16 2. LET’S GET STARTED
/PSNBM 4USFTT
Figure 2.2: Average normal stress distributions in a bar due to axial load on faces perpendicular to
the load.
(or width) of the cross section at the location where the stress is being evaluated. Because the
calculation of Q is sometimes involved, an approximation for the maximum shear stress in the
section due to this type of loading can be easily obtained by knowing the shape of the cross section,
where, for instance
lateral, max
D
(
4V
3A
for circular cross sections,
3V
2A
for rectangular cross sections.
4IFBS 4USFTT
Figure 2.3: Shear traction is distributed perpendicular to the normal of the cross section.
2.3.3 BENDING RESPONSE
Both tensile and compressive normal stresses can also be caused by bending moments, as shown
in Fig. 2.4. If the beam has a prismatic section and is symmetric about the transverse plane, the
pure bending assumption that ‘plane sections remain plane and normal to the neutral axis’ can be
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