouse-and-data-management-solutions-for-analytics
• https://www.infoworld.com/article/3014440/big-data/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-hadoop-v-apache-spark.html
• https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Hadoop-and-Spark
• https://iamsoftwareengineer.wordpress.com/2015/12/15/hadoop-vs-spark/?iframe=true&theme_preview=true
• https://www.infoq.com/articles/apache-kafka
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42151544/is-there-any-reason-to-use-rabbitmq-over-kafka
• https://medium.com/@jaykreps/exactly-once-support-in-apache-kafka-55e1fdd0a35f
• https://www.slideshare.net/sbaltagi/apache-kafka-vs-rabbitmq-fit-for-purpose-decision-tree
• https://techbeacon.com/what-apache-kafka-why-it-so-popular-should-you-use-it
• https://github.com/zendesk/ruby-kafka
• http://zhongyaonan.com/hadoop-tutorial/setting-up-hadoop-2-6-on-mac-osx-yosemite.html
• https://github.com/mtth/hdfs
• http://wesmckinney.com/blog/outlook-for-2017/
• http://wesmckinney.com/blog/python-hdfs-interfaces/
• https://acadgild.com/blog/how-to-export-data-from-hive-to-mongodb/
• https://sookocheff.com/post/kafka/kafka-in-a-nutshell/
• https://www.codementor.io/jadianes/spark-mllib-logistic-regression-du107neto
• http://ondra-m.github.io/ruby-spark/
• https://amodernstory.com/2015/03/29/installing-hive-on-mac/
• https://www.infoq.com/articles/apache-spark-introduction
• https://cs.stanford.edu/~matei/papers/2010/hotcloud_spark.pdf