Index
absorbing system, 118–20
acrylic polymers, 280
acrylonitrile, 351
antimicrobial activity measurement, 43–9
antimicrobial agents, 29–36
food and beverage, 27–51
future trends, 49–50
manufacture and application, 36–43
independent antimicrobial devices, 37
packages materials, 38–43
active compounds, 18–19
localisation, 22–3
stability, 24–5
active MAP, 111
antimicrobial, 62–4
food and beverage packaging, 55–64
free radical scavenging, 58–9
future trends, 64
overview, 55–8
active sachet containing oxygen scavenger, 56
higher efficiency of active nanoclays containing antimicrobial agents, 58
oxygen scavenging, 59–62
active packaging, 117–22
absorbing system, 118–20
releasing system, 120–2
drivers and barriers, 216–17
issues and enablers of smart packaging, 217
adulteration, 222–3
Aegis, 246
aerosols, 229
Age of Plastics, 279
antiblock agents, 337
chitosan enriched bergamot or tea tree oil coatings, 78
illustration, 77
measurement, 43–9
dilution method, 46–8
disk diffusion method, 45–6
JIS Z2801:2000 method, 49
testing antimicrobial surface, 48–9
bacteriocins, 29–30
chitosan, 36
gases and vapours, 32–3
herbs and spices, 33–5
plants and their active compounds, 34
immobilisation onto the film surface, 42–3
diverse crosslinking and space substances process, 44
lactoperoxidase and lysozyme, 30–1
organic acids, 32
silver, 35–6
antimicrobial coatings, 297–8
antimicrobial nanocomposites, 62–4
activity of tested samples against S. aureus growth, 63
PLA-active nanoclay film, 63
antimicrobial packaging, 122–5
incorporated antimicrobial into polymers, 124
microbial count of fresh vegetable sprouts, 125
systems for fresh produce, 123
antioxidant, 337
chitosan properties, 67–8
antistatic agents, 337–8
AROMA-Can, 107
assembly approach, 289–90
Association of Plastics Manufacturers, 392
ASTM D6400, 375
ASTM D5338-98, 453–5
Australian Life Cycle Inventory, 392
Australian Packaging Covenant, 397
bacteriocins, 29–30
Bakelite, 279
barcodes, 141
barrier coatings, 276–9
ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 278–9
reactions for copolymer resins production, 278
polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), 279
PVA acetate hydrolysis, 279
polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), 277
chemical structure, 277
Besela, 285
biodegradable packaging LCA, 458–9
conventional packaging environmental impact, 436–8
food safety concerns, applications and industry adoption, 459–62
hybrid blends and composites, 448–51
cellulosic fibre advantages and disadvantages, 450
commercial biobased polymers food packaging, 449
packaging materials production, 443–7
commercially produced biopolymers, 447
production, properties and functionality, 443–7
production from recycled lignocellulosic fibre, 451–2
rationale and need for use, 435–6
renewable materials biodegradability assessment, 452–8
international standards compliance requirements, 455
standard tests from various organisations, 454
renewable polymers, 438–43
amylose helical conformation and amylopectin branches, 441
biopolymer vs synthetic polymers properties, 439
branched amylopectin molecule, 440
linear amylose molecule, 439
PHB and copolymer structure, 442
polymer properties, 438–43
ring opening polymerisation of lactide to polylactide, 443
utilisation in food packaging, 435–63
future trends, 462–3
biodegradable plastic, 372
Biodegradable Products Institute, 375
biodegradation, 452
biosensors, 143
blends, 287
film morphology smart blending, 288
blister packs, 225
blown film process, 20
bottom-up processing, 290
brands, 200
breathable polymer films, 430–1
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 340
carbon footprint, 369
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 241
carboNZero programme, 399
cast film process, 20
ceramers, 285
chain scission, 331
chip technology, 233
chitosan, 36
antimicrobial activity, 67
antioxidant properties, 67–8
emulsifi cation properties, 68
antioxidant properties, 67–8
application to fresh and minimally processed foods, 79–88
fresh fruits and vegetables, 79–85
meat and fish products, 86–8
processed fruits and vegetables, 85–6
emulsification properties, 68
film-forming dispersion characterisation, 68–72
homogenisation condition effect, 71–2
lipids incorporation effect, 70–1
solvent properties effect, 69–70
fresh and minimally processed foods, 66–90
future trends, 88–9
physicochemical characteristics, 72–6
lipids incorporation effect, 72–4
polymer matrices interaction effect, 74–6
chitosan-based nanocomposites, 259–60
chlorophyll, 308
cinnamaldehyde-enriched cinnamon oil, 297
active coatings, 291–3
antimicrobial incorporation of polymeric matrix, 38–40
coating process and mass transport processes, 39
developments applications for product quality, 293–8
antimicrobial coatings, 297–8
oxygen and water vapour barrier coatings, 294–5
sealant coatings, 295–7
driving forces for developments, 281–3
consumers trends, 281–2
technological trends, 282–3
food and beverage material packaging, 274–99
future trends, 298–9
generic substrate coating illustration, 275
food and beverage packaging applications, 276–81
barrier coatings, 276–9
other coatings, 279–81
nanotechnology and development, 289–91
new coating materials, 283–4
physico-chemical approaches for development, 284–9
blends, 287
combined strategies, 287–9
gelatin-pectin polyion-complex hydrogel illustration, 289
hybrid coatings, 284–5
hyperbranched polymers, 285–7
Coca Cola Amatil, 388
cold-sealing, 295
ColorMatrix, 311–12
colour change labels, 210
colour indicators, 232–3
colourants, 352–3
Commission Directive 1978/142/EC, 351
Commission Directive 1989/107/EC, 349
Commission Directive 2008/282/EC, 339–40
Commission Directive 2009/450/EC, 339–40
communication, 207–16
colour change labels, 210
datamatrix barcodes, 209
electroluminescent labels with sound, 212–14
future trends, 214–16
electronic self-adjusting use-by dates, 216
electronic smart packaging, 215
LED lighting, 212
lenticular labels, 209
packaging design, 208
composting, 363–4
conceptual framework, 17–18
controlled release packaging, 18
intelligent decision support system, 145–50
illustration, 146
consumer, 199–200
Consumer Goods Forum, 385
consumer lifestyle, 2
smart packaging, 198–218
adoption drivers and barriers, 216–17
communication, 207–16
convenience, openability and functionality, 201–7
overview, 198–201
controlled release, 14
conceptual framework, 17–18
food and beverages, 13–26
food variables, 25
potential food applications, 26
process variables, 18–21
property variables, 23–5
scientific evidence, 15–17
effect of controlled release profile of nisin, 16
generation of conjugated dienes in linoleic acid, 15
structure variables, 21–3
target release rate, 25–6
useful terms, 14
convenience, 201–4
smart packaging for grated Parmesan cheese, 203
smart packaging in product use for consumer convenience, 202
counting caps, 233
crosslinking, 331
customised mixing, 206
Dannon, 446
datamatrix barcodes, 209
Portuguese wine QR code, 210
pouched soup QR code, 211
food safety risk management model, 151
strategy, 149
dilution, 46–8
antimicrobial agent effect on bacterial growth curve, 48
direct contact system, 97–9
flavour release, 98
disk diffusion, 45–6
antimicrobial activity test, 45
DNA nanobarcodes, 188–9
double skinned caps, 228–9
selections, 229
Durethan, 245
dye-labelled single-stranded DNA, 192–3
Eastman Heatwave, 312
compostable packaging study, 375–6
food and beverage packaging, 361–77
design and material innovators, 371–3
packaging cost and food supply chain environmental impact, 374
packaging gas barrier effect on quality preservation, 373
supply/distribution chain management, 373–5
packaging functions sustainability, 361–4
beverage containers recycling rates, 363
principles, 364–71
eco-design assessment, 367–70
eco-design innovation guidelines, 370–1
eco-design strategies, 368
food packaging system flowchart, 367
sustainability principles and eco-design strategies, 364–7
sustainable packaging system attributes, 366
sustainability principles definitions, 365
Eco-IT, 371
Eco-Scan, 371
ecological footprint analysis (EFA), 411–14
edible coatings, 125–8
active compound to improve fresh-cut fruit quality and shelf life, 127
moisture retention, 126
electroluminescent labels, 212–14
Coyopa, 214
rum with a view, 214
electronics, 233–4
emulsification, 68
Environmental Packaging Impact Calculator (EPIC), 385
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 381
EPS, 371
ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 278–9
EU Framework Directive 90/128/EEC, 460
European Climate Change Program, 459
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), 453
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 339–40
antimicrobial incorporation of polymeric matrix, 40–2
mass transport processes in active packaging systems, 42
film wraps, 224–5
digital video cassette, 224
chitosan-based coatings application, 86–8
illustration, 87
flavour release kinetic material diffusion, 99–100
diffusivity in food packaging polymers, 101–3
diffusivity of carvacrol, 99
commercially available system, 105
example of commercial system, 104
force trigger, 106–7
heat trigger, 104–6
food and beverage, 96–107
food safety, 107
material diffusion on flavour release kinetic, 99–100
mechanism, 97–9
direct contact system, 97–9
indirect contact system, 97
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), 189–90
fluorescent lights, 305
foaming agents, 338–9
food-saving packaging, 418–31
‘easy-out’ packaging, 424–5
Hellman’s mayonnaise packaging, 426
high-on-shoulder glass jars, 425
extended shelf life packaging, 429–31
breathable polymer films sample, 431
portion-controlled packaging, 420–2
paté and sliced bread smaller portion sizes, 421
rice and pasta packaging, 422
post-consumer food waste packaging solutions, 419
resealable packaging, 422–4
sliced deli meats packaging, 423
zippered, resealable cheese pouches, 424
smart labeled packaging, 425–9
freshness indicators, 429
ripeness indicators, 428–9
time-temperature indicators, 426–8
active antimicrobial packaging, 27–51
antimicrobial activity measurement, 43–9
antimicrobial agents, 29–36
future trends, 49–50
manufacture and application, 36–43
active nanocomposites, 55–64
antimicrobial, 62–4
free radical scavenging, 58–9
future trends, 64
overview, 55–8
oxygen scavenging, 59–62
controlled release packaging (CRP), 13–26
conceptual framework, 17–18
food and beverages, 13–26
food variables, 25
potential food applications, 26
process variables, 18–21
property variables, 23–5
scientific evidence, 15–17
structure variables, 21–3
target release rate, 25–6
useful terms, 14
flavour-release packaging, 96–107
food safety, 107
material diffusion on flavour release kinetic, 99–100
mechanism, 97–9
freshness and safety indicator, 175–94
advances and applications, 183–93
future trends, 193–4
principles, 176–7
technologies and limitations, 178–83
nanocomposites, 239–64
commercial application, 245–7
nanofillers, 240–5
state-of-the-art, 247–63
radio frequency identification tags, 153–74
applications, 158
future trends, 158–74
overview, 153–4
tamper evidence, 220–35
acts of tampering, 222–3
application, 224–31
definition, 221–2
future trends, 232–4
overview, 220–1
food biosecurity, 3
IP application, 143–5
biobased polymers utilisation, 435–63
biodegradable packaging LCA, 458–9
conventional packaging environmental impact, 436–8
food safety concerns, applications and industry adoption, 459–62
future trends, 462–3
hybrid blends and composites, 448–51
packaging materials production, 443–7
production from recycled lignocellulosic fibre, 451–2
rationale and need for use, 435–6
renewable materials biodegradability assessment, 452–8
renewable polymers, 438–43
consumer waste reduction, 409–33
food-saving packaging, 418–31
food packaging and food waste, 418
food waste problem scale, 409–11
food waste vs packaging waste sustainability, 414–17
sustainability and ecological printing, 411–14
environment considerations, 6–7
function considerations, 5–6
innovations, 2–4
consumer lifestyle, 2
environmental concerns, 4
food safety and biosecurity, 3
profits, 3
regulations, 3
value, 2–3
safety and regulatory aspects of plastics, 335–57
additives migration, 340–3
European Commission Directives on plastic containers, 348–50
future trends, 353–5
Indian Standards for migration, 343–6
indirect food additives, 336–9
nanotechnology in food contact materials, 339–40
problems in specific migration, 353
toxic additives specific migration curve, 350–3
US FDA Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 347
food packaging technologies, 1–9
active packaging, 117–22
antimicrobial packaging, 122–5
different technologies combination, 128–30
MAP effect with volatile antimicrobial gauze on table grape spoilage, 129
edible coatings, 125–8
evaluation tables, 7–9
functions/environments table, 8–9
functions/socio-economic table, 7–8
functions/sustainability table, 8
functions/technology table, 8
food packaging innovations, 2–4
food supply system sustainability improvement, 4–7
fresh produce, 109–30
future trends, 130
modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), 110–17
intelligent packaging (IP), 137–51
applications for food safety and biosecurity, 143–5
basic concepts, 138–40
intelligent decision support system conceptual framework, 145–50
smart package devices, 140–3
food quality indicators (FQIs), 177
intelligent packaging (IP), 137–51
applications for food biosecurity, 143–5
basic concepts, 138–40
intelligent decision support system conceptual framework, 145–50
smart package devices, 140–3
sustainability improvement, 4–7
conceptual framework for sustainable packaging, 5
packaging environment considerations, 6–7
packaging function considerations, 5–6
food variables, 25
food-saving packaging, 418–31
‘easy-out’ packaging, 424–5
extended shelf life packaging, 429–31
portion-controlled packaging, 420–2
post-consumer food waste packaging solutions, 419
resealable packaging, 422–4
smart labeled packaging, 425–9
packaging and food waste, 418
smart packaging, 409–33
sustainability and ecological printing, 411–14
ecological footprint factors for various food types, 413
UK top wasted foods by ecological impact, 414
York city ‘eco-skyline, ’, 412
waste problem scale, 409–11
UK avoidable food waste, 410
waste vs packaging waste sustainability, 414–17
sliced bread, 414–16
sliced bread ecological footprint, 415
yogurt containers ecological footprint, 417
yogurt containers with different sustainability scores, 416
yogurt packaging, 416–17
eco-design of packaging, 361–77
compostable packaging study, 375–6
eco-design principles, 364–71
packaging functions sustainability, 361–4
life cycle assessment of packaging, 380–403
future trends, 400–3
LCA and sustainability, 381–6
life cycle thinking for sustainability packaging improvement, 392–9
packaging industry LCA, 386–92
light-protective packaging materials, 303–18
future trends, 317–18
light-barrier properties improvement, 309–14
light barrier properties selection, 315–17
UV and visible light wavelength effect, 304–9
light-sensitive components, 305–9
colourants, 307–8
non-nutritive functional food and other components, 308–9
photosensitisers, 305–6
photosensitising molecule response to light, 306
vitamins, 306–7
non-thermal processing packaging materials, 323–33
future trends, 332–3
high pressure processing, 324–5
irradiation, 326
pulsed electric field (PEF), 325–6
pulsed light, 326–7
packaging materials coating technologies, 274–99
active coatings, 291–3
coatings applications, 276–81
developments applications for product quality, 293–8
driving forces for developments, 281–3
future trends, 298–9
nanotechnology and development, 289–91
new coating materials, 283–4
physico-chemical approaches for development, 284–9
force trigger, 106–7
Fosters Group, 397
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 457
Framework Directive 1989/109/EC, 348
free radical scavenging nanocomposites, 58–9
Inh DPPH of EVOH and its composites vs RS-R, 59
optical properties of LDPE/EVOH/ LDPE multilayer film, 60
edible chitosan-based coatings, 66–90
antioxidant properties, 67–8
application, 79–88
chitosan-based film-forming dispersion characterisation, 68–72
emulsification properties, 68
future trends, 88–9
physicochemical characteristics, 72–6
chitosan-based coatings application, 79–85
fungal decay in cold-stored strawberries, 84
illustration, 81
luminosity changes of strawberries cv. Camarosa, 83
mould and yeast counts in table grapes, 84
respiration rate of cold stored grapes cv. Muscatel, 82
weight loss of grapes cv. Muscatel, 82
emerging food packaging technologies, 109–30
active packaging, 117–22
antimicrobial packaging, 122–5
different technologies combination, 128–30
edible coatings, 125–8
future trends, 130
modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), 110–17
chitosan-based coatings application, 79–85
illustration, 80–1
freshness indicator, 429
advances and applications, 183–93
leak detection methods, 184–5
nanobiosensors, 188–90
radiofrequency interrogation of passive sensor, 185–8
sensor label construction, 190–3
food and beverage packaging, 175–94
future trends, 193–4
principles, 176–7
technologies and limitations, 178–83
freshness sensors, 179–83
time-temperature integrators (TTIs), 178–9
freshness sensors, 179–83
Fresh’o’meter, 183
sensor labels employing progressive colour band migration, 184
Frito Lay, 375–6
fully printed non-transistor technologies, 171
fully printed transistor technologies, 172
functionality, 205–7
functions/environments table, 8–9
illustration, 9
functions/socio-economic table, 7–8
illustration, 8
functions/technology table, 8
illustration, 9
Gabi, 371
gas indicators, 143
gases, 32–3
gelatin, 296
gelatinisation temperature, 440
German Institute for Standardisation, 453
glass, 314
light transmission properties, 314
HDPE/clay nanocomposites, 248
heat-sealing, 295
heat trigger, 104–6
headspace content of hexanal and 2, 4-decadienal, 106
hemicellulose nanocomposites, 262–3
herbs, 33–5
high density polyethylene, 310
high oxygen MAP, 112–13
vs low oxygen MAP, 113
high pressure processing, 324–5
packaging materials, 328–30
barrier properties, 329–30
mechanical properties, 329
condition effect, 71–2
average particle size of chitosan and oleic acid film-forming dispersions, 72
hybrid coatings, 284–5
hyperbranched polymers, 285–7
structure, 286
hypobaric packaging, 115
impediments, 157
Imperial Chemical Industries, 387
independent antimicrobial devices, 37
extractive amount determination, 345
food stimulants time-temperature test conditions, 346
migration limits, 345
overall plastic constituents migration, 343–6
plastic materials migration tests, 344
test procedure, 345
test sample selection, 344
indirect contact system, 97
aroma release, 98
indirect food additives, 347
food packaging, 2–4
consumer lifestyle, 2
environmental concerns, 4
food safety and biosecurity, 3
profits, 3
regulations, 3
value, 2–3
Innventia’s paradox, 392
instant addition, 14
Institute for Standards Research (ISR), 453
conceptual framework, 145–50
decision support modelling, 149–50
demonstration and extension/outreach, 150
illustration, 146
knowledge integrator/conductor, 147
strategic sensing, 148–9
supplying chain mapping, 147–8
system components, 147
applications for food safety and biosecurity, 143–5
HACCP system, 145
basic concepts, 138–40
conceptual framework, 140
material and information flow in the food supply chain, 139
food safety and quality enhancement, 137–51
intelligent decision support system conceptual framework, 145–50
smart package devices, 140–3
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 400
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 351
International Marine Pollution treaty, 437
interpenetrating polymer networks, 288
invisible RFID, 173
irradiation, 326
packaging materials, 331–2
barrier properties, 332
mechanical properties, 331–2
ISO 18000 EPC, 173–4
ISO CD 14855, 455
label seals, 226–7
jar of jam, 226
lactoperoxidase, 30–1
LDPE/LLDPE nanocomposites, 248
leak detection, 184–5
LED lighting, 212
Cognifex LightPad technology, 213
lenticular labels, 209
reinforced Argentinean wine, 211
food and beverage packaging, 380–403
future trends, 400–3
functional unit upscaling, 402–3
increasing information demands, 400–1
tools development from reflection to action, 401–2
packaging industry LCA, 386–92
case studies lessons, 388–91
factors affecting design, 386–8
LCA usage gaps, 391–2
summary of examples, 389
principles, 381–3
environmental indicators examples, 383
main steps in components, 382
system concept diagram, 382
sustainability, 380–403
strengths weaknesses, 383–4
sustainability gaps, 384–6
Sustainable Packaging Alliance framework, 384
sustainability packaging improvement, 392–9
marketing uses, 399
packaging evaluation tool selection guide, 394–6
product development process schematic at Foster Group, 398
product development process schematic in Nestle, 397
questions for packaging tool selection, 393
supplier requests response, 398–9
Life Cycle Initiative, 381
foods and beverages, 303–18
bio-coated and uncoated plastic films UV transmission, 318
future trends, 317–18
light-barrier properties improvement, 309–14
environmental modifications, 314
glass, 314
paperboard, 313
plastics, 309–13
light barrier properties selection, 315–17
UV and visible light wavelength effect food nutrition, 304–9
light sensitive components of food and beverages, 305–9
light spectrum review, 304–5
light spectrum, 304–5
UV and visible light spectrum illustration, 304
elongation at break, tensile strength, elastic modulus and water, 72–4
mechanical characteristics of chitosan-essential oils composite coatings, 73
LLDPE/MMT nanocomposites, 248–9
low density polyethylene, 310
low oxygen MAP, 111–12
lubricants, 338
lysozyme, 30–1
malicious tampering, 223
Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act, 437
mass singulation, 157
Mater-Bi bags, 458–9
chitosan-based coatings application, 86–8
coliforms counts in pork meat hamburgers, 88
illustration, 87
microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), 244
migration limits, 347
migration model, 342–3
polymer/food system migration model illustration, 343
edible chitosan-based coatings, 66–90
antioxidant properties, 67–8
application, 79–88
chitosan-based film-forming dispersion characterisation, 68–72
emulsification properties, 68
future trends, 88–9
physicochemical characteristics, 72–6
applications and development, 113–17
microperforation for fresh produce, 115
PACK-in-MAP software, 117
designing parameters of fresh produce, 111
high oxygen MAP, 112–13
low oxygen MAP, 111–12
Mysore, 351
Nano-PA-6, 246
nanobiosensors, 188–90
commercial application, 245–7
food and beverage packaging, 239–64
nanofillers, 240–5
state-of-the-art, 247–63
nanofillers, 240–5
brucite structure comparison, 244
cast microfibrillated cellulose film, 245
montmorillonite clay structure, 241
nanocellulose pilot factory, 246
nanoclay morphologies, 243
tortuous path theory, 243
types and characteristics, 242
Nanomer, 247
nanotechnology, 339–40
coating development for food and packaging materials, 289–91
nanoclay aggregates in gelatin-based coating, 292
self-assembled supramolecular nanosized silica, 290
Nestle, 397
New Zealand Wine Company (NZWC), 399
OnVu, 178
openability, 204–5
biscuit packaging, 205
easy open, reseal biscuit packaging, 206
optical property modifiers, 338
organic acids, 32
Organic Reclamation and Composting Association, 453
oriented polypropylene film, 373–4
ormocers See ceramers
ormosils See ceramers
overwrap, 313
Oxaqua, 285
oxobiodegradable plastics, 458
oxygen barrier coating, 294
oxygen scavenging nanocomposites, 59–62
HDPE, 62
LDPE, 61
PET, 61
oxygen scavenging technology, 430
Package Modelling, 398–9
packaging design, 208
coating technologies for food and beverage, 274–99
active coatings, 291–3
coatings applications, 276–81
development applications for product quality, 293–8
driving forces for developments, 281–3
future trends, 298–9
nanotechnology and development, 289–91
new coating materials, 283–4
physico-chemical approaches for development, 284–9
non-thermal processing, 323–33
future trends, 332–3
packaging selection, 327–32
paperboard, 313
Paru, 173
PAS2050, 399
passive MAP, 110–11
pasteurisation, 323
PE/MMT nanocomposites, 249
PET/OMMT nanocomposites, 248
phenolic resin-based coatings, 279–80
photodegradable plastics, 372
plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), 283
plasticisers, 338
plastics, 309–13
additives migration, 340–3
Indian Standards for plastics, 341–2
migration model, 342–3
blends, 310–12
PET films UV transmittance, 312
polymer films with black and white pigments light transmission, 311
coating and lamination, 312–13
European Commission Directives on plastic containers, 348–50
active and intelligent food contact material, 349–50
separate materials in contact with food, 348
Indian Standards for migration, 343–6
extractive amount determination, 345
migration limits, 345
test procedure, 345
indirect food additives, 336–9
antiblock agents, 337
antimicrobial agents, 339
antioxidants, 337
antistatic agents, 337–8
foaming agents, 338–9
lubricants, 338
optical property modifiers, 338
plasticisers, 338
ulltraviolet stabilisers, 338
nanotechnology in food contact materials, 339–40
problems in specific migration, 353
safety and regulatory aspects as packaging materials, 335–57
future trends, 353–55
toxic additives specific migration curve, 350–3
acrylonitrile, 351
plastics colourants, 352–3
styrene, 351–2
vinyl chloride, 350–1
vinylidene chloride, 351
US FDA Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 347
indirect food additives, 347
regulations and migration limits threshold, 347
poly (hydroxybutyrate), 446–7
polycaprolactone, 456
polydiacetylene, 190–1
polyhydroxyalkanoate-clay nanocomposites, 258–9
polyhydroxyalkanoate nanocomposites, 259
PolyIC, 173
polylactide-clay nanocomposites, 252–6
Cloisite 30B organomodified montmorillonite platelets, 255
oxygen and water vapour permeability, 253–4
polylactide nanocomposites, 256–8
polymer blend morphology, 22
composition, 19–20
antimicrobial incorporation by coating technologies, 38–40
antimicrobial incorporation by extrusion technologies, 40–2
interaction effect, 74–6
GAB parameters, 76
water sorption isotherms, 75
poly(thiophene), 191–2
polyurea-based coatings, 281
polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), 279
polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), 277
porphy-ins, 308
precautionary principle, 354
pressure sensitive tape, 230–1
carton seal, 230
opened and reapplied seal, 231
printed organic transistor, 172–3
printing technology, 170–1
process variables, 18–21
active compounds, 18–19
polymer composition, 19–20
processing methods, 20–1
chaotic mixer, 21
tocopherol release vs film morphologies in CRP films, 21
chitosan-based coatings application, 85–6
illustration, 85
chitosan-based coatings application, 85–6
illustration, 85
Proctor and Gamble, 398–9
profits, 3
property variables, 23–5
other film properties, 24
release properties, 23–4
measurement of active compound released form films, 24
stability of active compound, 24–5
protein-based nanocomposites, 261–2
pulsed electric field (PEF), 325–6
packaging materials, 330–1
pulsed light, 326–7
packaging materials, 332
radio frequency identification tags, 141–2
applications, 158
RFID tagging of food and drink, 159–69
food and beverage packaging applications, 153–74
fully printed non-transistor technologies, 171
fully printed transistor technologies, 172
IDTechEx forecast, 170
invisible RFID, 173
ISO 18000 EPC specification series, 173–4
printed organic transistor, 172–3
printing technology to reduce tag price, 170–1
silicon ink, 173
overview, 153–4
RFID regulations on food and drugs, 155
impediments, 157
industries benchmark, 157–8
mass singulation, 157
radiolysis product, 331
rapid prototyping method, 451
recycling, 363
Regulation 2004/1935/EC, 349
Regulation 2009/596/EC, 349
releasing system, 120–2
fruit and vegetables response to MCP, 121
molecular interaction of salt and acid, 122
resource and environmental analysis (REPA), 388
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), 399
resveratrol, 308
riboflavin, 307
ripeness indicators, 428–9
pears and avocado, 182
roll on pilfer proof (ROPP), 227–8
bottle seals, 227
spice pots, 228
advances and applications, 183–93
leak detection methods, 184–5
nanobiosensors, 188–90
radiofrequency interrogation of passive sensor, 185–8
sensor label construction, 190–3
food and beverage packaging, 175–94
future trends, 193–4
principles, 176–7
technologies and limitations, 178–83
freshness sensors, 179–83
time-temperature integrators (TTIs), 178–9
sampling, 223
Saran, 277
sealant coatings, 295–7
OPP-coated strips heat-sealed interface, 296
sealed tubes, 229
self-assembled nanophase particle (SNAP) coating process, 290
self-cooling product, 207
self-heating product, 207
sheen silicate minerals, 291
shrink seals, 225–6
jar of honey, 226
wine bottle, 226
silver, 35–6
SimaPro, 371
skin packs, 225
smart blending, 287
smart labeled packaging, 425–9
freshness indicators, 429
ripeness indicators, 428–9
Concorde pears pack with ripeness indicator, 429
time-temperature indicators (TTIs), 426–8
Monoprix product with TTI, 428
smart package devices, 140–3
barcodes, 141
biosensors, 143
gas indicators, 143
radio frequency identification tags, 141–2
time-temperature indicators (TTIs), 142
adoption drivers and barriers, 216–17
communication, 207–16
consumer/packaging interface, 198–218
convenience, openability and functionality, 201–7
overview, 198–201
brands, 200
consumer demand, 199–200
packaging change, 201
sol-gel method, 285
properties effect, 69–70
particle size and surface charge, 69
ζ–potential particle size and apparent viscosity, 70
spices, 33–5
starch, 439–40
baking process, 444
extrusion, 444
thermoforming, 444
starch/clay nanocomposites, 250–1
starch nanocomposites, 251–2
nanocomposites, 247–63
biodegradable polymer, 249–63
synthetic polymer-clay, 247–9
sterilisation, 323
stretch seals, 225–6
structure variables, 22–3
active compound localisation, 22–3
location and mobility, 23
package, 22
polymer blend morphology, 22
styrene, 351–2
compostable packaging, 375–6
compostable package and delivery truck photo, 376
Supplier Environmental Sustainability Scorecard, 398
supplying chain mapping, 147–8
sustainability, 381
Sustainable Packaging Guidelines (SPG), 397
acts of tampering, 222–3
adulteration, 222–3
malicious tampering, 223
sampling, 223
theft, 223
application, 224–31
aerosols, 229
blister and skin packs, 225
double skinned caps, 228–9
film wraps, 224–5
label seals, 226–7
pressure sensitive tape, 230–1
roll on pilfer proof (ROPP), 227–8
sealed tubes, 229
shrink and stretch seals, 225–6
vacuum sealed jars, 231
definition, 221–2
methods of entry, 222
food and beverage packaging, 220–35
future trends, 232–4
chip technology, 233
colour indicators, 232–3
counting caps, 233
electronics, 233–4
overview, 220–1
history, 220–1
needs, 221
target release rate, 25–6
theft, 223
limitations, 179
Tinuvin 326, 311–12
top-down processing, 289
Totally Degradable Plastic Additive, 458
triple bottom line, 381
TT Sensor, 178–9
UK Climate Change Act (2008), 400
ulltraviolet stabilisers, 338
ultra high frequency (UHF), 156
Umberto, 371
unique product attributes, 206–7
Unistraw delivery system, 106
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 381
US Environmental Protection Agency, 437
vacuum sealed jars, 231
vapour barrier coating, 294
vapours, 32–3
vinyl chloride, 350–1
vinyl ether coatings, 280–1
vinylidene chloride, 351
Vitamin C, 307
Vitamin K, 307
Vorivian Vitiva, 312
Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), 411
whey protein isolate, 284
printable nanoparticle inks, 185–6
standard passive RFID tags, 186–8
disposable RFID sensors non-invasive monitoring for milk, 188
RFID sensors experimental data, 187
RFID sensors operating principles, 187
World Commission on Environment and Development, 364–5
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