The chapter summarizes some experimental findings on the use of biofuels in conventional diesel engines conducted in ASEAN region. A number of biofuels such as vegetable crude oil, pure plant oil and biodiesel in different forms, which are derived from many types of raw materials such as jatropha, coconut, palm, kapok nut and cat-fish, are investigated to find impacts of these biofuels on engine's combustion characteristics, performance, exhaust emissions, and durability. The concept of using biofuels on engines is also mentioned to determine the ways of utilization of biofuels in engines that match both the demand of biofuels usage and the design of the engines.
Table 23.1
Comparative diesel and 10% CPO diesel properties (Ha et al., 2009c)
Properties | Unit | Test method | Reference diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Thailand diesel specification |
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6°C | ASTM D1298 | 0.8266 | 0.8360 | 0.810–0.870 | |
Cetane index | ASTM D976 | 58.9 | – | 47 min | |
Cetane number | ASTM D613 | 59.3 | 55.5 | 47 min | |
Viscosity at 40°C | CST | ASTM D445 | 3.10 | 3.910 | 1.8–4.1 |
Pour point | °C | ASTM D97 | −3 | −6 | 10 max |
Distillation | ASTM D86 | ||||
IBP | °C | – | – | – | |
10% Recovered | °C | – | – | – | |
50% Recovered | °C | – | – | – | |
90% Recovered | °C | 350.6 | 346.2 | 350 max | |
Lubricity by HFRR | μm | CEC F-06-A-96 | 522 (+LA = 398) | 209 | 460 max |
Total acid number | ASTM D974 | 0.04 | 1.02 | – | |
Gross heating value | J/g | 45,968 | 44,982 | 44,500 min |
Table 23.2
Specifications of the test engine Ford Ranger WL81
Engine type | WL 81 |
Prechamber | Swirl pre-chamber |
Displacement | 2499 cm3 |
Bore × stroke | 93 × 92 mm |
Compression ratio | 21.6:1 |
Injection pump | Rotary distributor type |
Injector starting pressure | 11.4–12.1 Mpa |
Table 23.4
Comparison of maximum in-cylinder pressure (Pmax), SOI, ignition delay, and fuel injected mass (mf) as engine operate with diesel and 10% CPO diesel (Wattanavichien and Traiphopphoom, 2006)
Test point | Pmax (bar) | SOI (°CA) | Ignition delay (ms) | mf (mg/cycle) | ||||
Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | |
Idle | 53.26 | 53.31 | −4.0 | −4.0 | 2.08 | 2.2 | 6.22 | 7.04 |
1000 rpm, 30 Nm | 58.45 | 59.45 | −10.5 | −11.5 | 2.08 | 2.17 | 9.63 | 10.77 |
2000 rpm, 30 Nm | 61.48 | 61.84 | −11.0 | −11.5 | 1.54 | 1.50 | 9.99 | 10.88 |
2000 rpm, 50 Nm | 61.72 | 61.74 | −10.0 | −10.0 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 12.64 | 13.97 |
2250 rpm, 20 Nm | 64.98 | 64.97 | −10.5 | −11.0 | 0.78 | 1.04 | 8.72 | 9.81 |
2750 rpm, 20 Nm | 63.90 | 64.66 | −9.0 | −9.0 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 9.56 | 10.46 |
Table 23.5
Maximum spray penetration (mm) and spray angle (degree)
Test point | Max penetration (mm) | Max spray angle (degree) | ||
Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | |
Idle | 23.0 | 27.8 | 25.5 | 24.1 |
1000 rpm, 30 nm | 27.9 | 25.6 | 24.1 | 26.4 |
2000 rpm, 30 nm | 29.8 | 27.1 | 36.8 | 41.4 |
2000 rpm, 50 nm | 28.3 | 28.7 | 36.3 | 39.3 |
2250 rpm, 20 nm | 25.6 | 28.4 | 36.4 | 39.4 |
2750 rpm, 20 nm | 28.5 | 33.7 | 36.4 | 40.8 |
Table 23.6
Comparison of the first appearance of luminous flame, end of luminous and luminous flame duration between reference diesel and crude palm diesel in an IDI engine (°CA)
Test point | First appearance of luminous flame (°CA) | End of luminous flame (°CA) | Luminous flame duration in prechamber (°CA) | |||
Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | Diesel | 10% CPO diesel | |
Idle | 3.5 | 5.0 | 28.5 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 20.5 |
1000 rpm, 30 nm | 0.5 | 2.0 | 32.5 | 31.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 |
2000 rpm, 30 nm | −0.5 | −0.5 | 30.5 | 28.5 | 31.0 | 29.0 |
2000 rpm, 50 nm | 0.5 | −0.5 | 27.5 | 31.0 | 27.0 | 31.5 |
2250 rpm, 20 nm | −0.5 | −0.5 | 25.5 | 27.0 | 26.0 | 27.5 |
2750 rpm, 20 nm | 1.0 | −1.0 | 27.5 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 27.5 |
Table 23.7
Properties of produced biodiesel B100 in comparison with TCVN standard limits
Properties | B100 limits TCVN7717-07 | B100 produced | Test method |
Methyl ester, wt% | 96.5 min | 98.4 | EN 14103 |
Density at 15°C, kg/m3 | 860–900 | 878.9 | TCVN 6594 (ASTM D 1298) |
Flash point, °C | 130.0 min | 150 | TCVN 2693 (ASTM D 93) |
Water and sediment, %vol | 0.050 max | 0.005 | ASTM D 2709 |
Kinematic viscosity 40°C, mm2/s | 1.9–6.0 | 4.6 | TCVN 3171 (ASTM D 445) |
Sulfated ash, wt% | 0.020 max | 0.001 | TCVN 2689 (ASTM D 874) |
Sulfur, ppm | 500 max | 50 | ASTM D 5453/TCVN 6701 |
Copper strip corrosion | No1 | 1a | TCVN 2694 (ASTM D 130) |
Cetane number | 47 min | 51 | TCVN 7630 (ASTM D 613) |
Cloud point, °C | Report | +10 | ASTM D 2500 |
Carbon residue, 100% sample, wt% | 0.050 max | 0.019 | ASTM D 4530 |
Acid number, mg KOH/g | 0.50 max | 0.35 | TCVN 6325 (ASTM D 664) |
Iodine value, g/100g | 120 max | 44.3 | EN 14111/TCVN 6122 |
Oxidation stability at 110°C, hours | 6 min | 6.2 | ASTM D 2274/EN 14112 |
Free glycerin, wt% | 0.020 max | 0.018 | ASTM D 6584 |
Total glycerin, wt% | 0.240 max | 0.184 | ASTM D 6584 |
Phosphorus content, wt% | 0.001 max | 0.0006 | ASTM D 4951 |
90% distillation fraction temp, °C | 360 max | 337 | ASTM D 1160 |
Sodium/potassium, combined, mg/kg | 5.0 max | 3 | EN 14108, EN 14109 |
Table 23.8
Properties of cat-fish fat-based biodiesel blend B5 fuel and Vietnamese standard limits for biodiesel B5 according QCVN 1:2009
Properties | B5 | QCVN 1:2009 limits |
Density at 15°C, kg/m3 | 844.2 | 820–860 |
Flash point, °C | 77 | – |
Water and sediment, %vol | 0.007 | 0.02, max |
Kinematic viscosity 40°C, mm2/s | 3.91 | 2–4.5 |
Sulfated ash, wt% | 0.0025 | – |
Sulfur, ppm | 470 | 500 |
Copper strip corrosion, 50°C, 3 h | 1a | – |
Cetane number | 54 | 46, min |
Cloud point, °C | −3 | – |
Carbon residue, 100% sample, wt% | 0.0487 | – |
90% distillation fraction temp, °C | 346 | 360, max |