17.5. Analysis of Physicochemical Properties
The quality of biodiesel and its feedstocks must be expressed in terms of fuel properties, such as cetane number, calorific value (kJ/kg), density (kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (mm2/s), cloud and pour points (°C), flash point (°C), cold filter plugging point (°C), acid value (mg KOH/g oil), ash content (%), copper corrosion, carbon residue, water content and sediment, sulfur content, glycerin (% m/m), phosphorus (mg/kg), and oxidation stability. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuel basically depend on the type of feedstock and their fatty oil composition [34,45,61]. The important physicochemical properties of the crude oils and their respective methyl esters are tested according to ASTM D 6751 standard. Table 17.1 shows the findings of physicochemical properties of various edible and nonedible feedstocks.
Table 17.1
Physicochemical Properties of Various Edible and Nonedible Biodiesel Feedstocks [8,17,47,48,50,62,63]
| Property | CCIO | CCIO | CJCO | CJCO | CSFO | CSFO | CMOO | CMOO | CCMO | CCMO | |
| 1 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 40°C | 55.677 | 71.98 | 48.091 | 47–54.8 | 75.913 | 49.7 | 43.4680 | 43.2 | 29.8440 | 64 |
| 2 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 100°C | 9.5608 | – | 9.1039 | – | 13.608 | – | 9.0256 | – | 7.2891 | – |
| 3 | Dynamic viscosity (mPa s) at 40°C | 51.311 | – | 43.543 | – | 69.408 | – | 38.9970 | – | 27.1570 | – |
| 4 | Viscosity index (VI) | 165.4 | – | 174.10 | – | 184.80 | – | 195.20 | – | 224.20 | – |
| 5 | Flash point (°C) | 236.5 | 221 | 258.5 | 210–240 | 246.5 | 158 | 263 | – | 235 | – |
| 6 | Cold filter plugging point (°C) | 26 | – | 21 | – | 29 | – | 18 | – | 10 | – |
| 7 | Density (g/cm³) at 40°C | 0.9216 | – | 0.9055 | – | 0.9143 | – | 0.8971 | – | 0.9100 | – |
| 8 | Acid Value (mg KOH/g oil) | 41.74 | 44 | 17.63 | 0.92–6.16 | 9.49 | 0.36 | 8.62 | – | 12.07 | 3.343 |
| 9 | Calorific value (kJ/kg) | 38,511 | 39,25 | 38,961 | 37,830–42,050 | 39,793 | 39,650 | N/D | – | N/D | – |
| 10 | Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50°C) | 1a | – | 1a | – | 1a | – | 1a | – | 1a | – |
| 11 | Refractive index | 1.4784 | – | 1.4652 | – | 1.4651 | – | 1.4661 | – | 1.4741 | – |
| 12 | Transmission (%T) | 34.7 | – | 61.8 | – | 26.6 | – | 69.2 | – | 87.5 | – |
| 13 | Absorbance (abs) | 0.46 | – | 0.209 | – | 0.574 | – | 0.16 | – | 0.058 | – |
| 14 | Oxidation stability (h at 110°C) | 0.23 | – | 0.32 | 15.6 | 0.15 | – | 41.75 | 90.8 | 0.14 | – |
| 15 | pH at 26°C | 4.60 | – | 4.83 | – | 4.84 | – | N/D | – | N/D | – |
| Property | CCO | CCO | CPO | CPO | CSO | CSO | CCaO | CCaO | CPEO | CMO | |
| 1 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 40°C | 27.640 | 27.26 | 41.932 | 44.79 | 31.7390 | 28.87 | 35.706 | 34.72 | 27.175 | 132.750 |
| 2 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 100°C | 5.9404 | – | 8.496 | – | 7.6295 | – | 8.5180 | – | 6.6407 | 20.624 |
| 3 | Dynamic viscosity (mPa s) at 40°C | 25.123 | – | 37.731 | – | 28.796 | – | 32.286 | – | 24.393 | 122.810 |
| 4 | Viscosity index (VI) | 168.5 | – | 185.0 | – | 223.2 | – | 213.5 | – | 216.20 | 179.9 |
| 5 | Flash point (°C) | 264.5 | – | 254.5 | 267 | 280.5 | 254 | 290.5 | 246.5 | – | 192.5 |
| 6 | Cold filter plugging point (°C) | 22 | – | 23 | – | 13 | – | 15 | – | – | – |
| 7 | Density (g/cm³) at 40°C | 0.9089 | – | 0.8998 | – | 0.9073 | – | 0.9042 | – | 0.8976 | 0.9251 |
| 8 | Acid Value (mg KOH/g oil) | N/D | – | N/D | – | N/D | – | N/D | – | 19.62 | 2.08 |
| 9 | Calorific value (kJ/kg) | 37,806 | – | 39,867 | – | 39,579 | 39,600 | 39,751 | 39,700 | 39,523 | 38,682 |
| 10 | Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50°C) | 1a | – | 1a | – | 1a | – | 1a | – | – | – |
| 11 | Refractive index | 1.4545 | – | 1.4642 | – | 1.4725 | – | 1.471 | – | 1.4683 | 1.487 |
| Table Continued | |||||||||||
| Property | CCO | CCO | CPO | CPO | CSO | CSO | CCaO | CCaO | CPEO | CMO | |
| 12 | Transmission (%T) | 91.2 | – | 63.2 | – | 65.2 | – | 62.9 | – | 86.1 | 89.3 |
| 13 | Absorbance (abs) | 0.04 | – | 0.199 | – | 0.186 | – | 0.202 | – | 0.064 | 0.049 |
| 14 | Oxidation stability (h at 110°C) | 6.93 | 92.23 | 0.08 | 2.7 | 6.09 | – | 5.64 | 14.1 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
| 15 | pH at 26°C | 6.71 | – | N/D | – | N/D | – | 5.60 | – | – | – |
| Property | CAPO | TPSO | |
| 1 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 40°C | 35.093 | 470.42 |
| 2 | Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) at 100°C | 7.2547 | – |
| 3 | Dynamic viscosity (mPa s) at 40°C | 32.159 | – |
| 4 | Viscosity index (VI) | 177.9 | – |
| 5 | Flash point (°C) | N/D | 190 |
| 6 | Cold filter plugging point (°C) | N/D | – |
| 7 | Density (g/cm³) at 40°C | 0.9164 | – |
| 8 | Acid value (mg KOH/g oil) | 26.7 | 4.7 |
| 9 | Calorific value (kJ/kg) | 38,729 | – |
| 10 | Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50°C) | N/D | – |
| 11 | Refractive index | 1.4789 | – |
| 12 | Transmission (%T) | 61.6 | – |
| 13 | Absorbance (abs) | 0.209 | – |
| 14 | Oxidation stability (h at 110°C) | 0.09 | – |
| 15 | pH at 26°C | 6.71 | – |
Table 17.2 shows the physicochemical properties of the biodiesels from different edible and nonedible oils.
Moreover, Table 17.3 presents a comparison of some physicochemical properties of edible and nonedible biodiesel relative to palm oil biodiesel (PB) as the baseline fuel.
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