Basic Reference Standards
Flow has been measured since the earliest of times. The standards for measurement over the years represent the continuous upgrading of knowledge on older meters and establishment of new standards for newly developed meters. A number of organizations around the world are involved in writing these standards. The chapter discusses standards developed for fluid measurement by the American Gas Association (AGA), American Petroleum Institute (API), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASTM International, the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the International Society of Automation (ISA).
Keywords
flow; standard; measurement; American Gas Association (AGA); American Petroleum Institute (API); American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME); ASTM International; Gas Processors Association (GPA); International Society of Automation (ISA)
Flow has been measured since the earliest of times. For example, flow measurement was used to control the taxation of landowners in the Nile delta in ancient times. Deposits of rich soil occurred each year during flooding. The amount of land flooded was related to the height of the water level on a calibrated stick whose calibration was under the control of the king. At the height of the flood, the stick would be read and taxes for the coming year set on the basis of how much land would be enriched by the flood. When budgets got a little tight, the king simply recalibrated the stick!
The standards for measurement over the years represent the continuous upgrading of knowledge on older meters and establishment of new standards for newly developed meters. Some of the organizations that have been involved in writing these standards are: the American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Gas Association (AGA), the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Gas Processors Association (GPA), the Instrument Society of America (ISA), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Institute of Petroleum (IP), the British Standards Institution (BSI), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), and the European Community (EC).
In addition to these standards organizations, much published and user data are available from various universities, measurement schools, manufacturers, industry organizations, governmental agencies, books, and individuals. Individuals represent a particularly useful source of information about the metering of specialty fluids that may or may not be included in a standard. For new meters, information from the manufacturer must be used initially because new meters have only limited use; detailed industry information is scarce (Figure 4-1).
Once a meter is widely used and develops a track record, standards are written. Specific examples of standards are listed below.
The website address listed after each organization can be used to check on the latest standard or reports available.
American Gas Association (AGA)
Phone (toll free): (866) 816–9444
Web site: www.aga.org
Engineering and Operations: Measurement
AGA Report No. 3, “Orifice Metering of Natural Gas”
Note: AGA-3 is listed under the API Publications as Chapter 14, “Natural Gas Fluids Measurement.” Both organizations publish identical reports, any of which may be ordered from either with a price advantage to members.
AGA Report No. 3, Part 1, “General Equations & Uncertainty Guidelines”
Part 1 provides the basic equations and uncertainty statements for computing the flow through orifice meters.
AGA Report No. 3, Part 2, “Specification and Installation Requirements”
Part 2 provides the specifications for construction and installation of orifice plates, meter tubes, and associated fittings.
AGA Report No. 3, Part 3, “Natural Gas Applications”
Part 3 provides practical guidelines for the measurement of natural gas. Mass flow rate and volumetric rate methods are presented in conformance with North American industry practices.
AGA Report No. 3, Part 4, “Background, Development Implementation Procedure”
Part 4 provides instruction on implementation, including subroutine documentation. It also explains the historical development of the revised standard.
AGA Report No. 4A, “Natural Gas Contract, Measurement and Quality Clauses”
For use by gas industry measurement engineers and legal personnel, this report provides guidelines for custody transfer contracts and discusses the three gas measurement concepts: accounting for gas in units of volume, energy or weight.
AGA Report No. 5, “Fuel Gas Energy Metering”
A supplement to published measurement procedures, this publication provides for the conversion of units of gas volume or mass-to-energy equivalents through the use of data associated with volume-metering practices.
AGA Report No. 7, “Measurement of Gas by Turbine Meters”
Provides information on the theory of operation, performance characteristics, and installation and maintenance of turbine meters. Also includes techniques for flow computation, calibration, and field checks.
AGA Report No. 8, “Compressibility and Supercompressibility for Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbon Gases”
Presents information needed (including efficient FORTRAN 77 computer program listings) to compute gas phase densities and compressibility and supercompressibility factors for natural gas and other related hydrocarbon gases.
AGA Report No. 9, “Measurement of Natural Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters”
This report is for multipath ultrasonic transit-time flow meters, typically 6 inches and larger in diameter, used for the measurement of natural gas. It is written in the form of a performance-based specification.
ANSI, B109.1–B109.4 for Diaphragm-Type Gas Displacement and Rotary Meters, and Gas Measurement Manual Set: Parts 1 to 15
A set of 15 indispensable references on gas measurement, including practices, calculations, theory, and history. Also sold separately.
“Gas Orifice Flow Program” based on AGA Reports No. 3 and No. 8
There are nine separate programs of various combinations of computers and formats. Contact the AGA for a full listing (Figure 4-2).
American Petroleum Institute (API)
website: www.api.org
The API maintains a comprehensive “Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards.” This manual is an ongoing project, as new chapters and sections of old chapters are released periodically. Listed here are the chapters pertinent to flow measurement, specifically as it relates to petroleum products. (Note: These were the latest editions at the time of the publication of this book [2014].)
Chapter 1, “Vocabulary.” This chapter defines and describes the words and terms used throughout the manual.
Chapter 4, “Proving Systems.” This chapter serves as a guide for the design, installation, calibration, and operation of meter proving systems.
Chapter 4.1, “Introduction.” This chapter is a general introduction to the subject of proving, the procedure used to determine a meter factor.
Chapter 4.2, “Conventional Pipe Provers.” This chapter outlines the essential elements of unidirectional and bidirectional conventional pipe provers and provides design, installation, and calibration details for the types of pipe provers currently in use.
Chapter 4.3, “Small Volume Provers.” This chapter outlines the essential elements of a small volume prover and provides descriptions of, and operating details for, the various types of small volume provers that meet acceptable standards of repeatability and accuracy.
Chapter 4.4, “Tank Provers.” This chapter specifies characteristics of tank provers that are in general use and the procedures for their calibration. This publication does not apply to weir-type, vapor-condensing dual-tank water-displacement, or gas-displacement provers.
Chapter 4.5, “Master-Meter Provers.” This chapter covers the use of both displacement and turbine meters as master meters.
Chapter 4.6, “Pulse Interpolation.” This chapter describes how the double-chronometry method of pulse interpolation, including system operating requirements and equipment testing, is applied to meter proving.
Chapter 4.7, “Field-Standard Test Measures.” This chapter outlines the essential elements of field-standard test measures and provides descriptions and operating details. The volume range of measures in this chapter is 1 to 1,500 gallons.
Chapter 5, “Metering.” This chapter covers the dynamic measurement of liquid hydrocarbons, or metering. It is divided into subchapters as follows:
Chapter 5.1, “General Considerations for Measurement by Meters.” This chapter is an overall introduction to Chapter 5, “Metering.”
Chapter 5.2, “Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Displacement Meters.” This chapter describes methods of obtaining accurate measurements and maximum service life when displacement meters are used to measure liquid hydrocarbons.
Chapter 5.3, “Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Turbine Meters.” This chapter defines the application criteria for turbine meters and discusses appropriate considerations regarding the liquids to be measured, the installation of turbine metering systems, and the performance, operation, and maintenance of turbine meters in liquid hydrocarbon service.
Chapter 5.4, “Accessory Equipment for Liquid Meters.” This chapter describes characteristics of accessory equipment that is generally used with displacement and turbine meters in liquid hydrocarbon service.
Chapter 5.5, “Fidelity and Security of Flow Measurement Pulsed-Data Transmission Systems.” This chapter provides a guide to the selection, operation, and maintenance of pulse-data, cabled transmission systems for fluid metering systems to provide the desired level of fidelity and security of transmitted data.
Chapter 6, “Metering Assemblies.” This chapter discusses the design, installation, and operation of metering systems for coping with special situations in hydrocarbon measurement.
Chapter 6.1, “LACT Systems.” This chapter serves as a guide for the design, installation, calibration, and operation of lease automatic custody transfer systems.
Chapter 6.2, “Loading Rack and Tank Truck Metering Systems for Non-LPG Products.” This chapter guides the selection and installation of loading rack and tank truck metering systems for most gasoline and oil products other than liquefied petroleum gas.
Chapter 6.3, “Service Station Dispensing Metering Systems.” This chapter covers service station metering systems used for dispensing motor fuel (except liquefied petroleum gas fuels) to road vehicles at relatively low flow and pressure.
Chapter 6.4, “Metering Systems for Aviation Fueling Facilities.” This chapter is a guide to the selection, installation, performance, and maintenance of metering systems for aviation dispensing systems.
Chapter 6.5, “Metering Systems for Loading and Unloading Marine Carriers.” This chapter deals with the operation and special arrangement of meters, provers, manifolding, instrumentation, and accessory equipment used for measurement in loading and unloading marine bulk carriers.
Chapter 6.6, “Pipeline Metering Systems.” This chapter provides guidelines for selection of type and size of measurement pipeline oil movements, as well as the relative advantages and disadvantages of three meter proving methods.
Chapter 6.7, “Metering Viscous Hydrocarbons.” This publication serves as a guide for the design, installation, operation, and proving of meters and their auxiliary equipment used to meter viscous hydrocarbons.
Chapter 7, “Temperature Determination.” This chapter covers the sampling, reading, averaging, and rounding of the temperature of liquid hydrocarbons in both the static and dynamic modes of measurement for volumetric purposes. The following chapters and standards now cover the subject of temperature determination.
Chapter 7.2, “Dynamic Temperature Determination.” This section describes the methods and practices used to obtain flowing temperature using portable electronic thermometers in custody transfer of liquid hydrocarbons.
Chapter 7.3, “Static Temperature Determination Using Portable Electronic Thermometers.” This section provides a guide to the use of portable electronic thermometers to determine temperatures for custody transfer of liquid hydrocarbons under static conditions.
Chapter 8, “Sampling.” This chapter covers standardized procedures for sampling crude oil or its products. It is divided into subchapters as follows:
Chapter 8.1, “Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products.” This chapter covers the procedures for obtaining representative samples of shipments of uniform petroleum products, except electrical insulating oils and fluid power hydraulic fluids. It also covers sampling of crude petroleum and non-uniform petroleum products and shipments. It does not cover butane, propane, and gas liquids with a Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) above 26.
Chapter 8.2, “Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products.” This chapter covers automatic procedures for obtaining representative samples of petroleum and non-uniform stocks for shipments, except electrical insulating oil.
Chapter 9, “Density Determination.” This chapter, which describes the standard methods and apparatus used to determine specific gravity of crude petroleum products normally handled as liquids, is divided into subchapters as follows:
Chapter 9.1, “Hydrometer Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products.” This chapter describes the methods and practices relating to the determination of the density, relative density, or API gravity of crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products using the hydrometer method (laboratory determination).
Chapter 9.2, “Pressure Hydrometer Test Method for Density, Relative Density.” This chapter provides a guide for determining the density or relative density (specific gravity) or API gravity of light hydrocarbons, including liquefied petroleum gases, using the pressure hydrometer.
Determination of Water and Sediment
Chapter 10, “Sediment and Water.” This chapter describes methods for determining the amount of sediment and water, either together or separately. Laboratory and field methods are covered as follows:
Chapter 10.1, “Determination of Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils Extraction Method.” This publication specifies a method for the determination of sediment in crude petroleum by extraction with toluene.
Chapter 10.2, “Determination of Water in Crude Oil by Distillation.” This publication specifies a method for the determination of sediment in crude petroleum by distillation.
Chapter 10.3, “Determination of Water and Sediment in Crude Oil Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure).” This publication describes the method of laboratory determination of water sediment in crude oil by means of the centrifuge procedure.
Chapter 10.4, “Determination of Sediment and Water in Crude Oil Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure).” This chapter describes procedures for the determination of water and sediment in crude oils using the field centrifuge procedure.
Chapter 10.5, “Determination of Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation.” This publication describes the test method for the determination of water levels in petroleum products and bituminous materials by distillation.
Chapter 10.6, “Determination of Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure).” This publication describes the test method for laboratory determination of water and sediment in fuel oils by centrifuge.
Chapter 10.7, “Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Karl Fischer Titration (Potentiometric).” This covers the determination of water in the range from 0.02 to 2 mass percent in crude oil.
Chapter 10.8, “Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oil by Membrane Filtration.” This method has been validated for crude oils with sediment content of approximately 0.15 mass percent.
Chapter 10.9, “Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration.”
Basic Calculation Data
Chapter 11, “Physical Properties Data.” Because of the nature of this material, it is not included in the complete set of measurement standards. Each element of Chapter 11 must be ordered separately. Chapter 11 contains the physical data that have direct application to volumetric measurement of liquid hydrocarbons. These are presented in tabular form, in equations relating volume to temperature and pressure, computer subroutines, and magnetic tape.
Table 5A, “Generalized Oils and JP-4, Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at 60°F.”
Table 5B, “Generalized Products, Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at 60°F.”
Table 6A, “Generalized Crude Oils and JP-4, Correction of Volume to 60°F Against API Gravity at 60°F.”
Table 6B, “Generalized Products, Correction of Volume to 60°F Against API Gravity at 60°F.”
Chapter 11.1, Vol. 3: Table 6C, “Volume Correction Factors for Individual, and Special Applications, Correction to 60°F Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 60° F.”
Table 23A, “Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative Density at 60/60°F.
Table 24A, “Generalized Crude Oil, Correction of Volume to 60°F Against Relative Density 60/60°F.”
Chapter 11.1, Vol. 5: Table 23B, “Generalized Products, Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative Density at 60/60°F.”
Chapter 11.1, Vol. 6: Table 24C, “Volume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications, Volume
Correction to 60°F Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 60°F.”
Table 53A, “Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Observed Density to Density at 15°C.”
Table 54A “Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Volume to 15°C Against Density at 15°C.”
Table 53B, “Generalized Products, Correction of Observed Density to Density at 15°C.”
Table 54B, “Generalized Products, Correction of Volume to 15°C Against Density at 15°C.”
Chapter 11.1, Vol. 9 (reaffirmed March 1997): Table 54C, “Volume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications, Volume Correction to 15°C Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 15°C.”
Chapter 11.1, Vol. 10: Background, development, and computer documentation, including computer subroutines in Fortran IV for all volumes of Chapter 11.1 except Volumes 11, 12, 13, and 14. Implementation procedures, including rounding and truncating procedures, are also included. These subroutines are not available through API in magnetic or electronic form.
Chapter 11.2.1, “Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0–90° API Gravity Range.” This chapter provides tables to correct hydrocarbon volumes metered under pressure to corresponding volumes at the equilibrium pressure for the metered temperature. It contains compressibility factors related to meter temperature and API gravity (60°F) of metered material.
Chapter 11.2.2, “Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0.350–0.637 Relative Density (60°F/60°F) and 50°F to 140°F Metering Temperature.” This publication provides tables to correct hydrocarbon volumes metered under pressure to corresponding volumes at equilibrium pressure for the metered temperature. The standard contains compressibility factors related to the meter temperature and relative density (60°F/60°F) of the metered material.
Chapter 11.2.3, “Water Calibration of Volumetric Provers.” This chapter contains volume correction factors in standard units related to prover temperature, and the difference in temperature between the prover and a certified test measure.
Chapter 11.3.2.1, “Ethylene Density.” This chapter is a computer tape that will produce either a density (pounds/ft3) or a compressibility factor for vapor phase ethylene over the temperature range from 65° to 167°F and the pressure range from 200 to 2,100 psia. The tape is 9-track, 1,600 bpi, unlabeled, and is available in either ASCII or EBCDIC. The desired format must be specified when ordering.
Chapter 11.3.3.2, “Propylene Compressibility.” This chapter is a computer tape that will produce a table of values applicable to liquid propylene in the following ranges: temperatures 30° to 165°F and saturation pressure to 1,600 psia. The tape computes the following two values: density (pounds/ft3) at flowing temperature and temperature, and ratio of density at flowing conditions to density at 60°F and saturation pressure. The tape is 9-track, 1,600 bpi, unlabeled, and is available in either ASCII or EBCDIC format. The desired format must be specified when ordering.
Flow Calculation Procedures
Chapter 12, “Calculation of Petroleum Quantities.” This chapter describes standard procedures for calculating net standard volumes, including the application of correction factors and the importance of significant figures. The purpose of standardizing the calculation procedure is to achieve the same result regardless of what person or computer does the calculating.
Chapter 12.2, “Calculation of Liquid Petroleum Quantities Measured by Turbine or Displacement Meters.” This publication defines the terms used in the calculation of metered petroleum properties, and specifies the equations that allow values of correction factors to be computed. The rules for sequence, rounding, and significant figures are provided, along with tables for computer calculations.
Chapter 12.3, “Calibration of Volumetric Shrinkage from Blending Light Hydrocarbons with Crude Oils.” This publication presents data on the subject of volumetric changes resulting from blending volatile hydrocarbons (propane, butane, produced distillates, and natural gasolines) with crude oils. This publication is not included in the current manual.
Chapter 13, “Statistical Aspects of Measuring and Sampling.” The more accurate petroleum measurement becomes, the more its practitioners stand in need of statistical methods to express residual uncertainties. This chapter covers the application of statistical methods to petroleum measurement and sampling. Chapter 13 is in preparation. The following portion now covers statistical aspects of measuring and sampling and is included in the manual.
Chapter 13.1, “Statistical Concepts and Procedures in Measurement.” This chapter is designed to help those who make measurement of bulk oil quantities improve the value of their result statement by making proper estimates of the uncertainty or probable error involved in measurements.
Chapter 14, “Natural Gas Fluids Measurement.” This chapter standardizes practices for measuring, sampling, and testing natural gas fluids. Chapter 14 is in preparation. Sections 3, 5, 6, and 8 have been completed and are included in the manual.
Chapter 14.1, “Collecting and Handling of Natural Gas Samples for Custody Transfer.”
Chapter 14.3, Part 1, “General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines.” Part 1 provides basic equations and uncertainty statements for computing flow through orifice meters.
Chapter 14.3, Part 2, “Specifications and Installation Requirements.”
Chapter 14.3, Part 3, “Natural Gas Applications.”
Chapter 14.3, Part 4, “Background, Development, Implementation Procedures, and Subroutine Documentation.”
Chapter 14.4, “Converting Mass of Natural Gas Liquids and Vapors to Equivalent Liquid Problems.”
Chapter 14.5, “Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Specific Gravity, and Compressibility of Natural Gas Mixtures from Compositional Analysis.” Outlines procedures to calculate, from compositional analysis, the following properties of natural gas mixtures: heating value, specific gravity, and compressibility factor.
Chapter 14.6, “Continuous Density Measurement.” Formerly titled “Installing and Proving Density Meters,” this chapter provides criteria and procedures for designing, operating, and calibrating continuous density measurement systems for Newtonian fluids in the petroleum, chemical, and natural gas industries. The application of this standard is limited to clean, homogeneous, single phase fluids or supercritical fluids whose flowing density is greater than 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter at operating conditions of 60°F (15.6°C) and saturation pressure.
Chapter 14.8, “Liquefied Petroleum Gas Measurement.” This chapter describes dynamic and static metering systems used to measure liquefied petroleum gas in the density range of 0.30 to 0.70 grams per cubic centimeter.
Chapter 15, “Guidelines for Use of the International System of Units (SI) in the Petroleum and Allied Industries.” This publication specifies the API-preferred units for quantities involved in petroleum industry measurements and indicates factors for conversion of quantities expressed in customary units to the API-preferred metric units. The quantities that comprise the tables are grouped into convenient categories related to their use. They were chosen to meet the needs of the many and varied aspects of the petroleum industry but also should be useful in similar process industries.
Chapter 16, “Measurement of Hydrocarbon Fluids by Weight or Mass.” This chapter covers the static and dynamic measurement of hydrocarbon fluids by weight or mass.
Chapter 17, “Marine Measurement.” This chapter provides guidelines for the measurement and reporting of crude oil or petroleum product transfers by share terminal operators, vessel personnel, other parties involved in terminal marine cargo transfer measurement, and accounting operations.
Chapter 18, “Custody Transfer.” This chapter covers application of other measurement standards to unique custody transfer situations (production measurement).
Chapter 19, “Evaporation Loss Measurement.” Marine vessels, low pressure tanks, pressure vacuum vent valves and other vessels.
Chapter 20, “Allocation of Measurement of Oil and Natural Gas.” Production measurement design and operating guidelines for liquid and gas allocation measurement systems.
Recommendations for metering, static measurement, sampling, proving, calibrating, and calculation procedures.
Chapter 21, “Flow Measurement Using Electronic Metering Systems.” Defines standard practices and minimum specifications for electronic measurement systems used in the measurement and recording flow parameters. This chapter covers natural gas fluid and petroleum, and petroleum product custody transfer applications using industry-recognized primary measurement devices (Figures 4-3 and 4-4).
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
website: www.asme.org
MFC-IM “Glossary of Terms Used in the Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes”
MFC-2M “Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits”
MFC-3M “Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi” (not an American National Standard)
MFC-4M “Measurement of Gas Flow by Turbine Meters”
MFC-5M (1985, R1994) “Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits Using Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters”
MFC-6M “Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Vortex Flow Meters”
MFC-7M “Measurement of Gas Flow by Means of Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles”
MFC-8M “Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits – Connections for Pressure Signal Transmissions between Primary and Secondary Devices”
MFC-9M “Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits by Weighing Method”
MFC-10M “Method for Establishing Installation Effects on Flowmeters”
MFC-11M “Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis Mass Flowmeters”
MFC-14M “Measurement of Fluid Flow Using Small Bore Precision Orifice Meters”
MFC-16M “Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduit by Means of Electromagnetic Flowmeters”
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
D1070-85 “Standard Test Methods for Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels”
D1072-90 e 1 “Standard Test Method for Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases”
D1142 “Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature”
D1826 “Standard Test Method for Calorific (Heating) Value of Gases in Natural Gas by Continuous Recording Calorimeter”
D1945 “Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography”
D1988 e 1 “Standard Test Method for Mercaptans in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain Detector Tubes”
D3588 “Standard Practice for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels”
D4810 “Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain Detector Tubes”
D4888 “Standard Test Method for Water Vapor in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain Detector Tubes”
D4984 “Standard Test Method for Carbon Dioxide in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain Detector Tubes”
D5287 “Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Gaseous Fuels”
D5454 “Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers”
D5503 “Standard Practice for Natural Gas Sample Handling and Conditioning Systems for Pipeline Instrumentation”
Gas Processors Association (GPA)
E-mail: [email protected]
CD-ROM: Most GPA documents listed are now available on CD-ROM through:
GPA Standard 2165, “Standard for Analysis of Natural Gas Liquid Mixtures by Gas Chromatography”
GPA Standard 2177, “Analysis of Demethanized Hydrocarbon Liquid Mixtures Containing Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide by Gas Chromatography”
GPA Standard 2186 “Tentative Method for the Extended Analysis of Hydrocarbon Liquid Mixtures Containing Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide by Temperature Programmed Gas Chromatography”
GPA Standard 2261 “Analysis for Natural Gas and Similar Gaseous Mixtures by Gas Chromatography”
GPA Standard 2265 “GPA Standard for Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide and Mercaptan Sulfur in Natural Gas (Cadmium Sulfate-Iodometric Titration Method)”
GPA Standard 2286 “Tentative Method of Extended Analysis for Natural Gas and Similar Gaseous Mixtures by Temperature Programmed Gas Chromatography”
GPA Standard 2377 “Test for Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide in Natural Gas Using Length of Stain Tubes”
Measurement Standards
GPA Standard 2145, Rev. 2 “Physical Constants for Paraffin Hydrocarbons and Other Components of Natural Gas. Data are given in both English and SI Units”
GPA Standard 2172 “Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Relative Density, and Compressibility of Natural Gas Mixtures from Compositional Analysis”
GPA Standard 8173 “Method for Converting Mass Natural Gas Liquids and Vapors to Equivalent Liquid Volumes” Data are given in both English and SI Units.
GPA Standard 8182 “Standard for the Mass Measurement of Natural Gas Liquids”
GPA Standard 8195 “Tentative Standard for Converting Net Vapor Space Volumes to Equivalent Liquid Volumes”
GPA Reference Bulletin 181 “Heating Value as a Basis for Custody Transfer of Natural Gas” A reference to provide authoritative interpretation of accepted procedures for determining heating values.
GPA Reference Bulletin 194 “Tentative NGL Loading Practices”
Sampling Methods
Miscellaneous Standards
Research Reports
Results of most of the GPA sponsored research projects since 1971 have been published as numbered research reports. All research reports are available upon request.
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
The following books are available from ISA:
DeCarlo, J.P. 1984. Fundamentals of Flow Measurement. Provides a basic working knowledge of the methods of flow measurements.
Spitzer, D.W. 1990. Industrial Flow Measurement. 2nd ed. Effective flow meter selection requires a thorough understanding of flow meter technology plus a practical knowledge of the fluid being measured. This resource reviews important flow measurement concepts to help practicing engineers avoid the costs of misapplication. The text provides explanations, practical considerations, illustrations, and examples of existing flow meter methodology. A rational procedure for flow meter selection is presented to help decision makers evaluate appropriate criteria.
The ISA Recommended Practice Guides cover flow measurement and related instrumentation and are particularly directed to plant operations (Figure 4-5). A listing of these is available from ISA Publications. In addition to the documents above, ISA offers training courses for self study and also at its facility in North Carolina. Information on these and other services is available in the yearly Catalogue of Publications and Training Products.
Spitzer, D.W., ed. 1991. Flow Measurement. This is part of the “Practical Guide Series for Measurement and Control.”
Addresses for other Sources of Measurement Standards
389 Chiswick High Road, LondonW4 4AL
website: www.bsigroup.co.uk
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
website: www.iso.org
International Organization of Legal Metrology
Key Industry Web Links
The listings below are web sites that have related information on the subject of fluid flow measurement. The e-mail addresses can be used to access these sources of information to review the data available.
Fluid Flow Measurement Standards Writing Groups
American Gas Association: www.aga.org
American National Standards Institute: www.ansi.org
American Petroleum Institute: www.api.org
American Society of Mechanical Engineers International: www.asme.org
Gas Industry Standards Board: www.neosoft.com/~gisb/gisb.htm
Gas Processors Association: www.gasprocessors.org
International Organization of Legal Metrology: www.oiml.org
International Organization for Standardization; www.iso.org
National Institute of Standards and Technology: www.nist.gov
Other Standards Writing Groups
Electronic Industries Association: www.eia.org
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: www.cenelec.be
European Committee for Standardization: www.cenorm.be
European Gas Research Group: www.icgti.org/open/organ/gerg
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.: www.ieee.org
International Electrotechnical Commission: www.iec.ch/home-e.htm
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.: www.ul.com
International Energy Organizations
International Energy Agency: www.iea.org
International Center for Gas Technology Information: www.icgti.org
International Gas Union: www.igu.org
PRC International: www.prci.com
Society of Petroleum Engineers: www.spe.org
World Energy Council: www.worldenergy.org
United States Government
Bureau of Land Management: www.blm.gov
Department of Energy: www.doe.gov
Department of Transportation: www.dot.gov
Energy Information Administration: www.eia.doe.gov
Environmental Protection Agency: www.epa.gov
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission: www.ferc.fed.us
Federal Energy Technology Center: www.fetc.doe.gov
Minerals Management Service: www.mms.gov
National Petroleum Technology Office: www.npto.doe.gov
Occupational Safety & Health Administration: www.osha.gov
Petroleum Technology Transfer Council: www.pttc.org
National Fossil Fuel Industry Organizations
American Institute of Chemical Engineers: www.aiche.org
American Public Gas Association: www.apga.org
Gas Machinery Council: www.gmrc.org
Gas Research Institute: www.gri.org
Independent Petroleum Association of America: www.ipaa.org
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners: www.naruc.org
Natural Gas Information and Educational Resource: www.naturalgas.org
Regional Fossil Fuel Industry Organizations
Independent 4 and Natural Gas Association: www.wvonga.com
Industry Trade Publications
Gas Utility and Pipeline Industries: www.gasindustries.com
American Gas: www.aga.com/magazine/amgas.html
COMPRESSORtech2: www.dieselpub.com
Flow Control Magazine: www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
Gas Daily’s NG: www.ftenergyusa.com/gasdaily
Pipeline & Gas Industry: www.pipe-line.com
Pipeline & Gas Journal: www.undergroundinfo.com
Oil & Gas Journal: www.ogjonline.com
World Oil: www.worldoil.com
Hart Publications: www.hartpub.com
Other Energy Industry Links
EnergyOnline: www.energyonline.com
EnergySource.com: www.energysource.com
Energy Research Clearing House: www.main.com/~ERCH/
Gas.com: www.gas.com
Institute of Energy: www.entech.co.uk/ioe/ioepro.htm
Naturalgas.com: www.naturalgas.com
Utility Connection: www.magicnet.net/~metzler/