Appendix A. Unit Conversion Constants1
1Selected from David M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1982).
Volume Equivalents
in3 |
ft3 |
U.S. gal |
L |
m3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
5.787 × 10−4 |
4.329 × 10−3 |
1.639 × 10−2 |
1.639 × 10−5 |
1728 |
1 |
7.481 |
28.32 |
2.832 × 10−2 |
231 |
0.1337 |
1 |
3.785 |
3.785 × 10−3 |
61.03 |
3.531 × 10−2 |
0.2642 |
1 |
1.000 × 10−3 |
6.102 × 104 |
35.31 |
264.2 |
1000 |
1 |
Mass Equivalents
avoirdupois oz. |
lbm |
grains |
g |
kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
6.25 × 10−2 |
437.5 |
28.35 |
2.835 × 10−2 |
16 |
1 |
7000 |
453.592 |
0.453592 |
2.286 × 10−3 |
1.429 × 10−4 |
1 |
6.48 × 10−2 |
6.48 × 10−5 |
3.527 × 10−2 |
2.20 × 10−3 |
15.432 |
1 |
0.001 |
35.27 |
2.20 |
15,432 |
1000 |
1 |
Linear Measure
m |
in |
ft |
mi |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
39.37 |
3.2808 |
6.214 × 10−4 |
2.54 × 10−2 |
1 |
8.333 × 10−2 |
1.58 × 10−5 |
0.3048 |
12 |
1 |
1.8939 × 10−4 |
1609 |
6.336 × 104 |
5280 |
1 |
Power Equivalents
HP |
kW |
ft–lbf /s |
Btu/s |
J/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
0.7457 |
550 |
0.7068 |
745.7 |
1.341 |
1 |
737.56 |
0.9478 |
1000 |
1.818 × 10−3 |
1.356 × 10−3 |
1 |
1.285 × 10−3 |
1.356 |
1.415 |
1.055 |
778.16 |
1 |
1055 |
1.341 × 10−3 |
1.000 × 10−3 |
0.7376 |
9.478 × 10−4 |
1 |
Heat, Energy, or Work Equivalents
ft–lbf |
kW hr |
HP hr |
Btu |
cal |
J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
3.766 × 10−7 |
5.0505 × 10−7 |
1.285 × 10−3 |
0.3241 |
1.356 |
2.655 × 106 |
1 |
1.341 |
3412.8 |
8.6057 × 105 |
3.6 × 106 |
1.98 × 106 |
0.7455 |
1 |
2545 |
6.4162 × 105 |
2.6845 × 106 |
778.16 |
2.930 × 10−4 |
3.930 × 10−4 |
1 |
252 |
1055 |
3.086 |
1.162 × 10−6 |
1.558 × 10−6 |
3.97 × 10−3 |
1 |
4.184 |
0.7376 |
2.773 × 10−7 |
3.725 × 10−7 |
9.484 × 10−4 |
0.2390 |
1 |
Pressure Equivalents
mm Hg |
in Hg |
bar |
atm |
kPa |
psia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
3.937 × 10−2 |
1.333 × 10−3 |
1.316 × 10−3 |
0.1333 |
1.934 × 10−2 |
25.40 |
1 |
0.03387 |
3.342 × 10−2 |
3.387 |
0.4912 |
750.06 |
29.53 |
1 |
0.9869 |
100.0 |
14.504 |
760.0 |
29.92 |
1.013 |
1 |
101.3 |
14.696 |
7.502 |
0.2954 |
0.01000 |
9.872 × 10−3 |
1 |
0.1450 |
51.71 |
2.036 |
6.893 × 10−2 |
6.805 × 10−2 |
6.893 |
1 |
Ideal Gas Constant, Rg
1.9872 cal/mole K |
1.9872 BTU/lb-mole °R |
8.3143 J/mol K = 0.0083143 kJ/mol K |
10.731 psia ft3/lb-mole °R |
8.3143 kPa m3/kg-mole K |
8.3143 × 10−2 bar m3/kg-mole K = 8.3143 × 10−5 bar m3/mol K |
82.057 cm3 atm/mol K = 8.2057 × 10−5 m3 atm/mol K |
0.082057 L atm/mol K = 0.082057 m3 atm/kg-mole K |
21.9 (in Hg) ft3/lb-mole °R |
0.7302 ft3 atm/lb-mole °R |
1545.3 ft lbf /lb-mole °R |
8.314 × 103 kg m2/kg-mole s2 K = 8.314 × 103 N m/kg-mole s2 K |
8.314 N m/mol K |
Gravitational Constant, gc
32.174 ft-lbm/lbfs2 |
1 kg m/s2 N = 1 kg/Pa m s2 = 1 J s2/kg m2 =105 kg/bar m s2 |
1 g cm/s2 dyne |
Acceleration Due to Gravity, g
32.174 ft/s2 = 9.80665 m/s2 |
Miscellaneous
1 N = 1 kg m/s2 1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg m2/s2 1 Poise = 100 centipoise (cp) = 0.1 kg/m s = 0.1 Pa s = 0.1 N s/m2 1 centipoise (cp) = 1 × 10−3 kg/m s = 2.4191 lbm/ft hr = 6.7197 × 10−4 lbm/ft s 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101,325 Pa = 1.013 bar = 29.92 in Hg = 33.91 ft of water = 10.33 m of water Avogadro’s number = 6.02214 × 1023 /mol 1 U.S. gal = 0.8327 Imperial gal |