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Fluid Flow Measurement
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Fluid Flow Measurement
by E. Loy Upp, Paul J. LaNasa
Fluid Flow Measurement, 3rd Edition
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Memorial
1. Introduction
Chapter Overview
Requisites of Flow Measurement
Background of Flow Measurement
History of Flow Measurement
Definition of Terms
2. Basic Flow Measurement Laws
Reynolds Number
Gas Laws
Expansion of Liquids
Fundamental Flow Equation
References
3. Types of Fluid Flow Measurement
Custody Transfer
Non-Custody Transfer Measurement
Summary of Flow Measurement
References
4. Basic Reference Standards
American Gas Association (AGA)
American Petroleum Institute (API)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Gas Processors Association (GPA)
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
Addresses for other Sources of Measurement Standards
Key Industry Web Links
5. From Theory to Practice
Ideal Installations
Non-Ideal Installations
Fluid Characteristics Data
References
6. Fluids
Fluids—Liquids and Gases
Fluid Characteristics
Liquids
References
7. Flow
Required Characteristics
Measurement Units
Installation Requirements
Flow Pattern
References
8. Operations
Operational Considerations
Operational Influences on Gas Measurement
Uncertainty
Other Fluid Flow Considerations
9. Maintenance of Meter Equipment
Gas Measurement Maintenance
Effects of Liquids and Solids on Orifice Measurement
Effects on other Meters
General Maintenance of Liquid Meters
Specific Liquid Maintenance Problems
10. Measurement and Meters
Meter Characteristics
Types of Meters
11. Differential (Head) Meters
Orifice Meter
Meter Design Changed
Orifice Meter Description
Sizing
Equations
Maintenance
Flow Nozzles
Venturi Meters
Venturi Installation
Other Head Meters
12. Linear and Special Meters
Non-Intrusive Meters
Intrusive Linear Meters
Other and Special Purpose Meters
References
13. Readouts and Related Devices
Electronics
Related Devices
Crude Oil Sampling
Natural Gas Sampling
Calorimetry
References
14. Proving Systems
Liquid Provers
Gas Provers
Critical Flow Provers
Central Test Facility
References
15. “Lost and Unaccounted for” Fluids
Introduction
Liquid
Gas
16. Measurement Data Analysis
Introduction
Corrected Volume
17. Auditing
Introduction
Gas Meters
Liquid Meters
Analysis Equipment
Audit Principles
Objective
Procedures
Evidence
Definitive Testing
Sources of Information
Contract Review
Field Measurement Equipment Review
Data Review and Comparison
Auditing Gas Measurement Systems
Chart Review
Auditing Liquid Measurement
Finalizing the Audit
Conclusion
Index
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Index
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Memorial
1. Introduction
Chapter Overview
Requisites of Flow Measurement
Background of Flow Measurement
History of Flow Measurement
Definition of Terms
2. Basic Flow Measurement Laws
Reynolds Number
Gas Laws
Expansion of Liquids
Fundamental Flow Equation
References
3. Types of Fluid Flow Measurement
Custody Transfer
Non-Custody Transfer Measurement
Summary of Flow Measurement
References
4. Basic Reference Standards
American Gas Association (AGA)
American Petroleum Institute (API)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Gas Processors Association (GPA)
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
Addresses for other Sources of Measurement Standards
Key Industry Web Links
5. From Theory to Practice
Ideal Installations
Non-Ideal Installations
Fluid Characteristics Data
References
6. Fluids
Fluids—Liquids and Gases
Fluid Characteristics
Liquids
References
7. Flow
Required Characteristics
Measurement Units
Installation Requirements
Flow Pattern
References
8. Operations
Operational Considerations
Operational Influences on Gas Measurement
Uncertainty
Other Fluid Flow Considerations
9. Maintenance of Meter Equipment
Gas Measurement Maintenance
Effects of Liquids and Solids on Orifice Measurement
Effects on other Meters
General Maintenance of Liquid Meters
Specific Liquid Maintenance Problems
10. Measurement and Meters
Meter Characteristics
Types of Meters
11. Differential (Head) Meters
Orifice Meter
Meter Design Changed
Orifice Meter Description
Sizing
Equations
Maintenance
Flow Nozzles
Venturi Meters
Venturi Installation
Other Head Meters
12. Linear and Special Meters
Non-Intrusive Meters
Intrusive Linear Meters
Other and Special Purpose Meters
References
13. Readouts and Related Devices
Electronics
Related Devices
Crude Oil Sampling
Natural Gas Sampling
Calorimetry
References
14. Proving Systems
Liquid Provers
Gas Provers
Critical Flow Provers
Central Test Facility
References
15. “Lost and Unaccounted for” Fluids
Introduction
Liquid
Gas
16. Measurement Data Analysis
Introduction
Corrected Volume
17. Auditing
Introduction
Gas Meters
Liquid Meters
Analysis Equipment
Audit Principles
Objective
Procedures
Evidence
Definitive Testing
Sources of Information
Contract Review
Field Measurement Equipment Review
Data Review and Comparison
Auditing Gas Measurement Systems
Chart Review
Auditing Liquid Measurement
Finalizing the Audit
Conclusion
Index
List of tables
Tables in 1
Table 1-1
Tables in 6
Table 6-1
Tables in 8
Table 8-1
Table 8-2
Table 8-3
Tables in 10
Table 10-1
Table 10-2
Tables in 11
Table 11-1
Tables in 13
Table 13-1
List of illustrations
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Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
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Figure 6-8
Figure 6-9
Figure 6-10
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Figure 8-6
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Figure 8-10
Figure 8-10a
Figure 8-10b
Figure 8-10c
Figure 8-10d
Figure 8-10e
Figure 8-10f
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Figure 9-1
Figure 9-2
Figures 9-3
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Figure 10-1
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Figure 10-3
Figure 10-4
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Figure 11-1
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Figure 11-5
Figure 11-6
Figure 11-7
Figures in 12
Figure 12-1
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Figure 12-6a
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Figure 12-10
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Figure 12-17
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Figure 14-8
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Figure 15-1
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Figure 16-1
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Figure 16-3
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Figure 16-13
Figure 16-14
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