Logging In

The first step to using a computer is to turn it on. Shortly after you first start your computer, the Windows 10 logon screen appears (see Figure 3.1). Windows displays the list of user accounts available on the device. You learn more about user accounts in Chapter 4, but for now, all you need to know is that if you see user account icons shortly after you first start your computer, you have to click one in order to use the computer. Click or tap the account you want to use.

If the user account isn't password protected, the Windows desktop appears automatically. If the user account you clicked is password protected, a rectangular box appears instead. You have to type the correct password for the account to get to the Windows Start screen. The letters you type don't show in the box by default. Instead, you see a dot for each letter you type, as in Figure 3.2. This prevents others from learning your password by looking over your shoulder as you type it on the screen. To temporarily see the characters you enter, press and hold the eye icon on the right side of the password box. This toggles on the characters so you can see that what you typed is what you intended to type.

After you type the password, press Enter or click the arrow to the right of the password box.

Pressing Windows + L on the keyboard locks the computer and displays the Lock screen, which is similar in look and function to the logon screen. The Lock screen displays the name of the currently logged on user, along with a password box. Enter the password to unlock the device.

After you've successfully logged in, the Windows desktop appears. Before we dive into the desktop, let's cover the Start menu.

Windows Start Menu

After you log on, you see the Windows 10 desktop. Clicking or tapping the Start menu button in the lower-left corner of the display (at the left of the taskbar) opens the Start menu, shown in Figure 3.3. The Start menu serves much the same function as the Start menu in previous versions of Windows, but it melds the look and feel of the Windows 8 Start screen with the familiar Start menu. Square or rectangular tiles give you quick access to apps, external resources such as OneDrive, folders, and settings.

At the left of the Start menu are a small number of buttons, one of which gives you access to your account settings. The button has either a stylized picture of a user, or your account picture. You can click or tap on the button to lock the device, sign out, or change account settings. Other buttons on the left portion of the Start menu give you access to File Explorer, Settings, and power options.

The right portion of the Start menu contains tiles for various apps, gathered into groups. To open an app from the Start menu, just click or tap its tile. The left side of the Start menu provides quick access to the most recent and frequently-used apps, and you can open those apps just by clicking or tapping on them. If you don't see the app you need, click or scroll through the alphabetical list of all of the apps on the device to find the one you want.

Using the Windows Desktop

The Windows desktop is the electronic equivalent of a real desktop. It's the place where you keep stuff you're working on right now. Every program that's currently open is usually contained within some program window. When no programs are open, the desktop and all your desktop icons are plainly visible on the screen.

What's on the desktop

Users upgrading from previous Windows versions are familiar with the Windows desktop, the primary place for users to start their work in earlier versions of Windows. You work with programs on the Windows desktop in much the same way you work with paper on an office desktop. With Windows 8.x, the Start screen was intended to replace the desktop as the primary work environment. In Windows 10, however, the Windows desktop is still very much a part of Windows, and it's the environment in which you run legacy Windows applications and modern Windows apps — you no longer need to switch between the Start screen and the desktop to switch between legacy apps and Windows apps.

The desktop may get covered by program windows and other items, but the desktop is still under there no matter how much you clutter the screen. It's the same as a real desk in that sense. Although your real desktop may be completely covered by random junk, your desktop is still under there somewhere.

Below the desktop is the taskbar. The desktop is where everything that you open piles up. The taskbar's main role is to make it easy to switch from one open item to another. Everything you'll ever see on your screen has a name and a purpose. Virtually nothing on the screen is there purely for decoration (except the wallpaper). Figure 3.4 shows the main components of the Windows desktop and other items. Your desktop may not look exactly like the picture and may not show all the components. Don't worry about that. Right now, focus on learning the names of the most frequently used elements.

Here's a quick overview of what each component represents.

• Desktop: The desktop itself is everything above the taskbar. Most programs you open appear in a window on the desktop.
• Desktop icons: Icons on the desktop provide quick access to frequently used programs, folders, and documents. You can add and remove desktop icons as you see fit.
• Quick Link menu: The Quick Link menu provides access to commonly used Windows programs and apps. To see it, right-click the Start button at the bottom-left side of the screen, or press Windows + X.
• Taskbar: A task is an open program. The taskbar makes switching among all your open programs easy. Right-clicking an empty place on the taskbar or on the clock in the taskbar provides easy access to options for customizing the taskbar and organizing open program windows.
• Notification area: This area displays icons for programs running in the background, which are often referred to as processes and services. Messages coming from those programs appear in speech balloons just above the notification area.
• Clock: The clock shows the current time and date.

That's the quick tour of items on and around the Windows 10 desktop. The sections that follow examine some of these items in detail.

About desktop icons

The desktop can have any number of icons on it. Most desktop icons are shortcuts to files and folders. They're shortcuts in the sense that they duplicate icons that are available elsewhere, such as on the Start menu. You can open the item associated with a desktop icon by double-clicking or double-tapping on it.

Rules always have exceptions. When it comes to desktop icons, the Recycle Bin is the exception. The Recycle Bin icon exists only on the desktop, and you won't find it anywhere else. The role of the Recycle Bin is that of a safety net. Whenever you delete a file or folder, the item is just moved to the Recycle Bin. You can restore an accidentally deleted item from the Recycle Bin back to its original location.

In addition to the Recycle Bin, you have other built-in desktop icons from which to choose. If you want to take a shot at adding icons, right-click the desktop and choose Personalize. In the resulting Personalization page of the Settings app, click Themes, then click Desktop Icon Settings.

A dialog box named Desktop Icon Settings appears (see Figure 3.5). It's called a “dialog” box because you carry on a sort of dialog with it. It shows you options from which you can pick and choose. You make your choices and click OK. You'll see menu dialog boxes throughout this book.

To make an icon visible on your desktop, select (click to put a check mark in) the check box next to the icon's name. To prevent an icon from appearing on the desktop, click the check box to the left of its name to deselect it (remove the check mark). In the figure, we've opted to show just the Recycle Bin.

You can choose a different picture for any icon you've opted to show on the desktop. Click the icon's picture in the middle of the dialog box. Then click the Change Icon button. Click the icon you want to show and then click OK. If you change your mind after the fact, click Restore Default.

Click OK after making your selections. The dialog box closes, and the icons you choose appear on the desktop. However, you might not see them if that part of the desktop is covered by something that's open. Don't worry about that. You learn about how to open, close, move, and size things on the desktop a little later in this chapter.

If nothing is covering the desktop, but you still don't see any desktop icons, they might just be switched off. We cover this topic in the next section.

Arranging desktop icons

As you discover in Chapter 9, you have many ways to customize the Windows 10 desktop. But if you only want to make some quick, minor changes to your desktop icons, right-click the desktop to view its shortcut menu. Items on the menu that have a little arrow to the right show submenus. For example, if you right-click the desktop and point to View on the menu, you see the View menu, as shown in Figure 3.6.

The last item on the View menu, Show Desktop Icons, needs to be selected (checked) for the icons to show at all. If no check mark appears next to that item, click the item. The menu closes, and the icons appear on the desktop. When you need to see the menu again, just right-click the desktop again.

The top three items on the menu — Large Icons, Medium Icons, and Small Icons — control the size of the icons. Click any option to see its effect. If you don't like the result, right-click the desktop again, choose View, and choose a different size.

The Sort By option on the desktop shortcut menu enables you to arrange desktop icons alphabetically by Name, Size, Item Type, or Date Modified. However, no matter how you choose to sort icons, the built-in icons are sorted separately from those you create.

Using Jump Lists

Jump lists were a new feature of Windows 7 that enhance the usefulness of the icons and pin items on the taskbar. Windows 10 continues to use Jump Lists. Jump Lists add the most recently used objects from the application to a pop-up menu. Right-click the icon to view the Jump List (see Figure 3.7).

You don't need to do anything to set up Jump Lists — they happen automatically. Whenever you want to use a Jump List, right-click a taskbar icon and choose the item you want to open.

Running Programs and Apps

You can start any program or app that's installed on your computer by finding the program's icon on the Start menu or by searching for it using Cortana, and then clicking that icon. There are other ways to start programs as well. For example, if an icon for the program is pinned to the taskbar, you can click that icon. If a shortcut icon to the program exists on the desktop, you can click (or double-click) that icon to start the program.

Every time you start a program or app, that program opens in a program window. No rule exists that says you can have only one program open at a time. Some programs even enable you to open multiple copies of the same program. (Modern Windows apps, however, limit you to running only one copy of that app at a time.) You can have as many programs open simultaneously as you can cram into your available memory (RAM). Most programs allow you to run multiple copies. The more memory your system has, the more stuff you can have open without much slowdown in performance. Windows can also create a special page file on disk to mimic RAM, enabling you to actually use more memory than is physically present in the device.

Most programs you open show their own names somewhere near the top of the program window. You see its name in the title bar at the top of the window, appearing either by itself or as part of a string of items. Figure 3.8 shows the Map app open on the desktop.

Most items that you open also appear on the taskbar. By default, Windows 10 shows only an icon on the taskbar for open items, with no label. However, you can configure the taskbar to show labels. The name in the taskbar button matches the name of the item.

When you have multiple program windows open, they stack up on the desktop the way multiple sheets of paper on your real desktop stack up. When you have multiple sheets of paper in a pile, you can't see what's on every page. You can see only what's on the top page because the other pages are covered by that page.

Program windows work the same way. When you have multiple program windows open, you can see only the one that's on the top of the stack. The program that's on the top of the stack is the active window.

Switching among open programs

When you have two or more programs open at the same time, you want to be able to switch among them easily. You have several ways to switch among open programs, as discussed in the sections that follow.

Switching with taskbar buttons

As mentioned, almost every open program has a button on the taskbar. When you have multiple open programs, you have multiple taskbar buttons. To make a particular program active, click its taskbar button. If you're not sure which button is which, point at each button. You see the name and a miniature copy of the program that the button represents, as in Figure 3.9.

Switching with the keyboard

If you prefer the keyboard to the mouse, you can use Alt + Tab to switch among open windows. Hold down the Alt key and then press the Tab key. You see a thumbnail image for each open program window, as in the example shown in Figure 3.10. Keep Alt pressed down and keep pressing Tab until the name of the program you want to switch to appears above the icons. Then release the Alt key.

You can also use Windows + Tab to switch between running apps. Pressing this key combination or clicking on the Task View button on the taskbar opens the task view, where you can click or tap the app you want to make active.

Arranging program windows

You can use options on the taskbar shortcut menu to arrange all currently open program windows. To get to that menu, right-click an empty area of the taskbar, or right-click the clock in the lower-right corner of the screen. Figure 3.11 shows the options on the menu.

The four options that apply to program windows on the desktop are similar to the options you get when you right-click a taskbar button that represents multiple instances of one program:

• Cascade Windows: Stacks all the open windows like sheets of paper, fanned out so that all their title bars are visible, as in Figure 3.12.
• Show Windows Stacked: Arranges the windows in rows across the screen, or as equal-sized tiles.
• Show Windows Side by Side: Arranges the windows side by side. As with the preceding option, if you have too many open windows to show that way, they're displayed in equal-sized tiles.
• Show the Desktop: Minimizes all open windows so that only their taskbar buttons are visible. You can see the entire desktop at that point. To bring any window back onto the screen, click its taskbar button. To bring them all back, right-click the clock or taskbar again and choose Show Open Windows.

The best way to understand these options is to try them out for yourself. Open two or more programs. Then try each of the options described to see the effect on your open program windows.

Sizing program windows

As a rule, program windows can be any size you want them to be, but this rule has a few exceptions. For example, the tiny Calculator program can't be sized at all. Some programs shrink down only so far. But in general, most open program windows can appear in three sizes:

• Maximized, in which the program fills the entire screen above the taskbar, covering the desktop.
• Minimized, in which only the program's taskbar button is visible, and the program window takes up no space on the desktop.
• Any size in between those two extremes.

Often, you want to work wit two or more program windows at a time. Knowing how to size program windows is a critical skill because working with multiple program windows is difficult if you can't see at least a part of each one.

Maximize a program window

A maximized program window enlarges to its greatest window size, which in many cases causes it to fill all the space above the taskbar. This makes it easy to see everything inside the program window. If a program window isn't already maximized, you can maximize it in several ways:

• Click the Maximize button in the program's title bar (see Figure 3.13).

  

• Grab the title bar and move the window to the top of the screen. Pause for a moment and then release the mouse button.
• Double-click the program's title bar.
• Click the upper-left corner of the window you want to maximize and choose Maximize. Optionally, right-click anywhere near the center top of the window and choose Maximize.

Minimize a program window

If you want to get a program window off the screen temporarily without losing your place, minimize the program window. When you minimize the program window, the program remains running. However, it takes up no space on the screen, so it can't cover anything else on the screen. When minimized, only the window's taskbar button remains visible. You can minimize a window in several ways:

• Click the Minimize button in the program's title bar (see Figure 3.14).

  

• Click the program's taskbar button once or twice. (If the program isn't in the active window, the first click just makes it the active window. The second click then minimizes the active window.)
• Right-click the program's taskbar button or title bar and choose Minimize.

Size at will

Between the two extremes of maximized (consuming the entire desktop) and minimized (not even visible on the desktop), most program windows can be any size you want them to be. The first step to sizing a program window is to get it to an in-between size so that it's neither maximized nor minimized (called restoring the app). You can do that in one of two ways:

• If the program window is currently minimized, click its taskbar button to make it visible on the screen.
• If the program window is currently maximized, double-click its title bar or click its Restore Down button to shrink it down a little. Optionally, use the Cascade Windows option described earlier to get all open program windows down to an in-between size.

After the program window is visible but not consuming the entire screen, you can size it to your liking by dragging any edge or corner. You have to get the tip of the mouse pointer right on the border of the window you want to size so that the pointer turns into a two-headed arrow, as in Figure 3.15.

When you see the two-headed arrow, hold down the left mouse button without moving the mouse. After the mouse button is down, drag in the direction you want to size the window. Release the mouse button when the window is the size you want.

You can also size a program window using the mouse and the keyboard. Again, the program window has to be at some in-between size to start with. Also, note that you always begin the process from the program window's taskbar button. Follow these steps:

1. Click the program window's control menu button (upper-left corner of the window) and choose Size. Note that the control menu is not available on all apps.
2. Press the navigation arrow keys (←, →, ↑, ↓) until the window (or the border around the window) is the size you want.
3. Press Enter.

Moving and sizing from the keyboard

As you've seen, most of the techniques for moving and sizing program windows rely on the mouse. There are some keyboard alternatives, but they're not available in all program windows. To find out whether these work in the window you're using at the moment, press Alt + Spacebar and see whether a system menu drops down from the upper-left corner, as in Figure 3.16.

If you see the menu, you just have to press the underlined letter from the menu option you want to select. For example, press the letter x to Maximize or n to Minimize. If you press m to Move or s to Size, you can then use the arrow keys (←, →, ↑, ↓) to move or size the window. Then press Enter when the window is positioned or sized to your liking.

Closing a Program

When you're finished using a program, you should close it. Every open program and document consumes some resources, mostly in the form of using memory (RAM). The computer also uses virtual memory, which is basically space on the hard disk configured to look like RAM to the computer.

RAM has no moving parts and, thus, can feed stuff to the processor (where all the work takes place) at amazing speeds. A standard hard disk has moving parts and is much, much slower. Newer solid state drives do not rely on moving parts, but you still have speed differences between RAM and solid state drives. As soon as Windows has to start using virtual memory, everything slows down. So, you don't want to have stuff you're not using to remain open and consuming resources.

You have many ways to close a program. Use whichever of the following techniques is most convenient for you, because they all produce the same result — the program is removed from memory, and both its program window and taskbar button are removed from the screen (until the next time you open the program):

• Click the Close (X) button in the program window's upper-right corner.
• Right-click the title bar across the top of the program window and choose Close.
• Choose File ⇨ Exit from the program's menu bar, if the program provides a File menu.
• Right-click the program's taskbar button and choose Close Window.
• If the program is in the active window, press Alt + F4.

If you were working on a document in the program and you've made changes to that document since you last saved it, the program should ask in a message box like the example in Figure 3.17 whether you want to save those changes.

Never take that dialog box lightly. If you click Don't Save/No, any changes you have made in the app will be lost. Your options are as follows:

• Save/Yes: The document is saved in its current state; both the document and the program close.
• Don't Save/No: Any and all changes you made to the document since you last saved it will be lost forever. Both the document and the program close.
• Cancel: The program and document both remain open and on the screen. You can then continue work on the document and save it from the program's menu bar (choose File ⇨ Save).

Using the Notification Area

Over on the right side of the taskbar is the notification area (also called the system tray or tray). Each icon in the notification area represents a program or service that's running in the background. For example, antivirus and antispyware programs often show icons in the notification area so that you know they're running.

To conserve space on the taskbar, Windows 10 gives you the option of hiding inactive icons. When inactive icons are hidden, you see a button with up and down arrows on it at the left side of the notification area. Click the button to see icons that are currently hidden.

As with any icon or button, you can point to an icon in the notification area to see the name of that icon. Right-clicking an icon usually provides a context menu of options for using the item. Clicking or double-clicking the icon usually opens a program window that's associated with the running background service.

For example, the Volume icon provides a simple service: It lets you control the volume of your speakers. To change the volume, you click the icon and then drag the slider (shown in Figure 3.18) left or right. Optionally, you can mute the speakers by clicking the button at the left of the slider. Click it again to remove the mute.

The icons in the notification area don't represent programs that you can run. They represent programs that are running. The icon simply serves as a notification that the program is running, although in most cases, the icon also provides options for closing the program or changing how it runs. Different computers have different notification area icons. The following are some common examples:

• Network connections: You might see an icon that lets you disconnect from the network, view and connect to wireless networks, and open the Network and Sharing Center.
• Security programs: Programs that protect your system from malware (such as viruses and spyware) often display icons in the notification area.
• Power: An icon indicates the charging status and battery capacity of your mobile device.

Windows 10 includes a selection of system icons that can appear in the notification area. These include Clock, Volume, Network, Power, Input Indicator, and Action Center. Other icons can also appear in the notification area. The following section explains how to turn these icons on or off.

Showing/hiding system and notification icons

You can choose for yourself which notification area icons you do or don't want to see at any time. You rarely need to see them all, so you can hide some if you prefer. To make choices about those icons, right-click the clock and choose Customize Notification Icons. On the resulting Taskbar page of the Settings app, scroll down and click Turn System Icons On or Off to open the settings page shown in Figure 3.19.

The Taskbar page provides options for controlling the types of notifications that appear and when and where they appear. Click the link Select Which Icons Appear on the Taskbar to choose which icons you want displayed. Click the link Turn System Icons On or Off to show or hide specific system icons from the tray.

Using scroll bars

Scroll bars appear in program windows whenever the window contains more information than it can fit. You may not see any on your screen right now. But don't worry about that. The trick is to recognize them when you do see them, to know what they mean, and to know how to work with them. Figure 3.20 shows an example of a vertical scroll bar and a horizontal scroll bar.

When you see a scroll bar, it means that there's more to see than what's currently visible in the window. The size of the scroll box (the bit inside the scroll bar area that looks like a long button) relative to the size of the scroll bar tells you roughly how much more there is to see. For example, if the scroll box is about 10 percent the size of the bar, it means you're seeing only about 10 percent of all there is to see.

To see the rest, you use the scroll bar to scroll through the information. You have three ways to use scroll bars:

• Click a button at the end of the scroll bar to move a little bit in the direction of the arrow on the button.
• Click an empty space on the scroll bar to move the scroll box along the bar toward the place where you clicked. That moves you farther than clicking the buttons would move you.
• Drag the scroll box in the direction you want to scroll. To drag, place the mouse pointer on the button and hold down the left mouse button while moving the mouse in the direction you want to scroll.

If your mouse has a wheel, you can use that to scroll as well. If the window shows a vertical scroll bar, spinning the mouse wheel scrolls up and down. If the window shows only a horizontal scroll bar, spinning the mouse wheel scrolls left and right. Some mice have a horizontal scroll button (or wheel) that you can push left or right to scroll horizontally.

You can also use the keyboard to scroll up and down. But understand that the scroll bars work only in the active window (the window that's on the top of the stack). If necessary, first click the window or press Alt + Tab to bring it to the top of the stack. Then you can use the up and down arrow keys (↑ and ↓) to scroll up and down slightly. Use the Page Up (PgUp) and Page Down (PgDn) keys to scroll up and down in larger increments. Press the Home key to scroll all the way to the top (or all the way to the left). Press the End key to scroll all the way to the end.

Using Back and Forward buttons

Back and Forward buttons help you navigate through multiple pages of items. As with scroll bars, they appear only when useful, so don't expect to see them on your screen right now, or all the time. At times, they may be disabled (dimmed), as at the top of Figure 3.21. At other times they are enabled (not dimmed). Also, you won't find Back and Forward buttons in every program window.

A disabled button isn't broken. When an item is disabled, it's just not appropriate at the moment. For example, when you first open a window, both buttons may be disabled because you have no page to switch to yet. When you click a link that takes you to another page, the Back button is then enabled because now you do have a page to go back to (the page you just left). After you go back to the previous page, the Forward button is enabled because now you have a page to go forward to — the page you just left.

When a button is enabled, you just click it to go back or forward. When a button is disabled, clicking it has no effect.

Using Multiple Virtual Desktops

You can think of the Windows 10 desktop as a workspace where you interact with your apps. If you work with a number of apps at one time, however, you may find that one desktop just isn't enough space to contain everything.

If you have more than one display connected to your device, the desktop extends across all of those displays, and you can move apps from one display to another as needed.

Whether you have only one display or just want more flexibility in how you organize your running apps, you can actually work with more than one desktop in Windows 10. Think of these virtual desktops as additional work surfaces, each containing its own set of open apps. For example, you may use one desktop for your work apps and create a second desktop for some personal apps.

To create a virtual desktop, click or tap the Task View icon on the taskbar. Then, click or tap the New desktop link in the bottom-right corner of the display. Windows 10 creates a new desktop, as shown in Figure 3.22. Then, simply drag apps from the task view to the desired desktop to move them to that desktop. If you want to add apps that are not yet open, close the task view and open the apps. Then, click the Task View icon and drag the now open apps to the desired desktop.

To switch to a different desktop, press Windows + Ctrl+← or Windows + Ctrl+→. These keystrokes cycle through the virtual desktops in order. You can also open the task view and click or tap a desktop to make it active. To remove a virtual desktop, open the task view, hover the mouse over the desktop's icon and click the Close button. Removing a desktop does not close any apps that are on it. Instead, the apps move to the next virtual desktop to the left.

Logging Off, Shutting Down

Here's a question many people ask: “Should I shut down my computer if I won't be using it for a while, or should I leave it on?” Everybody has an opinion about this. So here's ours: It doesn't matter. It's fine to leave your computer running. Many people shut down their computers only when they need to, such as when installing certain types of hardware. Aside from that, their computers are on, and online, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. With today's green PCs, turning off the computer every day isn't as important as it once was. Perhaps more important, leaving the computer on means you can start working with it almost right away, instead of waiting for it to boot.

What about wear and tear? If your device is configured for power saving options, such as shutting down the hard disk after a certain period of inactivity, the device receives little to no wear when idle. With solid state storage devices becoming more common, hard disk wear and useful life are becoming non-issues. So, don't worry about wearing out your device by leaving it running all the time.

The Power button in Windows 10 is located on the Start menu. But you also can access the power commands from the Quick Link menu. Figure 3.23 shows the power commands in the Quick Link menu. Figure 3.24 shows the Power button in the Start menu.

Although shutdown is much faster in Windows 10 than previous versions, don't expect the computer to turn off immediately. Windows takes a few seconds to get everything closed up and ready to shut down. On most computers, you don't have to do anything else. The computer eventually shuts itself down completely.

Wrapping Up

That wraps up the main terminology and basic skills. Much of what you've learned in this chapter is the kind of stuff most people assume you already know. You may have to read the chapter a few times and practice the skills before it all sinks in. Use the Windows Help for more information and for hands-on practice.

Here's a quick summary of the most important points covered in this chapter:

• The Windows desktop is the primary place you'll do your work.
• Unless you have a touchscreen device (such as a mobile phone or tablet), you'll use your mouse and keyboard to operate the computer.
• Most of your work will involve opening and using programs and apps.
• You can start any program that's installed on your computer from the Start menu.
• Each open program appears in its own program window on the desktop. Program windows stack up like sheets of paper.
• Each open program window has a corresponding taskbar button. The taskbar buttons help you switch from one open program window to another.
• You can move and size program windows to see exactly what you need to see, when you need to see it.
• You can create multiple virtual desktops to organize your running apps.
• When you finish using your computer and want to shut it down, don't reach for the main power switch. Instead, click the Start menu, choose Power, and then click Shut Down.

That's enough for now about the desktop and programs. These days, with just about everyone using a computer to access the Internet, security is a major issue. So, we begin to address that topic in Chapter 4 with a discussion of user accounts and how they relate to computer security.