<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" class="number">20 </span>GenericsGenerics
by Harvey Deitel, Paul Deitel
Visual C# How to Program
- Visual C#® HOW TO PROGRAM
- Deitel® Series Page
- Visual C#® HOW TO PROGRAM
- Trademarks
- Contents
- Online Topics
- Preface
- Contacting the Authors
- Join the Deitel & Associates, Inc. Social Media Communities
- Object-Oriented Programming with an Early Objects Approach
- New C# 6 Features
- Interesting, Entertaining and Challenging Exercises
- A Tour of the Book
- A Tour of the Online Content
- Teaching Approach
- Obtaining the Software Used in Visual C# How to Program, 6/e
- Instructor Supplements
- Microsoft DreamSpark™
- Reviewers
- About Deitel & Associates, Inc.
- Before You Begin
- 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C#
- Objectives
- Outline
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research
- 1.3 Hardware and Software
- 1.4 Data Hierarchy
- 1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
- 1.6 Object Technology
- 1.7 Internet and World Wide Web
- 1.8 C#
- 1.8.1 Object-Oriented Programming
- 1.8.2 Event-Driven Programming
- 1.8.3 Visual Programming
- 1.8.4 Generic and Functional Programming
- 1.8.5 An International Standard
- 1.8.6 C# on Non-Windows Platforms
- 1.8.7 Internet and Web Programming
- 1.8.8 Asynchronous Programming with async and await
- 1.8.9 Other Key Programming Languages
- 1.9 Microsoft’s .NETMicrosoft’s .NET
- 1.10 Microsoft’s Windows® Operating SystemMicrosoft’s Windows® Operating System
- 1.11 Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment
- 1.12 Painter Test-Drive in Visual Studio Community
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Resources
- 2 Introduction to Visual Studio and Visual Programming
- Objectives
- Outline
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Overview of the Visual Studio Community 2015 IDE
- 2.3 Menu Bar and Toolbar
- 2.4 Navigating the Visual Studio IDE
- 2.5 Help Menu and Context-Sensitive Help
- 2.6 Visual Programming: Creating a Simple App that Displays Text and an Image
- 2.7 Wrap-Up
- 2.8 Web Resources
- Summary
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 3 Introduction to C# App Programming
- Objectives
- Outline
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Simple App: Displaying a Line of Text
- 3.3 Creating a Simple App in Visual Studio
- 3.4 Modifying Your Simple C# App
- 3.5 String Interpolation
- 3.6 Another C# App: Adding Integers
- 3.6.1 Declaring the int Variable number1
- 3.6.2 Declaring Variables number2 and sum
- 3.6.3 Prompting the User for Input
- 3.6.4 Reading a Value into Variable number1
- 3.6.5 Prompting the User for Input and Reading a Value into number2
- 3.6.6 Summing number1 and number2
- 3.6.7 Displaying the sum with string Interpolation
- 3.6.8 Performing Calculations in Output Statements
- 3.7 Memory Concepts
- 3.8 Arithmetic
- 3.9 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
- 3.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 3.2.1 Comments
- Section 3.2.2 using Directive
- Section 3.2.3 Blank Lines and Whitespace
- Section 3.2.4 Class Declaration
- Section 3.2.5 Main Method
- Section 3.2.6 Displaying a Line of Text
- Section 3.3.1 Creating the Console App
- Section 3.3.3 Writing Code and Using IntelliSense
- Section 3.4.1 Displaying a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements
- Section 3.4.2 Displaying Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement
- Section 3.5 String Interpolation
- Section 3.6.1 Declaring the int Variable number1
- Section 3.6.3 Prompting the User for Input
- Section 3.6.6 Summing number1 and number2
- Section 3.7 Memory Concepts
- Section 3.8 Arithmetic
- Section 3.8.1 Arithmetic Expressions in Straight-Line Form
- Section 3.8.2 Parentheses for Grouping Subexpressions
- Section 3.8.3 Rules of Operator Precedence
- Section 3.8.5 Redundant Parentheses
- Section 3.9 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and strings
- Objectives
- Outline
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Test-Driving an Account Class
- 4.3 Account Class with an Instance Variable and Set and Get Methods
- 4.4 Creating, Compiling and Running a Visual C# Project with Two Classes
- 4.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Methods
- 4.6 Account Class with a Property Rather Than Set and Get Methods
- 4.7 Auto-Implemented Properties
- 4.8 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors
- 4.9 Account Class with a Balance; Processing Monetary Amounts
- 4.9.1 Account Class with a decimal balance Instance Variable
- 4.9.2 AccountTest Class That Uses Account Objects with Balances
- Displaying the Account Objects’ Initial Balances Objects’ Initial Balances
- string Interpolation Expressions with Formatting
- Reading a decimal Value from the User
- Making a Deposit
- Reading a decimal Value and Depositing into account2
- Duplicated Code in Method Main
- UML Class Diagram for Class Account
- 4.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 4.1 Introduction
- Section 4.2 Test-Driving an Account Class
- Section 4.2.1 Instantiating an Object—Keyword Instantiating an Object—Keyword new and Constructors
- Section 4.2.2 Calling Class Account’s ’s GetName Method
- Section 4.2.3 Inputting a Name from the User
- Section 4.2.4 Calling Class Account’s ’s SetName Method
- Section 4.3 Account Class with an Instance Variable and Set and Get Methods
- Section 4.3.1 Account Class Declaration
- Section 4.3.2 Keyword class and the Class Body
- Section 4.3.3 Instance Variable name of Type string
- Section 4.3.4 SetName Method
- Section 4.3.5 GetName Method
- Section 4.3.6 Access Modifiers private and public
- Section 4.3.7 Account UML Class Diagram
- Section 4.4 Creating, Compiling and Running a Visual C# Project with Two Classes
- Section 4.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Methods
- Section 4.6 Account Class with a Property Rather Than Set and Get Methods
- Section 4.6.1 Class AccountTest Using Account’s Using Account’s Name Property
- Section 4.6.2 Account Class with an Instance Variable and a Property
- Section 4.6.3 Account UML Class Diagram with a Property
- Section 4.7 Auto-Implemented Properties
- Section 4.8 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors
- Section 4.8.1 Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization
- Section 4.8.2 Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They’re Created Objects When They’re Created
- Section 4.9 Account Class with a Balance; Processing Monetary Amounts
- Section 4.9.1 Account Class with a decimal balance Instance Variable
- Section 4.9.2 AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses Account Objects
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 5 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1
- Objectives
- Outline
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Algorithms
- 5.3 Pseudocode
- 5.4 Control Structures
- 5.5 if Single-Selection Statement
- 5.6 if……else Double-Selection Statement
- 5.7 Student Class: Nested if……else Statements
- 5.8 while Iteration Statement
- 5.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration
- 5.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- 5.10.1 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement
- 5.10.2 Second Refinement
- 5.10.3 Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- 5.10.4 Program Logic for Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- 5.10.5 Braces in a while Statement
- 5.10.6 Converting Between Simple Types Explicitly and Implicitly
- 5.10.7 Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
- 5.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements
- 5.11.1 Problem Statement
- 5.11.2 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Pseudocode Representation of the Top
- 5.11.3 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: First Refinement
- 5.11.4 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Second Refinement
- 5.11.5 Complete Second Refinement of the Pseudocode
- 5.11.6 App That Implements the Pseudocode Algorithm
- 5.12 Compound Assignment Operators
- 5.13 Increment and Decrement Operators
- 5.14 Simple Types
- 5.15 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 5.2 Algorithms
- Section 5.3 Pseudocode
- Section 5.4 Control Structures
- Section 5.4.1 Sequence Structure
- Section 5.4.2 Selection Statements
- Section 5.4.3 Iteration Statements
- Section 5.4.4 Summary of Control Statements
- Section 5.5 if Single-Selection Statement
- Section 5.6 if……else Double-Selection Statement
- Section 5.6.3 Blocks
- Section 5.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:)
- Section 5.7 Student Class: Nested if……else Statements
- Section 5.8 while Iteration Statement
- Section 5.9.1 Pseudocode Algorithm with Counter-Controlled Iteration
- Section 5.9.2 Implementing Counter-Controlled Iteration
- Section 5.9.3 Integer Division and Truncation
- Section 5.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- Section 5.10.1 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement
- Section 5.10.2 Second Refinement
- Section 5.10.3 Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
- Section 5.10.6 Converting Between Simple Types Explicitly and Implicitly
- Section 5.10.7 Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
- Section 5.12 Compound Assignment Operators
- Section 5.13 Increment and Decrement Operators
- Section 5.14 Simple Types
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 6 Control Statements: Part 2
- Objectives
- Outline
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration
- 6.3 for Iteration Statement
- 6.3.1 A Closer Look at the for Statement’s Header Statement’s Header
- 6.3.2 General Format of a for Statement
- 6.3.3 Scope of a for Statement’s Control Variable Statement’s Control Variable
- 6.3.4 Expressions in a for Statement’s Header Are Optional Statement’s Header Are Optional
- 6.3.5 Placing Arithmetic Expressions in a for Statement’s Header Statement’s Header
- 6.3.6 Using a for Statement’s Control Variable in the Statement’s Body Statement’s Control Variable in the Statement’s Body
- 6.3.7 UML Activity Diagram for the for Statement
- 6.4 Examples Using the for Statement
- 6.5 App: Summing Even Integers
- 6.6 App: Compound-Interest Calculations
- 6.7 do……while Iteration Statement
- 6.8 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
- 6.9 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: strings in switch Statements
- 6.10 break and continue Statements
- 6.11 Logical Operators
- 6.11.1 Conditional AND (&&) Operator
- 6.11.2 Conditional OR (||) Operator
- 6.11.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions
- 6.11.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical OR (|) Operators
- 6.11.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^)
- 6.11.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator
- 6.11.7 Logical Operators Example
- 6.12 Structured-Programming Summary
- 6.13 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 6.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration
- Section 6.3 for Iteration Statement
- Section 6.3.1 A Closer Look at the for Statement’s Header Statement’s Header
- Section 6.3.2 General Format of a for Statement
- Section 6.3.3 Scope of a for Statement’s Control Variable Statement’s Control Variable
- Section 6.3.5 Placing Arithmetic Expressions in a for Statement’s Header Statement’s Header
- Section 6.6 App: Compound-Interest Calculations
- Section 6.6.1 Performing the Interest Calculations with Math Method pow
- Section 6.6.2 Formatting with Field Widths and Alignment
- Section 6.6.3 Caution: Do Not Use float or double for Monetary Amounts
- Section 6.7 do……while Iteration Statement
- Section 6.8 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
- Section 6.8.1 Using a switch Statement to Count A, B, C, D and F Grades.
- Section 6.10.1 break Statement
- Section 6.10.2 continue Statement
- Section 6.11 Logical Operators
- Section 6.11.1 Conditional AND (&&) Operator
- Section 6.11.2 Conditional OR (||) Operator
- Section 6.11.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions
- Section 6.11.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical OR (|) Operators
- Section 6.11.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^)
- Section 6.11.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator
- Section 6.12 Structured-Programming Summary
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 7 Methods: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Packaging Code in C#
- 7.3 static Methods, static Variables and Class Math
- 7.4 Methods with Multiple Parameters
- 7.5 Notes on Using Methods
- 7.6 Argument Promotion and Casting
- 7.7 The .NET Framework Class Library
- 7.8 Case Study: Random-Number Generation
- 7.8.1 Creating an Object of Type Random
- 7.8.2 Generating a Random Integer
- 7.8.3 Scaling the Random-Number Range
- 7.8.4 Shifting Random-Number Range
- 7.8.5 Combining Shifting and Scaling
- 7.8.6 Rolling a Six-Sided Die
- 7.8.7 Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers
- 7.8.8 Repeatability for Testing and Debugging
- 7.9 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing Enumerations
- 7.10 Scope of Declarations
- 7.11 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records
- 7.12 Method Overloading
- 7.13 Optional Parameters
- 7.14 Named Parameters
- 7.15 C# 6 Expression-Bodied Methods and Properties
- 7.16 Recursion
- 7.17 Value Types vs. Reference Types
- 7.18 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference
- 7.19 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 7.1 Introduction
- Section 7.2 Packaging Code in C#
- Section 7.2.1 Modularizing Programs
- Section 7.3 static Methods, static Variables and Class Math
- Section 7.3.1 Math Class Methods
- Section 7.3.2 Math Class Constants PI and E
- Section 7.3.4 Additional Comments About Main
- Section 7.4.2 Method Maximum
- Section 7.4.3 Assembling strings with Concatenation
- Section 7.4.4 Breaking Apart Large string Literals
- Section 7.5 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods
- Section 7.6 Argument Promotion and Casting
- Section 7.6.1 Promotion Rules
- Section 7.6.2 Sometimes Explicit Casts Are Required
- Section 7.7 The .NET Framework Class Library
- Section 7.8.2 Generating a Random Integer
- Section 7.8.3 Scaling the Random-Number Range
- Section 7.8.8 Repeatability for Testing and Debugging
- Section 7.9.3 enum Type Status
- Section 7.9.5 enum Type DiceNames
- Section 7.9.6 Underlying Type of an enum
- Section 7.10 Scope of Declarations
- Section 7.11 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records
- Section 7.11.1 Method-Call Stack
- Section 7.11.2 Stack Frames
- Section 7.11.3 Local Variables and Stack Frames
- Section 7.11.4 Stack Overflow
- Section 7.12.1 Declaring Overloaded Methods
- Section 7.12.2 Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods
- Section 7.12.3 Return Types of Overloaded Methods
- Section 7.13 Optional Parameters
- Section 7.14 Named Parameters
- Section 7.15 C# 6 Expression-Bodied Methods and Properties
- Section 7.16 Recursion
- Section 7.16.1 Base Cases and Recursive Calls
- Section 7.16.2 Recursive Factorial Calculations
- Section 7.17 Value Types vs. Reference Types
- Section 7.18 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference
- Section 7.18.1 ref and out Parameters
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 8 Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling
- Objectives
- Outline
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Arrays
- 8.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays
- 8.4 Examples Using Arrays
- 8.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array
- 8.4.2 Using an Array Initializer
- 8.4.3 Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element
- 8.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array
- 8.4.5 Iterating Through Arrays with foreach
- 8.4.6 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically; Introducing Type Inference with var
- 8.4.7 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters
- 8.5 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Intro to Exception Handling
- 8.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
- 8.7 Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods
- 8.8 Case Study: GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades
- 8.9 Multidimensional Arrays
- 8.10 Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array
- 8.11 Variable-Length Argument Lists
- 8.12 Using Command-Line Arguments
- 8.13 (Optional) Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference
- 8.14 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 8.1 Introduction
- Section 8.2 Arrays
- Section 8.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays
- Section 8.4.2 Using an Array Initializer
- Section 8.4.3 Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element
- Section 8.4.5 Iterating Through Arrays with foreach
- Section 8.4.6 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically; Introducing Type Inference with var
- Section 8.5.2 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response
- Section 8.5.3 The try Statement
- Section 8.5.4 Executing the catch Block
- Section 8.5.5 Message Property of the Exception Parameter
- Section 8.6.1 Class Card and Getter-Only Auto-Implemented Properties
- Section 8.7 Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods
- Section 8.9 Multidimensional Arrays
- Section 8.10 Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array
- Section 8.11 Variable-Length Argument Lists
- Section 8.12 Using Command-Line Arguments
- Section 8.13 (Optional) Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Special Section: Building Your Own Computer
- Making-a-Difference Exercise
- 9 Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection
- Objectives
- Outline
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ
- 9.3 Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ
- 9.3.1 Accessing the Properties of a LINQ Query’s Range VariableAccessing the Properties of a LINQ Query’s Range Variable
- 9.3.2 Sorting a LINQ Query’s Results by Multiple PropertiesSorting a LINQ Query’s Results by Multiple Properties
- 9.3.3 Any, First and Count Extension Methods
- 9.3.4 Selecting a Property of an Object
- 9.3.5 Creating New Types in the select Clause of a LINQ Query
- 9.4 Introduction to Collections
- 9.5 Querying the Generic List Collection Using LINQ
- 9.6 Wrap-Up
- 9.7 Deitel LINQ Resource Center
- Summary
- Section 9.1 Introduction
- Section 9.2 Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ
- Section 9.2.1 The from Clause
- Section 9.2.2 The where Clause
- Section 9.2.3 The select Clause
- Section 9.2.4 Iterating Through the Results of the LINQ Query
- Section 9.2.5 The orderby Clause
- Section 9.2.6 Interface IEnumerable<T>
- Section 9.3 Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ
- Section 9.3.2 Sorting a LINQ Query’s Results by Multiple PropertiesSorting a LINQ Query’s Results by Multiple Properties
- Section 9.3.3 Any, First and Count Extension Methods
- Section 9.3.4 Selecting a Property of an Object
- Section 9.3.5 Creating New Types in the select Clause of a LINQ Query
- Section 9.4 Introduction to Collections
- Section 9.4.1 List<T> Collection
- Section 9.5 Querying the Generic List Collection Using LINQ
- Section 9.5.1 The let Clause
- Section 9.5.2 Deferred Execution
- Section 9.5.3 Extension Methods ToArray and ToList
- Section 9.5.4 Collection Initializers
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 10 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Time Class Case Study; Throwing Exceptions
- 10.3 Controlling Access to Members
- 10.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference
- 10.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors
- 10.6 Default and Parameterless Constructors
- 10.7 Composition
- 10.8 Garbage Collection and Destructors
- 10.9 static Class Members
- 10.10 readonly Instance Variables
- 10.11 Class View and Object Browser
- 10.12 Object Initializers
- 10.13 Operator Overloading; Introducing struct
- 10.14 Time Class Case Study: Extension Methods
- 10.15 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 10.2.1 Time1 Class Declaration
- Section 10.2.2 Using Class Time1
- Section 10.3 Controlling Access to Members
- Section 10.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference
- Section 10.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors
- Section 10.5.1 Class Time2 with Overloaded Constructors
- Section 10.6 Default and Parameterless Constructors
- Section 10.7 Composition
- Section 10.8 Garbage Collection and Destructors
- Section 10.9 static Class Members
- Section 10.10 readonly Instance Variables
- Section 10.11.1 Using the Class View Window
- Section 10.11.2 Using the Object Browser
- Section 10.12 Object Initializers
- Section 10.13 Operator Overloading; Introducing struct
- Section 10.13.1 Creating Value Types with struct
- Section 10.13.2 Value Type ComplexNumber
- Section 10.14 Time Class Case Study: Extension Methods
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance
- Objectives
- Outline
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
- 11.3 protected Members
- 11.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes
- 11.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class
- 11.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance
- 11.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee––BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
- 11.4.4 CommissionEmployee––BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables
- 11.4.5 CommissionEmployee––BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables
- 11.5 Constructors in Derived Classes
- 11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance
- 11.7 Class object
- 11.8 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 11.1 Introduction
- Section 11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
- Section 11.3 protected Members
- Section 11.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class
- Section 11.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance
- Section 11.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
- Section 11.4.4CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables
- Section 11.4.5CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables
- Section 11.5 Constructors in Derived Classes
- Section 11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance
- Section 11.7 Class object
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 12 OOP: Polymorphism and Interfaces
- Objectives
- Outline
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Polymorphism Examples
- 12.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior
- 12.4 Abstract Classes and Methods
- 12.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
- 12.5.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee
- 12.5.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee
- 12.5.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee
- 12.5.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee
- 12.5.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
- 12.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator is and Downcasting
- 12.5.7 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Variables
- 12.6 sealed Methods and Classes
- 12.7 Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces
- 12.7.1 Developing an IPayable Hierarchy
- 12.7.2 Declaring Interface IPayable
- 12.7.3 Creating Class Invoice
- 12.7.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface IPayable
- 12.7.5 Using Interface IPayable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically
- 12.7.6 Common Interfaces of the .NET Framework Class Library
- 12.8 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 12.1 Introduction
- Section 12.2 Polymorphism Examples
- Section 12.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior
- Section 12.4 Abstract Classes and Methods
- Section 12.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
- Section 12.6 sealed Methods and Classes
- Section 12.7 Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercise
- 13 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling
- 13.3 Example: Handling DivideByZeroExceptions and FormatExceptions
- 13.4 .NET Exception Hierarchy
- 13.5 finally Block
- 13.6 The using Statement
- 13.7 Exception Properties
- 13.8 User-Defined Exception Classes
- 13.9 Checking for null References; Introducing C# 6’s References; Introducing C# 6’s ?. Operator
- 13.10 Exception Filters and the C# 6 when Clause
- 13.11 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 13.1 Introduction
- Section 13.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling
- Section 13.2.1 Dividing By Zero
- Section 13.2.2 Enter a Non-Numeric Denominator
- Section 13.3.1 Enclosing Code in a try Block
- Section 13.3.2 Catching Exceptions
- Section 13.3.3 Uncaught Exceptions
- Section 13.3.4 Termination Model of Exception Handling
- Section 13.3.5 Flow of Control When Exceptions Occur
- Section 13.4 .NET Exception Hierarchy
- Section 13.4.1 Class SystemException
- Section 13.5 finally Block
- Section 13.5.1 Moving Resource-Release Code to a finally Block
- Section 13.6 The using Statement
- Section 13.7 Exception Properties
- Section 13.7.1 Property InnerException
- Section 13.7.3 Demonstrating Exception Properties and Stack Unwinding
- Section 13.8 User-Defined Exception Classes
- Section 13.9.1 Null-Conditional Operator (?.)
- Section 13.9.3 Nullable Types
- Section 13.9.4 Null Coalescing Operator (??)
- Section 13.10 Exception Filters and the C# 6 when Clause
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 14 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 1
- Objectives
- Outline
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Windows Forms
- 14.3 Event Handling
- 14.4 Control Properties and Layout
- 14.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons
- 14.6 GroupBoxes and Panels
- 14.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons
- 14.8 PictureBoxes
- 14.9 ToolTips
- 14.10 NumericUpDown Control
- 14.11 Mouse-Event Handling
- 14.12 Keyboard-Event Handling
- 14.13 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 14.1 Introduction
- Section 14.2 Windows Forms
- Section 14.3 Event Handling
- Section 14.3.1 A Simple Event-Driven GUI
- Section 14.3.2 Auto-Generated GUI Code
- Section 14.3.3 Delegates and the Event-Handling Mechanism
- Section 14.3.4 Another Way to Create Event Handlers
- Section 14.3.5 Locating Event Information
- Section 14.4 Control Properties and Layout
- Section 14.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons
- Section 14.6 GroupBoxes and Panels
- Section 14.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons
- Section 14.8 PictureBoxes
- Section 14.9 ToolTips
- Section 14.10 NumericUpDown Control
- Section 14.11 Mouse-Event Handling
- Section 14.12 Keyboard-Event Handling
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 15 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 2
- Objectives
- Outline
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Menus
- 15.3 MonthCalendar Control
- 15.4 DateTimePicker Control
- 15.5 LinkLabel Control
- 15.6 ListBox Control
- 15.7 CheckedListBox Control
- 15.8 ComboBox Control
- 15.9 TreeView Control
- 15.10 ListView Control
- 15.11 TabControl Control
- 15.12 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows
- 15.13 Visual Inheritance
- 15.14 User-Defined Controls
- 15.15 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 15.2 Menus
- Section 15.3 MonthCalendar Control
- Section 15.4 DateTimePicker Control
- Section 15.5 LinkLabel Control
- Section 15.6 ListBox Control
- Section 15.7 CheckedListBox Control
- Section 15.8 ComboBox Control
- Section 15.9 TreeView Control
- Section 15.10 ListView Control
- Section 15.11 TabControl Control
- Section 15.12 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows
- Section 15.13 Visual Inheritance
- Section 15.14 User-Defined Controls
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 16 Strings and Characters: A Deeper Look
- Objectives
- Outline
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings
- 16.3 string Constructors
- 16.4 string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method
- 16.5 Comparing strings
- 16.6 Locating Characters and Substrings in strings
- 16.7 Extracting Substrings from strings
- 16.8 Concatenating strings
- 16.9 Miscellaneous string Methods
- 16.10 Class StringBuilder
- 16.11 Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder
- 16.12 Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder
- 16.13 Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder
- 16.14 Char Methods
- 16.15 Introduction to Regular Expressions (Online)
- 16.16 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 16.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings
- Section 16.3 string Constructors
- Section 16.4 string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method
- Section 16.5 Comparing strings
- Section 16.6 Locating Characters and Substrings in strings
- Section 16.7 Extracting Substrings from strings
- Section 16.8 Concatenating strings
- Section 16.10 Class StringBuilder
- Section 16.11 Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder
- Section 16.12 Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder
- Section 16.13 Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder
- Section 16.14 Char Methods
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 17 Files and Streams
- Objectives
- Outline
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Files and Streams
- 17.3 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File
- 17.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File
- 17.5 Case Study: Credit-Inquiry Program
- 17.6 Serialization
- 17.7 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization
- 17.8 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File
- 17.9 Classes File and Directory
- 17.10 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 17.1 Introduction
- Section 17.2 Files and Streams
- Section 17.3 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File
- Section 17.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File
- Section 17.5 Case Study: Credit-Inquiry Program
- Section 17.6 Serialization
- Section 17.7 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization
- Section 17.8 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File
- Section 17.9 Classes File and Directory
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Making-a-Difference Exercises
- 18 Searching and Sorting
- 19 Custom Linked Data Structures
- 20 Generics
- 21 Generic Collections; Functional Programming with LINQ/PLINQ
- Objectives
- Outline
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Collections Overview
- 21.3 Class Array and Enumerators
- 21.3.1 C# 6 using static Directive
- 21.3.2 Class UsingArray’s ’s static Fields
- 21.3.3 Array Method Sort
- 21.3.4 Array Method Copy
- 21.3.5 Array Method BinarySearch
- 21.3.6 Array Method GetEnumerator and Interface IEnumerator
- 21.3.7 Iterating Over a Collection with foreach
- 21.3.8 Array Methods Clear, IndexOf, LastIndexOf and Reverse
- 21.4 Dictionary Collections
- 21.5 Generic LinkedList Collection
- 21.6 C# 6 Null Conditional Operator ?[]
- 21.7 C# 6 Dictionary Initializers and Collection Initializers
- 21.8 Delegates
- 21.9 Lambda Expressions
- 21.10 Introduction to Functional Programming
- 21.11 Functional Programming with LINQ Method-Call Syntax and Lambdas
- 21.12 PLINQ: Improving LINQ to Objects Performance with Multicore
- 21.13 (Optional) Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types
- 21.14 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 21.1 Introduction
- Section 21.2 Collections Overview
- Section 21.3 Class Array and Enumerators
- Section 21.3.1 C# 6 using static Directive
- Section 21.3.3 Array Method Sort
- Section 21.3.4 Array Method Copy
- Section 21.3.5 Array Method BinarySearch
- Section 21.3.6 Array Method GetEnumerator and Interface IEnumerator
- Section 21.3.7 Iterating Over a Collection with foreach
- Section 21.3.8 Array Methods Clear, IndexOf, LastIndexOf and Reverse
- Section 21.4 Dictionary Collections
- Section 21.4.1 Dictionary Fundamentals
- Section 21.4.2 Using the SortedDictionary Collection
- Section 21.5 Generic LinkedList Collection
- Section 21.6 C# 6 Null Conditional Operator ?[]
- Section 21.7 C# 6 Dictionary Initializers and Collection Initializers
- Section 21.8 Delegates
- Section 21.8.1 Declaring a Delegate Type
- Section 21.8.2 Declaring a Delegate Variable
- Section 21.8.3 Delegate Parameters
- Section 21.8.4 Passing a Method Name Directly to a Delegate Parameter
- Section 21.9 Lambda Expressions
- Section 21.9.1 Expression Lambdas
- Section 21.9.2 Assigning Lambdas to Delegate Variables
- Section 21.9.3 Explicitly Typed Lambda Parameters
- Section 21.9.4 Statement Lambdas
- Section 21.10 Introduction to Functional Programming
- Section 21.11 Functional Programming with LINQ Method-Call Syntax and Lambdas
- Section 21.11.1 LINQ Extension Methods Min, Max, Sum and Average
- Section 21.11.2 Aggregate Extension Method for Reduction Operations
- Section 21.11.3 The Where Extension Method for Filtering Operations
- Section 21.11.4 Select Extension Method for Mapping Operations
- Section 21.12 PLINQ: Improving LINQ to Objects Performance with Multicore
- Section 21.13 (Optional) Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 22 Databases and LINQ
- Objectives
- Outline
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Relational Databases
- 22.3 A Books Database
- 22.4 LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework
- 22.5 Querying a Database with LINQ
- 22.5.1 Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library
- 22.5.2 Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model
- 22.5.3 Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model
- Step 1: Adding a Data Source for the Authors Table
- Step 2: Creating GUI Elements
- Step 3: Connecting the Data Source to the authorBindingSource
- Creating the DbContext Object
- DisplayAuthorsTable_Load Event Handler
- authorBindingNavigatorSaveItem_Click Event Handler: Saving Modifications to the Database
- 22.6 Dynamically Binding Query Results
- 22.7 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ
- 22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App
- 22.9 Address Book Case Study
- 22.9.1 Creating the Address Book App’s GUI Creating the Address Book App’s GUI
- Step 1: Creating a Class Library Project for the Entity Data Model
- Step 2: Creating a Windows Forms Application Project for the AddressBook App
- Step 3: Adding the Address Object as a Data Source
- Step 4: Displaying the Details of Each Row
- Step 5: Dragging the Address Data-Source Node to the Form
- Step 5: Making the AddressID TextBox ReadOnly
- Step 6: Adding Controls to Allow Users to Specify a Last Name to Locate
- Step 7: Allowing the User to Return to Browsing All Rows of the Database
- 22.9.2 Coding the Address Book App
- 22.9.1 Creating the Address Book App’s GUI Creating the Address Book App’s GUI
- 22.10 Tools and Web Resources
- 22.11 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 22.1 Introduction
- Section 22.2 Relational Databases
- Section 22.3 A Books Database
- Section 22.4 LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework
- Section 22.5 Querying a Database with LINQ
- Section 22.5.1 Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library
- Section 22.5.2 Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model
- Section 22.5.3 Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model
- Section 22.6 Dynamically Binding Query Results
- Section 22.7 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ
- Section 22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App
- Section 22.9 Address Book Case Study
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- 23 Asynchronous Programming with async and await
- Objectives
- Outline
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Basics of async and await
- 23.3 Executing an Asynchronous Task from a GUI App
- 23.4 Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
- 23.5 Asynchronous Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
- 23.6 Invoking a Flickr Web Service Asynchronously with HttpClient
- 23.6.1 Using Class HttpClient to Invoke a Web Service
- 23.6.2 Invoking the Flickr Web Service’s Invoking the Flickr Web Service’s flickr.photos.search Method
- 23.6.3 Processing the XML Response
- 23.6.4 Binding the Photo Titles to the ListBox
- 23.6.5 Asynchronously Downloading an Image’s BytesAsynchronously Downloading an Image’s Bytes
- 23.7 Displaying an Asynchronous Task’s ProgressDisplaying an Asynchronous Task’s Progress
- 23.8 Wrap-Up
- Summary
- Section 23.1 Introduction
- Section 23.2.1 async Modifier
- Section 23.2.2 await Expression
- Section 23.2.3 async, await and Threads
- Section 23.3.1 Performing a Task Asynchronously
- Section 23.3.2 Method calculateButton_Click
- Section 23.3.3 Task Method Run: Executing Asynchronously in a Separate Thread
- Section 23.3.4 awaiting the Result
- Section 23.3.5 Calculating the Next Fibonacci Value Synchronously
- Section 23.4 Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
- Section 23.5 Asynchronous Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
- Section 23.5.1 awaiting Multiple Tasks with Task Method WhenAll
- Section 23.5.3 Modifying a GUI from a Separate Thread
- Section 23.5.4 awaiting One of Several Tasks with Task Method WhenAny
- Section 23.6 Invoking a Flickr Web Service Asynchronously with HttpClient
- Section 23.6.1 Using Class HttpClient to Invoke a Web Service
- Section 23.6.2 Invoking the Flickr Web Service’s Invoking the Flickr Web Service’s flickr.photos.search Method
- Section 23.6.3 Processing the XML Response
- Section 23.6.4 Binding the Photo Titles to the ListBox
- Section 23.6.5 Asynchronously Downloading an Image’s Bytes Asynchronously Downloading an Image’s Bytes
- Section 23.7 Displaying an Asynchronous Task’s Progress Displaying an Asynchronous Task’s Progress
- Terminology
- Self-Review Exercises
- Exercises
- Chapters on the Web
- A Operator Precedence Chart
- B Simple Types
- C ASCII Character Set
- Appendices on the Web
- Index
20 Generics
Objectives
In this chapter you’ll:
Create generic methods that perform identical tasks on arguments of different types.
Create a generic
Stackclass that can be used to store objects of a specific type.Understand how to overload generic methods with nongeneric methods or with other generic methods.
Understand the kinds of constraints that can be applied to a type parameter.
Apply multiple constraints to a type parameter.
-
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