|
|
Heat of combustion (kJ/mol) |
Flammability limita (vol. % fuel in air) |
Flash point temperaturea °C |
Autoignition temperaturea °C |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound |
Formula |
Lowera |
Upperb |
LFL |
UFL |
||
Paraffin hydrocarbons |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methane |
CH4 |
−802.3 |
−890.3 |
5.0 |
15.0 |
−188 |
600 |
Ethane |
C2H6 |
−1428.6 |
−1559.8 |
3.0 |
12.5 |
−135 |
515 |
Propane |
C3H8 |
−2043.1 |
−2219.9 |
2.1 |
9.5 |
−104 |
450 |
Butane |
C4H10 |
−2657.5 |
−2877.5 |
1.8 |
8.5 |
−60 |
405 |
Isobutane |
C4H10 |
−2649.0 |
−2869.0 |
1.8 |
8.4 |
−83 |
460 |
Pentane |
C5H12 |
−3245.0 |
−3536.6 |
1.4 |
7.8 |
−40 |
260 |
Isopentane |
C5H12 |
−3240.3 |
−3527.6 |
1.4 |
7.6 |
−57 |
420 |
Neopentane |
C5H12 |
−3250.4 |
−3514.1 |
1.4 |
7.5 |
−65 |
450 |
Hexane |
C6H14 |
−3855.2 |
−4194.5 |
1.2 |
7.5 |
−23 |
234 |
Heptane |
C7H16 |
−4464.9 |
−4780.6 |
1.0 |
7.0 |
−4 |
223 |
2,3-Dimethylpentane |
C7H16 |
−4460.7 |
−4842.3 |
1.1 |
6.7 |
−15 |
337 |
Octane |
C8H18 |
−5074.1 |
−5511.6 |
0.8 |
6.5 |
13 |
220 |
Nonane |
C9H20 |
−5685.1 |
− |
0.7 |
5.6 |
31 |
206 |
Decane |
C10H22 |
−6294.2 |
−6737.0 |
0.8 |
5.4 |
46 |
208 |
Olefins |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ethylene |
C2H4 |
−1322.6 |
−1411.2 |
2.7 |
36.0 |
−136 |
450 |
Propylene |
C3H6 |
−1925.7 |
−2057.3 |
2.0 |
11.0 |
−108 |
455 |
1-Butene |
C4H8 |
−2541.2 |
−2716.8 |
1.6 |
9.3 |
−79 |
384 |
2-Butene |
C4H8 |
−2534.4 |
−2708.2 |
1.8 |
9.7 |
−74 |
324 |
1-Pentene |
C5H10 |
−3129.7 |
−3361.4 |
1.5 |
8.7 |
−18 |
273 |
Acetylenes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acetylene |
C2H2 |
−1255.6 |
−1299.6 |
2.5 |
80.0 |
−18 |
305 |
Aromatics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benzene |
C6H6 |
−3135.6 |
−3301.4 |
1.4 |
7.1 |
−11 |
562 |
Toluene |
C7H8 |
−3733.9 |
−3947.9 |
1.2 |
7.1 |
4 |
536 |
o-Xylene |
C8H10 |
−4332.8 |
−4567.6 |
1.0 |
6.0 |
17 |
464 |
Cyclic hydrocarbons |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyclopropane |
C3H6 |
−1959.3 |
−2091.3 |
2.4 |
10.4 |
−94 |
498 |
Cyclohexane |
C6H12 |
−3655.8 |
−3953.0 |
1.3 |
8.0 |
−20 |
260 |
Methylcyclohexane |
C7H14 |
−4257.1 |
−4600.7 |
1.2 |
7.2 |
−4 |
285 |
Phenol |
C6H6O |
−2921.4 |
|
1.8 |
8.6 |
79 |
715 |
Terpenes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turpentine |
C10H16 |
– |
– |
0.8 |
6.8 |
51 |
252 |
Alcohols |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methyl alcohol |
CH4O |
−638.1 |
−764.0 |
7.5 |
36.0 |
11 |
463 |
Ethyl alcohol |
C2H6O |
−1235.5 |
−1409.2 |
4.3 |
19.0 |
13 |
422 |
Allyl alcohol |
C3H6O |
−1731.9 |
−1912.2 |
2.5 |
18.0 |
21 |
378 |
n-Propanol |
C3H8O |
−1843.8 |
−2068.9 |
2.0 |
12.0 |
15 |
371 |
Isopropyl alcohol |
C3H8O |
−1830.0 |
−2051.0 |
2.0 |
12.0 |
12 |
399 |
n-Butyl alcohol |
C4H10O |
−2456.0 |
−2728.3 |
1.4 |
11.2 |
29 |
343 |
Isoamyl alcohol |
C5H12O |
−3062.3 |
– |
1.2 |
9.0 |
43 |
350 |
Aldehydes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formaldehyde |
CH2O |
−519.4 |
−570.8 |
7.0 |
73 |
−53 |
430 |
Acetaldehyde |
C2H4O |
−1104.6 |
|
1.6 |
10.4 |
−38 |
185 |
Acrolein |
C3H4O |
−1553.5 |
|
2.8 |
31.0 |
−26 |
234 |
Methacrolein |
C4H6O |
−2150.0 |
−2268.1 |
2.1 |
14.6 |
2 |
234 |
Furfural |
C5H4O2 |
−2249.7 |
−2340.9 |
2.1 |
19.3 |
60 |
316 |
Paraldehyde |
C6H12O3 |
−3125.2 |
– |
1.3 |
16.2 |
36 |
238 |
Ethers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diethyl ether |
C4H10O |
−2503.5 |
−2751.1 |
1.9 |
48.0 |
−45 |
180 |
Divinyl ether |
C4H6O |
−2260.0 |
−2416.2 |
1.7 |
27.0 |
−47 |
360 |
Disopropyl ether |
C6H14O |
−3702.3 |
−4043.0 |
1.4 |
21.0 |
−28 |
443 |
Ketones |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acetone |
C3H6O |
−1659.2 |
−1821.4 |
2.6 |
12.8 |
−18 |
538 |
Methyl ethyl ketone |
C4H8O |
−2261.6 |
−2478.7 |
1.8 |
10.0 |
−6 |
516 |
2-Pentanone |
C5H10O |
−2880.0 |
−3137.6 |
1.5 |
8.2 |
7 |
457 |
2-Hexanone |
C6H12O |
−3490.0 |
−3796.3 |
1.2 |
8.0 |
25 |
424 |
Acids |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acetic acid |
C2H4O2 |
−786.4 |
−926.1 |
5.4 |
16.0 |
43 |
427 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
HCN |
– |
– |
6.0 |
41.0 |
−18 |
538 |
Esters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methyl formate |
C2H4O2 |
−920.9 |
−1003.0 |
5.9 |
20.0 |
−19 |
456 |
Ethyl formate |
C3H6O2 |
−1507.0 |
−1638.8 |
2.7 |
13.5 |
−4 |
455 |
Methyl acetate |
C3H6O2 |
−1461.0 |
−1628.1 |
3.1 |
16.0 |
−10 |
502 |
Ethyl acetate |
C4H8O2 |
−2061.0 |
−2273.6 |
2.2 |
11.4 |
−4 |
427 |
Propyl acetate |
C5H10O2 |
−2672.0 |
– |
2.0 |
8.0 |
15 |
450 |
Isopropyl acetate |
C5H10O2 |
−2658.1 |
−2907.0 |
1.8 |
7.2 |
2 |
479 |
Butyl acetate |
C6H12O2 |
−3283.0 |
−3587.8 |
1.7 |
7.6 |
22 |
421 |
Isopentyl acetate |
C7H14O2 |
−3889.9 |
−4361.7 |
1.0 |
7.5 |
25 |
360 |
Inorganic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydrogen |
H2 |
−241.8 |
−285.8 |
4.0 |
75.0 |
– |
400 |
Ammonia |
NH3 |
– |
−382.6 |
16.0 |
25.0 |
– |
651 |
Oxides |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon monoxide |
CO |
−283.0 |
– |
12.5 |
74.0 |
– |
609 |
Ethylene oxide |
C2H4O |
−1218.0 |
−1264.0 |
3.0 |
– |
−55 |
429 |
Propylene oxide |
C3H6O |
−1785.3 |
– |
2.1 |
21.5 |
−37 |
465 |
Dioxane |
C4H8O2 |
−2178.8 |
– |
2.0 |
22.0 |
12 |
180 |
Sulfur containing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon disulfide |
CS2 |
−1104.2 |
−1104.2 |
1.3 |
50.0 |
−30 |
90 |
Hydrogen sulfide |
H2S |
− |
−562.6 |
4.3 |
45.0 |
– |
260 |
Chlorine containing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methyl chloride |
CH3Cl |
−675.4 |
−687.0 |
10.7 |
17.4 |
−66 |
632 |
Ethyl chloride |
C2H5Cl |
−1284.9 |
−1325.0 |
3.8 |
15.4 |
−50 |
519 |
Propyl chloride |
C3H7Cl |
−1864.6 |
−2001.3 |
2.8 |
10.7 |
−32 |
593 |
Butyl chloride |
C4H9Cl |
−2474.2 |
– |
1.8 |
10.1 |
−28 |
460 |
sec-Butyl chloride |
C4H9Cl |
−2465.2 |
– |
1.9 |
9.1 |
−5 |
– |
Amyl chloride |
C5H11Cl |
−3085.2 |
– |
1.6 |
8.6 |
13 |
260 |
Vinyl chloride |
C2H3Cl |
−1158.0 |
– |
3.6 |
33.0 |
−78 |
472 |
Chlorobenzene |
C6H5Cl |
−2976.1 |
– |
1.3 |
7.1 |
32 |
638 |
Ethylene dichloride |
C2H2Cl2 |
−994.5 |
−1133.8 |
5.6 |
12.8 |
4 |
460 |
Propylene dichloride |
C3H6Cl2 |
−1704.6 |
– |
3.4 |
14.5 |
16 |
557 |
Bromides |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methyl bromide |
CH3Br |
−705.4 |
−768.9 |
10.0 |
16.0 |
−44 |
537 |
Ethyl bromide |
C2H5Br |
−1284.4 |
−1424.6 |
6.7 |
11.3 |
−33 |
511 |
Amines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Methyl amine |
CH5N |
−975.1 |
−1085.1 |
4.9 |
20.7 |
−58 |
430 |
Ethyl amine |
C2H7N |
−1587.4 |
−1739.9 |
3.5 |
14.0 |
−46 |
384 |
Dimethyl amine |
C2H7N |
−1614.6 |
−1768.9 |
2.8 |
14.4 |
−50 |
400 |
Propyl amine |
C3H9N |
−2164.8 |
−2396.6 |
2.0 |
10.4 |
−12 |
318 |
Diethyl amine |
C4H11N |
−2800.3 |
−3074.3 |
1.8 |
10.1 |
−26 |
312 |
Trimethyl amine |
C3H9N |
−2244.9 |
−2443.0 |
2.0 |
11.6 |
−7 |
190 |
Triethyl amine |
C6H15N |
−4044.5 |
−4134.5 |
1.2 |
8.0 |
−12 |
– |
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acrylonitrile |
C3H3N |
−1690.0 |
−1789.1 |
2.4 |
17.3 |
0 |
481 |
Aniline |
C6H7N |
−3238.5 |
– |
1.3 |
11 |
70 |
617 |
Diborane |
B2H6 |
– |
– |
0.8 |
98 |
−90 |
52 |
Methyl methacrylate |
C5H8O2 |
−2546.8 |
|
2.1 |
12.5 |
11 |
– |
Styrene |
C8H8 |
−4219.3 |
−4438.8 |
1.1 |
6.1 |
32 |
490 |
Gasoline |
|
|
|
1.4 |
7.6 |
−43 |
|
aCarl L. Yaws. Chemical Properties Handbook (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1999).
bT. Suziki. “Note: Empirical Relationship between Lower Flammability Limits and Standard Enthalpies of Combustion of Organic Compounds,” Fire and Materials 18 (1994): 333–336, 393–397.