Table 15.5
Examples of the products that can be obtained by means of syngas fermentation and bacteria responsible of the process (Munasinghe and Khanal, 2011, 2010; Younesi et al., 2005, 2008; Henstra et al., 2007; Beneroso et al., 2015)
Product | Bacteria |
Acetate | Acetobacterium woodii Archaeoglobus fulgidus Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Clostridium autoethanogenum Clostridium carboxidivorans Clostridium ljungdahlii Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum subsp. Thermosyntrophicum Eubacterium limosum Methanosarcina acetivorans strain C2A Moorella thermoacetica Moorella thermoautotrophica Oxobacter pfennigii Peptostreptococcus productusv |
Butanol | Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Clostridium carboxidivorans |
Butyrate | Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Clostridium carboxidivorans Oxobacter pfennigii |
Ethanol | Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Clostridium autoethanogenum Clostridium carboxidivorans Clostridium ljungdahlii |
Formate | Archaeoglobus fulgidus Methanosarcina acetivorans strain C2A |
Hydrogen | Archaeoglobus fulgidus Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Carboxydibrachium pacificus Carboxydocella sporoproducens Carboxydocella thermoautotrophica Citrobacter sp. Y19 Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans Moorella strain AMP Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4 Rhodospirillum rubrum Rubrivivax gelatinosus Thermincola carboxydiphila Thermococcus strain AM4 Thermolithobacter carboxydivorans Thermosinus carboxydivorans |
Table Continued |
Product | Bacteria |
Methane | Methanobacterium formicum Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Methanosarcina acetivorans strain C2A Methanosarcina barkeri Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus Rhodospirillum rubrum |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates | Rhodospirillum rubrum |
Table 15.6
Commercial, demonstration, and pilot biomass gasification facilities
Company | Type | Country | Raw material | Product | Status |
Enerkem | Commercial | Canada | Lignocellulosics, MSW | Ethanol | Operational |
CORE BioFuel | Commercial | Canada | Waste wood | Gasoline type fuel | Operational |
Diamond Green | Commercial | US | Animal fat, used cooking oil, other | Diesel | Operational |
AltAir | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics, camelina | Diesel, jet fuel | Operational |
Abengoa | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics | Ethanol | Operational |
REG Synthetic Fuels | Commercial | US | Animal fat, used cooking oil, other | Diesel | Operational |
American Process | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | Ethanol | Operational |
Range Fuels | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics, wood and wood waste from timber harvesting operations | Ethanol, methanol | Operational |
BioMCN | Commercial | Netherlands | Biodiesel and oleochemicals, others | Methanol | Operational |
Fulcrum BioEnergy's Sierra Biofuels Plant | Commercial | US | MSW | Ethanol, power | Under commissioning |
Clean Fuels Technology Inc. | Commercial | US | Various | FT-liquids, fuel gas | Under construction |
Table Continued |
Company | Type | Country | Raw material | Product | Status |
DuPont | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics, corn stover, switchgrass | Ethanol | Under construction |
Emerald Biofuels | Commercial | US | Waste fats and oils, other | Diesel | Under construction |
Clean Fuels Technology Inc. | Commercial | US | Various | FT-liquids, fuel gas | Under construction |
Ace Ethanol (Sweetwater) | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics | Ethanol | Under construction |
Red Rock Biofuels LLC | Commercial | US | Woody biomass | FT-liquids | Under construction |
Rottneros AB | Commercial | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, black liquour | Methanol | Planned |
Rottneros AB | Commercial | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | Methanol | Planned |
VärmlandsMethanol AB | Commercial | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | Methanol | Planned |
BioMCN | Commercial | Netherlands | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | Methanol | Planned |
Enerkem and GreenField | Commercial | Canada | Waste | Ethanol | Planned |
Cool Planet | Commercial | US | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | Gasoline type fuel | Announced |
Tembec Chemical Group | Demonstration | Canada | Lignocellulosics, black liquor | Ethanol | Operational |
Table Continued |
Company | Type | Country | Raw material | Product | Status |
Enerkem | Demonstration | Canada | Lignocellulosics, waste wood, clean wood, saw mill residues | FT-liquids, fuel gas | Operational |
West Biofuels | Demonstration | US | Clean wood, waste wood, clean wood, other biomass | FT-liquids | Operational |
Edeniq & Logos Tech | Demonstration | US | Lignocellulosics, corn stover, baggasse | Ethanol | Operational |
American Process | Demonstration | US | Lignocellulosics | Ethanol | Operational |
Coskata | Demonstration | US | Lignocellulosics, wood chips, natural gas | Ethanol | Operational |
BTN Bionic Fuel Technologies AG | Demonstration | Denmark | Lignocellulosics, straw pellets | Diesel, FT-liquids | Operational |
Goeteborg Energi | Demonstration | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | SNG | Operational |
E.ON Gasification Development AB | Demonstration | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, woody biomass | SNG | Under construction |
ThyssenKrupp Uhde | Demonstration | France | Various | Diesel, kerosene | Planned |
ECN | Demonstration | Netherlands | Lignocellulosics | SNG | Planned |
Solena/British Airways | Demonstration | UK | Waste | Jet fuel | Planned |
SynGest Inc. | Demonstration | US | Lignocellulosics, corn cobs, energy crops, and waste wood | Ammonia | Planned |
ZeaChem | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, poplar, sugar, wood, chips | Ethanol, mixed alcohols, various chemicals | Operational |
Table Continued |
Company | Type | Country | Raw material | Product | Status |
Range Fuels | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, Georgia pine, hardwoods, and Colorado beetle kill pine | Mixed alcohols | Operational |
Iowa State University | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, grains, oilseeds, vegetable oils, glycerin | Ethanol, FT-liquids, biodiesel, pyrolysis oils | Operational |
Coskata | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics | Ethanol | Operational |
GTI Gas Technology Institute | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, pellets, wood chips | Clean syngas | Operational |
University of Toledo | Pilot | US | Waste wood | Diesel | Operational |
DuPont | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, corn stover, switchgrass | Ethanol | Operational |
Southern Research Institute | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics, cellulosics, MSW, coal/biomass, syngas | FT-liquids; mixed alcohols; industrial sugars; mixed fossil/lignocellulosic feedstocks for power production | Operational |
INEOS New Planet Bioenergy | Pilot | US | Vegetal waste, MSW, others | Ethanol, power | Operational |
Algenol | Pilot | US | Algae, others | Ethanol | Operational |
Enerkem | Pilot | Canada | Lignocellulosics, MSW, wood chips, treated wood, sludge, petroleum coke, spent plastics and wheat straw | Ethanol, methanol, SNG | Operational |
Table Continued |
Company | Type | Country | Raw material | Product | Status |
Vienna University of Technology | Pilot | Austria | Lignocellulosics | FT-liquids | Operational |
AirLiquid | Pilot | France | Forestry and agricultural waste | Diesel, kerosene | Operational |
Cutec | Pilot | Germany | Lignocellulosics, straw, wood, dried silage, organic residues | FT-liquids | Operational |
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) | Pilot | Germany | Lignocellulosics | Diesel, gasoline type fuel | Operational |
ECN | Pilot | Netherlands | Waste wood | SNG | Operational |
LTU Green Fuels | Pilot | Sweden | Lignocellulosics, black liquour | DME | Operational |
TÜBİTAK MRC – Energy Institute | Pilot | Turkey | Biomass and biomass coal blends | FT-liquids | Operational |
TÜBİTAK MRC – Energy Institute | Pilot | Turkey | Biomass and biomass coal blends | SNG | Operational |
Research Triangle Institute | Pilot | US | Lignocellulosics | FT-liquids, mixed alcohols | Planned |
Data from IEA. Task 33. Thermal Gasification of Biomass. International Energy Agency; World Gasification Database. June 2015; Available from: http://www.gasification.org/what-is-gasification/world-database/.