Indices
Connie Tyler
Subject index
actions 210, 211, 274; patterns of 9, 10; system of 3, 4, 13
activities with peers 154, 155
activity clusters: and media use 85–92, 95
activity patterns 218
actors 288
adaption: categories of 219, 220, 235–6
adaptive behaviour: media use as 116, 128
adolescence 269; and anticipatory socialization 186–7; control of own media use 63, 65, 72–3; development of TV viewing and listening to music 60, 62, 64, 65; importance of music 57; relative TV use 105–16; shift in media use 99–100
adolescent activities: behavioural 93; circumplex of 76, 77, 79, 93, 94; dimensions of 79–85; stability and change 57–8, 95–6
adolescents 36; acquisition of own TVs 64, 73; changes in viewing habits 60; cultural shifts 95; meaning of mass media to 76–7; media use changed and reorganized 116–22; music preferences 190, 191; parent vs. friend distinction 93–4; study of self-image 150–79
age 8, 50, 69–70, 72, 138–9; and media use 60–7, 101–16, 120, 138–9; and self-image 158, 159, 161, 163, 176, 298
age-related effects 52, 53, 58, 100, 102, 300; becoming a generational effect 66, 73; media habits 60–6
agency 304; and structure 8–13, 299, 302–5
agents: dominated 303, see also socialization, agents of aggressiveness 141–4
artefacts: system of 3, 4, 13; methodological 57–60
aspiration/possibility mismatch 188
assertiveness: difficult for girls 170, 173
bad taste 272
biographies: individual 274, 287–8, 289
book reading 119–20; and cinema going 122; negative relations of 119, 120, 122
boys: effect of neighbourhood status 176; media use 70, 71; self-image 158–9, 161, 163–4, 170, 173, 178; TV viewing and self-esteem 176–7
capital 277
Note: Those page numbers which are italicized are figures; those emboldened are plates.
child: as an active individual 150–1
children: attitudes shaped by parents 123; and reference groups 185–6; self-image of 152
choice: personal 304
cinema (film) 119, 250, 254, 257–8, 259; and book reading 122; threats to 33
circle effects 153; positive and negative 169–70
class 8, 50, 72, 136, 156, 266, 267, 270, 298, 300; dominant 277; and media use 67–71, 68; and music 68, 69, 69, 70, 191; and self-image 158, 159; and TV viewing 68, 70, 73, 136
classical music 196, 197, 201, 259; and educational achievement 195; and educational climbers 199, 200, 201
‘Climbers’ 146
cluster analysis: of media use 85–92
coercion 163
combined panel/cross-sectional design/ studies 57, 52–3, 72, 98, 146, 298
comics 122
commercial television 34; access to 59
commercials: and aggression 144
communication 5; in single-parent families 218–19, see also family communication climate communism 15
community: sense of 162
comparisons: using combined panel/ cross-sectional design 52
conflict/consensus 10–11, 11–12
consequences see effects studies consumer society 267, 271; and new middle class 278
consumption: actual 53; cultural 288; stability in 57–8
CTV (cable TV) 59–60, 64, 73, 97, 99, 103, 109, 117, 119, 299; and social class 71; widespread viewing 60–1
CTV/satellite viewing 59–60, 63
cultural: analysis 280; competence 252; formations 279; indicators 14; intermediaries, new 278; practices 279–80, 282; symbols 267; system 3; tastes 254
culture 3–28, 242, 243, 267, 275; commercial forms 287–8; contemporary, and identity 289–90; depthless culture 272; everyday, of young people 244; everyday/mass culture boundary, effacement of 272, 273, 275; and identity 214; late modern 272, 285; mass-produced 267; media and society 299–300; and values 209–10; values, norms and material goods 209–10
culture and society, postmodern theories of 267–8
declassing/down classing: and music taste 192; struggle against 188
depthless culture 272
desire 290
desire/values relation 290
development 298; individual 218, 221, 235; social 123, 218, 221, 235
development theory 58
developmental (knowledge/self-actualizing) values 214, 221, 222, 283
diagonal comparisons 52
dominance: cultural 277; male 173; social 185
downwardly mobile 197, 199–200, 201, see also declassing/down classing dream-world/everyday life relation 291
dreams 177
driving forces 288
‘Droppers’ 146
dualism 8
ESM technique 53
Early Adopters 12
economic indicators 14
education 187–9; of mothers 160–1; social background and self–evaluation 170, 173; taste and cultural preference 189, see also schools educational achievement: and heavy metal 195
educational climbers 193, 199, 200
educational droppers 193, 199–200, 201
educational mobility 188, 193, 201; and music preferences 198–200
educational qualifications: importance of 188
educationally stationary 193, 199
electronic media: diffusion within 31, 32; output increasing 35
emergent phenomena 7
environment: in theory of human ecological development 150–2, 160
epiphenomena 303
exolevel (Bronfenbrenner) 151, 152
expectancy–value theory 303
external linkages 30
factor analysis: and lifestyle behaviours 79–80, 81, 82, 92–6
family 7, 151, 178, 185, 299, 301; as agent of socialization 233; important for self-image 160–1
family communication climate 11, 124, 126, 159, 160; concept–oriented 156, 151, 163–4, 218, 221; and the establishment of values and trust 233–6; and individual identity and lifestyle 216; measurement difficulties 218–19; socio-oriented 156, 151, 163–4, 218, 219, 233–6
family types: and self-image 162–4
fantasy/dreams 250–2, 254, 255, 258–60
fascism 15
finality/causality 143
formal models 297–8; differing from substantive theory 305
forms of life 9, 78, 135, 147, 208, 302, 305; see also lifestyle freedom and equality 75, 15
friend home activities 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93, 94
friend teen activities 80, 81, 84, 93
friends/sports/clubs 81, 83, 84, 93
gender 8, 50, 72, 95, 298, 300; and listening to music 68, 69, 73; and media use 67–71, 68, 136, 300; and negative relations 120; and self-evaluation 158–9, 161–4; social background and self-evaluation 170, 173; and TV viewing 68, 70, 73, 112, 113, 114, 136, 144; and use of CTV and VCR 71, see also boys; girls gender differences: in tastes and leisure activities 223, 232, 232–3; values/ value orientations related to 231, 232, 232
generational effects 52, 53, 58, 100, 103, 300; on media habits 65–6
gesture and speech: distinguishing feature 270
girls: effect of family status 176; media use 70, 71; self-image 158–9, 160–1, 164, 170, 173, 178; TV viewing and self-esteem 176–7
globalization: of Nordic media systems 31
‘great wheel of culture in society’ 4–5, 5, 33
grid/group 11
group status 184
Gutmann scale, reward systems 17, 18, 19
habits 286; of media consumption 53; of media use 120, see also media habits; media use, habitual habituation: process of 136, 138
heavy metal 195, 197, 199–201, 259
heavy rock 199
home environment: influencing media habits and relations 99
horizontal comparisons 52
horizontal linkages 7, 299; between societal institutions 20–1, 30; between societal subsystems 49
human action: variation in 50
human ecological development: Bronfenbrenner's model 150–2, 151, 177–8; theory of 150–2
Hume's Law 238
identity 184–5, 207, 208–9, 213–14, 227, 265, 269, 290; construction of 214; and contemporary culture 289–90; cultural 209; and integrating function 213–14; personal 209, 213, 216; social functions 213
identity crisis 273
immediacy 285
individual/society relation 214–15
individualism 287
individuality 285; in TV use 106–10
individualization 221, 266–7, 269, 287, 302; and symbolic democratization 272–3
individuals: affective 281–2; and agents of socialization 301–2; concept–oriented 237; constructing postmodern collages 275; functioning as social beings 231; and individual lifestyle 246–7; values, identity and lifestyle 211–12, 212–16, 236–7
individuation 209, 286, 287, 302
induction 163
industrial to post-industrial society change 29–30
infants 187; growth of 269; reference group for 185
innovation 12, 16; in the human lifespan 13–14; and mass media 17–20
Innovators 12
instability: in TV viewing and music consumption 102–3
intellectuals, new 278
interactional theory 152
interdependence/autonomy debates 7
intergenerational mobility 200–1
ipsative stability 98
‘Laissez-faire’ families 163
late modern society: popular culture and consumption 280
legal framework: regulating Swedish media 30–2
leisure activities 250–1, 252–3, 255–6, 257–8, 259–60, 261–2
leisure habits: changes in 56–7
liberal capitalism 15
life: forms of 208; ways/forms of 9, 78, 135, 147, 302, 305
life plans 249, 251, 253–4, 256, 257, 258, 261
life-plan calendars 268
lifestyle 9, 135, 146, 147, 207–8, 212–13, 281, 290; nineth century 270–1; and actions 210; affective perspective on 276, 279–82, 286; and attitudes 210; based on cluster analysis 85–92, 96; case studies 247–62; choice of 185; cognitive value perspective on 276, 282–4, 286, 289; complex 261–2; concepts and notions of 76, 265–8; development of 209, 214–15, 287, 288, 289; duality of 268–9; expressed/ defined by musical taste 66–7; general patterns and individual variations 244–5, 246–7, 262–3; ideal types of 246, 248, 262; indicators 218; individual 246–7, 248, 262, 305; individualization and individuation 287; and lifestyle variables 77–8; male and female 248–9; outer-and inner-directed 284–5; potential space of 274–5, 276, 288; power and status perspective 276, 277–9; repertoires 268; and self-identity 268–76, 278–9, 284, 289; social and symbolic space of 276–86, 288; and symbolic democratization 269–73; and trust 216; and values 210, 282–3; youth, importance of class and education 223
lifestyle behaviours, patterns in 76–96
lifestyle and identity, theory of 286–90
lifestyle research 290–1, 305; recent 303–4
lifeworld, structural components of 208
LISREL models: causal relations between TV consumption and TV viewing 136, 137; relative stability in media use 112–15; self-esteem in an ecological development perspective 171–2, 174–5
List of Values (LOV) 217
listening to music 49–50, 99; development of 62, 63–4, 64, 65; under structural change 54–9, see also music literary tastes 252, 257
living: ways of 208
macrolevel (Bronfenbrenner) 151, 152
macrosociology 243
magazines: popular, total circulation 33
mass communication 5, 16, 20; research 22
mass media 8, 270, 298, 300, 301, 335; as agents of socialization 16, 22, 238, 301; aspects and determinants of use 49–50; and the ecological model 151–2; enlargement of 97; functions of 30; individual use of 49–50, 303; as innovation producing institutions 17–20; public service 20; relations with other societal institutions 20–2; as transmitters of values 238; used by young people 147; structures, uses and effects 16–22
mass media use: adolescent 76, 77; aspects and determinants of 49–50
material system 3
materialism 235
materialism/idealism debates 7
maturation 161, 269; individual, under structural change 62–7; and media habits 72–3
media: changes in media systems 31–3; concentration of ownership and control 34–5; electronic 31, 32, 35; flow from into individual minds 21; growth in output 32; increasing localization and transnationalization 33–4; increasing market control 33; print, private ownership 35; and self-image 162; stability in 100–27
media appliances: new, young people's acceptance of 54, 59–60, 97
media consumption: actual 53; cultural 288; habits of 53; stability in 57–8; structure of 116–22; see also media habits; media use, habitual media dependency 136, 138
‘media events’ 20
media habits 72, 99, 154; age-related, change in 61, 64, 65, 65; learning of, parent-child interaction 122–7; strong power of 136, 138
Media Panel Program (MPP) 23, 39–45, 248–9; meta-theoretical, theoretical and methodological considerations 297–9; reason for initiation 50, 52; uses and effects approach 134
media relations: identification 135; para-social relation (PSI) 135–6; structural stability of 116–22
media scene: alteration of 127–8
media use: actual 53, 54; adolescent, change and stability in 97–128; amount of 50, 53, 54–6, 60–6, 135–40; children, adolescents and young adults 49–73; effects/ consequences 133–49; functional reorganization of 62, 63; gender and social class 300; habitual 53, 54, 55–6; individual 21, 50; reorganization of 119–22; research design, methodology and techniques 50–4; and social mobility 183–202; under structural change 49–73
media use/taste patterns: showing cultural strain 191
mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner) 157, 152, 164
microsociology 243
microsystems (Bronfenbrenner) 151, 151–2, 154; interaction between 164, 165–8
middle class: new 278
minds, individual: flow from media into 21
mirror theory 152
modelling 123, 126; and social development 123, see also role models modernization 266–7
music 258–9; change and stability in consumption 54–6, 57–8, 102, 103; and gender 68, 69, 73; importance during adolescence 57; popular 66–7; and social class 68, 69, 69, 70; see also listening to music music preferences: analysis of variance (Anova) 197, 200; and educational mobility 198–200; and educational status 195; and occupational mobility 194–7
music variables: relationships between 195
music/radio listening 119
musical taste 250–1, 252, 258–60; deviant 191, 192; mainstream 252
neighbourhood 151, 156; influence of socio-economic character of 173, 176, 178; and other microsystems 152; and self-image 162
newspapers 32, 33, 35; ownership concentration 34
occupational mobility 193, 201; and music preferences 194–7
occupational status, anticipated 194, 195
Ombudsman of the Press 31
ontological security 275–6, 283, 289; self-identity and lifestyle 273–5
ontological trust 216
para-social relation (PSI) 135–6
parent routine activities 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93, 94, 95
parent-nonroutine activities 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93, 94, 95
parental values 123
parents 138, 151, 154, 196; differing attitudes to sons and daughters 154; educational status and music variables 199–200; educational/ occupational status correlation 198; importance of for child's self-esteem 159–60; influencing children's TV viewing 123–7, 128, 138; TV viewing diminishes with age of children 138
parents and TV activities 82, 83, 94
passivity 140
Payne Fund Studies 133
peer group 7, 16, 63, 128, 151, 153, 299, 300, 301; membership of 186; and school success 170; and self-perception 162
people of importance: TV presentation of 177
‘period of rest’ 153
personal computers 97
personal self 213
personal stereos 97
personality: learnt 123
personality type: post-materialistic 237
pessimism 256
petite bourgeoisie 278
‘Pluralistic’ families 163, 164
popular culture 251–2, 258, 259, 280–1, 288; young people's consumption of 283–4
position 304
post-industrial society 30
postmaterialism/materialism dichotomy 283, 284, 285, 290
potential space 274–5, 276, 288
power 235; and power relations 281, 282; struggle for 277, 289
pre-school TV viewing: effects of 142, 143
Press Council 31
progression: categories of 220, 221 ‘Protective’ families 163, 164
public service media systems: broadcasting systems 19, 20; television 32, 59, 64–5
quality of life values 283
Radio Council 31
radio/television: ownership concentration 34–5
reading see book reading reciprocal cognitive models 144
reference groups 185–6; subcultures 186 ‘reinforcement’ 123, 126
relations 288
relative stability 98, 105, 156–8; in TV use 105–16
reorganization hypothesis 122
research: 21; design 50–4, 72; lifestyle 290–1, 303–4, 305; mass communication 22; uses and gratifications 134, 303, 305
reward systems 17, 33, 65; heterocultural 19–20; and innovations 19
rewards: material and symbolic 17
rock music: importance of 191
role models 160; male and female 177
Rosenberg's test of self-evaluation 155
satellite TV 97, 99, 109, 117, 119; and viewing time 60
school achievement: and disco 197; and later educational status 194–5
school readiness: and self-esteem 170, 173
schools 187–9, 300, 301; as agents of socialization 301; and children's self-image 152, 153, 178; data from 155; and negative self-image 153; network of relations 151; self-perception/success connection 161–2; and status allocation 187–8; and status cultures 189, 201; and young people's self-esteem 161, see also education security 235, 254, 286; individual 217–18, 219, 235
security (ego-defensive) values 214, 219, 221, 222, 235, 283
security and trust 215–16; development of 152–3, see also security; trust security/development dichotomy 283, 284, 285, 290
security/developmental values distinction 283–4
self: personal 213; as a reflexive project 273
self-actualization values 221
self-confidence 258; development of 272
‘self-consciousness:’ development of 152
self-development 217
self-esteem 154, 184–5; and the ecological development model 150–3; external 153; gender differences in 158–9; and peer group 153; pre-school 153; related to TV viewing 176–7
self-evaluation: an ecological perspective 150–79
self-identity 267, 281, 286, 287; of affective individuals 282; and consumption of popular culture 273; development of 270; and lifestyle 268–76, 278–9, 284, 289; and trust 273–4
self-image: and family type 162–4; from a longitudinal perspective 169–77; from perspective of ecology of human development 159–62; measurement of 155; negative 163; positive 153; stability in estimation of 157, 157–8
self-perception 160; and school success 161–2
self-reliance 153
sensibility(ies) 279, 282; dominant 280
siblings/sports 81, 83, 84, 93
situational effects 52, 58–9, 59–71, 100, 103, 300; structural change a special case of 59–62
Skane study 57
social background 120; and self-evaluation, gender differences 170, 173; and TV viewing 112, 113, 114
social class 136, 156, 300; and media use 67–71, 68; and music 68, 69, 70, 70; and music tastes 191; and TV viewing 68, 69, 73, 136
social competence 252
social consciousness 252
social development see development, social social identity 209, 213–14, 216
social indicators: objective and subjective 14
social interaction 127
social learning, theory of 160
social mobility 183–4, 189; horizontal 183; and media use, theoretical model 191–2; occupational expectations and media use 190–1, see also vertical mobility social movements 8, 299
social position 77; identification of 270–1
social space 289, 290; struggles for power and status 277
social system 3
social/cultural integration 269
socialism 15
socialization 7, 10–13, 209, 215, 233, 236, 298–9; agents of 6, 7–8, 11, 16, 147, 233, 238, 270, 298, 299, 301–2; anticipatory 146–7, 186–7, 188, 190, 191, 202;changing processes of 299, 301–2; early 219; gender-specific 158–9, 170, 173, 178; importance of early experiences 154; primary and secondary 49; strength of mass media's role 21–2; typology of 10, 10, 11–13
socialization process 10, 122–3; conceptual model 41; and family communication climate 126; and parent's attitudes to their children 162–4
socialization theory: concept of trust 215
societal hierarchies 266
societal institutions 4, 5–6; vertical relations between 20–1
societal living patterns 135
societal structure 8–9, 50, 302; change in 71–2
society: and culture 3–8; no closed systems 299–300; and self-evaluation 173; value structure of 221, 223
society-culture: postmodern vision of 270
sociological theory 266
sports/clubs factor 82, 83, 85, 94
stability: and change 97–9; or change, consequences of 127–8; in TV consumption 57–8, 106–10, 139–40; in media use 100–27; over time 156–8; societal 14, 15–16; types of 98, see also relative stability ‘Stable Middle Class’ 146
‘Stable Working Class’ 146
status 8, 50, 72, 187, 235, 270, 298; allocation 187–9; groups 266, 267; self-esteem and identity 184–5; see also class status climbers 193, 195; media use 190, 192
status fallers 193, 195; media use 190, 192
status inequality 186; theory of 184
status stationary 190, 192, 193, 195
‘strategic life planning’ 185
structural change 19; class, gender and media use under 67–71; during late modernity 283; introduction of VCRs 119; media use under 49–73; a special case of situational effects 59–62; Swedish media 31–6
structural invariance 127; meta-model of, Family interactions model 124, 124, 126; in qualitative or quantitive terms 98, 117, 119, 120
structural relations: between media 120, 121, 122; few remain invariant over time 120; media menus 118
structural stability: of media relations 116–22
structure 304; and agency 8–13; as ‘rules and resources’ 11
structured mobility 281
subcultures 186
subsidies: newspapers 34
supplement 140
Sweden: changes in ‘climate of culture’ 14–16
Swedish society: changes in leisure habits 56–7; trends in postwar development 29–30; and its media scene (1945–90) 29–36
symbolic democratization 287, 288; and lifestyle 269–73, 276
symbolic interaction, theory of 160
tape recorders 97
taste 303; patterns 218; and symbolic struggles 277
taste and activity patterns 224–6; analyses 227, 228–30; as lifestyle indicators 245–6
television see TV triangulation 245
trust 214–16; accumulation of 273–4; basic 273–4, 275, 283, 286; trust capital 287
TV: as an agent of socialization 301; state monopoly abandoned 35
TV consumption 155; stability and change in 55, 101, 103, 110–11, 110–12; and TV relations, causal relations 136, 137, 138, 145–6; young people (1975–1990) 54–6, see also TV viewing TV output 34; of the future 66
TV relations 136
TV use 99; negative relationships with leisure activities 141; relationships with other activities 140–5; relative stability in 105–16
TV viewing 49–50, 122; change in dynamics of 61–2; children's, other sources of influence 128; content preferences 138–40; correlation between parent's and children's 123–7; development of 62, 63–4, 64; and gender 68, 69; heavy, concern over possible consequences 138; heavy, and school achievement 145; increase in 36; more stable in childhood and young adulthood 115; parental viewing, indirect influence of 127; pre-school, effects of 142, 143; related to age 60–2; relationship with aggressiveness and violent behaviour 141, 143–4; and self-esteem 176–7; and social class 68, 69; stability of 100; under structural change 54–9
TV viewing pattern 66
TV/reading comics 119
TV/VCR use: effects/consequences of 141–5
TV/VCR viewing, related 119
Universal Prescriptivism 238, 239
upward mobility 183–4, 189, 201; problems of 188
uses and effects approach 134
uses and gratifications research 134, 303, 305
value changes 283
value orientations 3–4, 286, 290; material and postmaterial 217, 221, 222, 235; personal 217–18, 219
value theory 211–12; cognitivist and non-cognitivist 212, 238; naturalistic and objectivistic 238
values 207, 209–10, 274, 286, 290; and identity 210–12; identity and lifestyle 212–16; importance of in youth culture and lifestyle 223–33; individual 227, 303, 304; and lifestyle 282–3; types of 210, 211
values/family communication relationship 217–23, 231, 236
values/value orientations 227; individual 231; related to gender, class and education 231–2, 232
VCR viewing 60, 63, 122; development of 65; stability and change in 103, 104, 105
VCR/TV viewing 119
VCRs 35, 54, 64, 73, 97, 117, 299–300; induced rise in TV viewing 60, 61, 61; and social class 71
vertical comparisons 52
vertical linkages: between levels of society 7, 20–1, 30, 49, 299
vertical mobility 183–4; and education 188; individual or group 184, see also upward mobility violence, violent 133, 134, 141–3
visibility: of lifestyle 269, 270
ways of life 9, 78, 135, 147, 302, 305; see also lifestyle will to power 277–9, 289
young adults 36, 106, 120; political life of 300
young people: early experience and later self-image 169–77
youth 269; acceptance of new media appliances 54, 59–60; subcultures 260–2
youth culture 285–6; and lifestyle, importance of values 223–33
Name index
Abrahamsson, U. 177
Aijzen, I. see Fishbein, M. and Aijzen, I. Alexander, J.C. 242, 267–8; et al. 7; and Giesen, B. 242
Andersson, B.-E. 150
Archer, M. 8
Babrow, A.S. see Swanson, D.L. and Babrow, A.S. Ball-Rokeach, S. 138
Bandura, A. 123
Becker, H.S. 17
Becker, J.R. 173
Bell, D. 237
Bellah, R.N. et al. 287
Berger, R et al 21A Bibbee, R.C. see Namenwirth, J.S. and Bibbee, R.C. Bjerrum Nielsen, H. and Rudberg, M. 178
Block, J.H. 154
Bios, P. 209
Blumer,H. 133
Bogdan, R. see Taylor, S.J. and Bogdan, R. Bourdieu, P. 188–9, 191, 223, 276, 277–8, 279, 284, 286, 288–9, 290, 302–4
Brock-Utne, B. 173
Bronfenbrenner, U. 21, 150–1, 164, 177
Brown, R. 123
Buber, M. 286
Burnett, R. 58
Burrell, G.: and Morgan, G. 10
Caprara, G.V. et al. 144
Carlsson, G.: et al. 1 Chaffee, S.H. 218, 221, 223, 237; et al. 156, 163
Coopersmith, S. 163
Crane, D. 15
Crossman, M. 173
Dalquist, U. 138–9, 139–40, see also Jarlbro, G., and Dalquist, U.; Miegel, R, and Dalquist, U. De Fleur, M.L. see Lowery, S. and De Fleur, M.L. DeVos,G.A. 185
Denzin, N.K. 245
Dervin, B. 78
Donelson, RR. 153
Donnerstein, E. see Linz, D.G. and Donnerstein, E. Douglas, M. 11
Einarsson, J. and Hultman, T. 154, 173
Eron, L.D.: and Huesmann, L.R. 144, see also Huesmann, L.R., and Eron, L. D. Ewen, S. 214–15, 271–2
Featherstone, M. 237, 273, 276, 278–9
Fishbein, M. and Aijzen, I. 303
Frith, S. 191
Gans, H.J. 223
Gerbner, G. et al. Ill Giddens, A. 8, 11, 184, 185, 212–13, 215–16, 243, 265, 268, 273–4, 276, 283, 286, 287
Giesen, B. see Alexander, J.C. and Giesen, B. Goffman, E. 237
Greenstein, R 163
Grossberg, L. 268, 276, 279–82, 284, 286
Hansford, B.C. and Hattie, J.A. 162
Hattie, J. see Hansford, B.C. and Hattie, J.A. Hauser, R 133
HippelK. 135
Hirschman, A. 11
Hojerback, I. 50, 102, see also Sonesson, I., and Hojerback, I. Horton, D. and Wohl, R.R. 135
Houston, A. et al. III Hovland,C. 133
Huesmann, L.R.: and Eron, L.D. 144, see also Eron, L.D., and Huesmann, L. R. Hultman, T. see Einarsson, J. and Hultman, T. Hunter, J.E. and Schmidt, RL. 124
Inglehart, R. 217, 221, 223, 231, 237, 283, 284, 285
Jameson, R 272
Jankowski, N.W. see Jensen, K.B. and Jankowski, N.W. Jarlbro, G. 153, 156, 217, 300; and Dalquist, U. 146, 190, 192, see also Lööv, T. and Jarlbro, G. Jencks, C. 186
Jensen, K.B. and Jankowski, N.W. 245, 247
Johanssen, T. 212; and Miegel, F 9, 77–8, 178, 185, 193, 207, 214, 218, 244, 245, 246–7, 250, 290–1, 304
Johnsson-Smaragadi, U. 112, 124, 138, 140, 141, 144
Jöreskog, K.G. and Wold, H. 145
Jshikawa, S. 306
Kamler, H. 207
Kanter, R. see Zablocki, B.D. and Kanter, R. Kohlberg, L.A. 177
Lagerroth, I. and Nilsson, R. 162
Linz, D.G. and Donnerstein, E. 144
Lipset, S.M. 3; and Zetterberg, H.L. 185
Lööv, T.: and Jarlbro, G. 173; and Miegel, F. 217, 250
Lowery, S. and De Fleur, M.L. 133
McQuail, D. and Windahl S. 136
Mahler, M.S. 209
Miegel, F. 217; and Dalquist, U. 217, see also Johanssen, T., and Miegel, F.; Lööv, T., and Miegel, F. Milawsky, J.R. et al. 144
Mitchell, A. 207, 214, 247, 265–6, 284–5
Morgan, G. see Burrell, G., and Morgan, G. Munch, R. and Smelser, NJ. 7, 243
Namenwirth, J.S. and Bibbee, R.C. 4
Nilsson, R. see Lagerroth, I. and Nilsson, R. Ogden, T. 288
Openshaw, K.D. et al 160
Paik, H. 144
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Parsons, T. 4
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Riesman, D. 237
Rokeach, M. 15, 210–12, 214, 217, 219, 221, 223, 231, 235, 237, 282
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Rosenberg, M. 155, 157, 159–60, 162, 163, 164
Rosengren, K.E. 4, 6, 7, 17, 78, 98; etal. 136, 301, 304; and Windahl, S. 50, 77, 126, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140–1, 145, 154, 156, 187, 193
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