Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f”, “t” and “b” refers to figures, tables and boxes respectively.
A
Absolute viscosity,
Acoustical twining,
AGA (American Gas Association),
46–48
Algorithm,
Ambient conditions,
Ambient pressure,
ANSI (American National Standards Institute),
46–48,
123
Applications (practical)
data, recording and calculating,
85
design limitations,
74–84
differential pressure,
82
fluid characteristics data,
72–87
piping requirements
vs. flow profiles,
76
supercompressibility,
83–84
technical limitations,
74–84
Asymmetrical
vs. symmetrical flow patterns,
115
Audits and auditing
chart auditing,
gas measurement systems,
271
Averaging Pitot tubes,
185
B
Base conditions,
Beta ratio,
Bidirectional provers,
233
British Standards Institute,
45
C
Central test facilities,
239
Certification and recertification, ,
139
Check meters,
Chilled meter test,
Clean
vs. dirty pipelines,
116
Clock rotation,
Commercial
vs. pure products,
94
Condensing point,
Conservation of energy (law),
19–20
Conservation of mass (law),
19
Contaminants,
Critical point,
Critical pressure,
Critical temperature,
Custody transfer
contract requirements,
33–36
D
Dampening,
Design limitations,
74–84
Diameter ratio,
Differential (head) meters
characteristics and comparisons,
162t
Pitot tubes (standard and averaging),
185
standards
vs. design changes,
169–174
Differential head meter,
258f
Direct path ultrasonic meters,
193f
Dirty (grass) crude oil,
103
Dirty
vs. clean pipelines,
116
Discharge coefficient,
Dynamic
vs. static metering,
244,
245
E
Eddies (recirculation regions),
14
EFMs (electronic flow meters), ,
151–153
Elements (primary and secondary),
Empirical Tests,
Energy,
Equation of State,
Expansion of liquids (law),
26
Extension tubes (pigtails),
F
Flange taps,
Floating piston cylinders,
Flow characteristics
characteristics and patterns
clean
vs. dirty pipelines,
116
frequency (pulsation
vs. fluctuation),
108
ideal flow,
layered flow,
non-swirling flow,
start/stop flow rates,
107
symmetrical
vs. asymmetrical flow patterns,
115
tanker loading examples,
107
flow phases
piping requirements
vs. flow profiles,
76
Flow computers
vs. chart integration,
141–149
Fluid characteristics
flow measurement fluids
PVT (pressure/volume/temperature) relationships,
89,
93,
97,
105–106
flow phases
gasses
liquids
LUAF (loss and unaccounted for) fluids,
241
pure
vs. commercial products,
94
reference standards listings,
106
Folded bidirectional provers,
233,
234
Frequency (pulsation
vs. fluctuation),
108
Fundamental flow equation,
27–28
G
Gas laws
Gasses
LUAF (loss and unaccounted for) fluids,
246–250
supercompressibility,
83f
GPA (Gas Processors Association),
62–63
Grass (dirty) crude oil,
103
H
Historical perspectives,
4–7
I
Ideal flow equation,
20–21
International Organization of Legal Metrology,
65
Intrusive meters
Investment protection considerations,
138
ISA (Instrument Society of America),
63–67
ISO (International Standards Organization),
27
L
Laser Doppler meters,
187,
212
Laws and equations
conservation of energy,
19–20
expansion of liquids
temperature-effect correction,
26
fundamental flow equation,
27–28
gas laws
ideal flow equation,
20–21
Law of Continuity (conservation of mass),
19
Layered flow,
Linear meters
characteristics and comparisons,
162t,
163t
intrusive
non-intrusive
direct path ultrasonic,
193f
Liquid provers
folded bidirectional,
233
pulse interpretation and,
234
small-volume (compact),
234
U-shaped bidirectional,
233
Liquids
LUAF (loss and unaccounted for) fluids,
244,
244,
245
Loading examples, tanker,
107
LUAF (loss and unaccounted for) fluids
gasses
liquids
dynamic
vs. static metering,
245
M
Maintenance, meters and meter equipment
certification and recertification,
139
chart integration
vs. flow computers,
141f
custody transfer meters,
139
differential meters and testers,
139
EFMs (electronic flow meters),
151–153
smart differential-pressure transmitters,
141
system balance tracking,
155
Mass
Measurement data analysis,
251
Measurement types, fluid flow
custody transfer
contract requirements,
33–36
material properties,
34–35
measurement station design,
34–35
PVT (pressure/volume/temperature) relationships,
31
Meters and meter equipment
characteristics and comparisons,
159–160
check meters,
chilled meter test,
design limitations,
74–84
direct path ultrasonic meters,
193f
EFMs (electronic flow meters), ,
151–153
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) meters,
187,
213
Pitot tubes (standard and averaging),
185–186
N
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) meters,
187,
213
Non-fluctuating flow, ,
107
Non-intrusive meters
direct path ultrasonic,
193f
Non-swirling flow,
O
Operational considerations
differential pressure, influences,
117–118
gas measurement, influences,
117–118
investment protection considerations,
138
relative density (specific gravity), influences,
122f
temperature, influences,
122f
Orifice meters
operational considerations,
125
P
Physical evidence, audits,
267
Pigtails (extension tubes),
Piping requirements
vs. flow profiles,
76
Pitot tubes (standard and averaging),
185,
185f
Pressure
critical pressure,
Provers and proving systems
API (American Petroleum Institute) standards,
237
central test facilities and,
239
liquid provers
folded bidirectional,
233
pulse interpretation and,
234
small-volume (compact),
234
Pulse interpretation,
235f
Pure
vs. commercial products,
94
Q
R
Recirculation regions (eddies),
14
Reference standards
AGA (American Gas Association),
46–48
ANSI (American National Standards Institute),
123
API (American Petroleum Institute),
45,
49–59,
237
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers),
60,
123
ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials),
61
British Standards Institute,
65
GPA (Gas Processors Association),
62–63
International Organization of Legal Metrology,
65
ISA (Instrument Society of America),
63–67
Retrograde condensation,
14
Retrograde vaporization,
15
S
Secondary systems
Small-volume (compact) provers,
234
Smart differential-pressure transmitters,
141
Special purpose meters
hot-wire anemometers,
214
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance),
187,
213
Standard calibration data,
80
Standard Pitot tubes,
185
Start/stop flow rates,
107
Static
vs. dynamic metering,
245
Stop/start flow rates,
108f
Supercompressibility, gas,
47–48
Superheated steam,
16,
101
Symmetrical
vs. asymmetrical flow patterns,
115
T
Temperature-effect-correction,
26
Total energy (equation),
19–20
Transfer
Transmitters, smart differential-pressure,
141
U
Uncertainty calculation
U-shaped bidirectional provers,
233–234
V
W