14 2. LET’S GET STARTED
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Figure 2.1: e concept of normal and shear stress and strain components is illustrated on infinitesi-
mal volumes.
other basic kinds of stress; rather, they are names assigned to internal stresses specific to commonly
studied load cases. All types of stress ultimately can be classified as either normal or shear. Normal
stresses result from:
1. axial loads and deformation of prismatic rods or bars,
2. transverse loads, moments, and the associated curvature in prismatic beams, and
3. approximations of bearing stress.
Shear stresses result from:
1. transverse shear forces and the associated lateral deformations in prismatic beams,
2. torsional loading and rotational deformation in prismatic shafts, and
3. approximations in single shear, double shear, and punching shear.
2.3 IDEALIZED STRUCTURAL RESPONSES
eories are like maps; the test of a map lies not in
arbitrarily checking random points, but in whether
people find it useful to (use it to) get somewhere.
Ronald Giere
Perhaps you have noticed that many of the problems studied in an elementary Mechanics of
Materials course consist of highly regular structural forms: rods or bars with uniform cross section;
circular shafts and pipes; and beams with uniform and prismatic cross sections. Perhaps you never
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