Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Reference

Memorial

1. Introduction

Chapter Overview

Requisites of Flow Measurement

Background of Flow Measurement

History of Flow Measurement

Definition of Terms

2. Basic Flow Measurement Laws

Reynolds Number

Gas Laws

Expansion of Liquids

Fundamental Flow Equation

References

3. Types of Fluid Flow Measurement

Custody Transfer

Non-Custody Transfer Measurement

Summary of Flow Measurement

References

4. Basic Reference Standards

American Gas Association (AGA)

American Petroleum Institute (API)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Gas Processors Association (GPA)

Instrument Society of America (ISA)

Addresses for other Sources of Measurement Standards

Key Industry Web Links

5. From Theory to Practice

Ideal Installations

Non-Ideal Installations

Fluid Characteristics Data

References

6. Fluids

Fluids—Liquids and Gases

Fluid Characteristics

Liquids

References

7. Flow

Required Characteristics

Measurement Units

Installation Requirements

Flow Pattern

References

8. Operations

Operational Considerations

Operational Influences on Gas Measurement

Uncertainty

Other Fluid Flow Considerations

9. Maintenance of Meter Equipment

Gas Measurement Maintenance

Effects of Liquids and Solids on Orifice Measurement

Effects on other Meters

General Maintenance of Liquid Meters

Specific Liquid Maintenance Problems

10. Measurement and Meters

Meter Characteristics

Types of Meters

11. Differential (Head) Meters

Orifice Meter

Meter Design Changed

Orifice Meter Description

Sizing

Equations

Maintenance

Flow Nozzles

Venturi Meters

Venturi Installation

Other Head Meters

12. Linear and Special Meters

Non-Intrusive Meters

Intrusive Linear Meters

Other and Special Purpose Meters

References

13. Readouts and Related Devices

Electronics

Related Devices

Crude Oil Sampling

Natural Gas Sampling

Calorimetry

References

14. Proving Systems

Liquid Provers

Gas Provers

Critical Flow Provers

Central Test Facility

References

15. “Lost and Unaccounted for” Fluids

Introduction

Liquid

Gas

16. Measurement Data Analysis

Introduction

Corrected Volume

17. Auditing

Introduction

Gas Meters

Liquid Meters

Analysis Equipment

Audit Principles

Objective

Procedures

Evidence

Definitive Testing

Sources of Information

Contract Review

Field Measurement Equipment Review

Data Review and Comparison

Auditing Gas Measurement Systems

Chart Review

Auditing Liquid Measurement

Finalizing the Audit

Conclusion

Index

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