Notes
Although this is not a scholarly text, we have attempted to provide sources for all factual claims. We have gone to significant lengths to provide citations of persistent (that is to say, “paper”) sources whenever possible. However, given our subject matter, a disturbing number of citations are necessarily in the form of web URLs. We are painfully aware that most of these links will soon “go dead.” We can only offer our apologies and our assurances that we have done our best to characterize such information fairly and accurately in the text.
Preface
| page xiv | trends are widely recognized: The literature on these trends is huge and dates back at least until the 1980s. In addition to the terms pervasive computing and ubiquitous computing, web searches for the terms Internet of things, ambient intelligence, machine to machine, and smart environments will produce useful results. A good general introduction can be found in M. Weiser, “The Computer of the 21st Century,” Scientific American 265 (September 1991): 104. |
| page xiv | “smart dust”: Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub, Smart Dust: Sensor Network Applications, Architecture, and Design (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006), 1–3. |
| page xiv | nuts-and-bolts issues: A typical example of the genre is Stefan Poslad, Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions (West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2009). |
| page xv | “Most Advanced Yet Acceptable”: Raymond Loewy, Never Leave Well Enough Alone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1951), 278. |
Chapter 1 The Future, So Far
| page 1 | Behind all the great material inventions: Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1934), 3. |
| page 2 | more transistors than grains of rice: R. Goodall, D. Fandel, A. Allan, P. Landler, and H. Huff, “Long-Term Productivity Mechanisms of the Semiconductor Industry,” American Electrochemical Society Semiconductor Silicon 2002 Proceedings, 9th ed., May 2002, 125–143. |
| page 2 | ten billion processors per year: Michael Barr, “Real Men Program in C,” Embedded Systems Design. TechInsights (United Business Media), July/August 2009, 10. |
| page 4 | Sneakers that send: Nigel K. Pope, Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn, and John J. H. Forster, Digital Sport for Performance Enhancement and Competitive Evolution: Intelligent Gaming Technologies (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2009), 152–153; see also J. D. Biersdorfer, iPod: The Missing Manual, 10th ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2011), 222–223. |
| page 4 | tags sewn into hotel towels: Bruce Schneier, Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive By (Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 123–125; see also Terence Craig and Mary E. Ludloff, Privacy and Big Data (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2011), 49; Roger Yu, “Hotels Use RFID Chips to Keep Linens from Checking Out,” USA Today, July 28, 2011, http://travel.usatoday.com/hotels. |
| page 4 | bolts holding the seats: Jean J. Labrosse et al., Embedded Software: Know It All (Burlington, MA: Newnes Publishing, 2008), 548–551; see also Aini Hussain et al., “Decision Algorithm for Smart Airbag Deployment Safety Issues,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 1, no. 5 (2006): 333–339; David S. Breed, “A Smart Airbag System,” Automotive Technologies International, Paper Number: 98-S5-O-13, 1080–1091. |
| page 5 | types of computer music: O. B. Hardison, Jr., Disappearing Through the Skylight: Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 236–237. |
| page 6 | human beings spending their time: For a discussion of humans in the loop as a block to progress, see Michael L. Dertouzos, What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 85–88. |
| page 6 | “HotSync” capabilities: Andrea Butter and David Pogue, Piloting Palm: The Inside Story of Palm, Handspring, and the Birth of the Billion-Dollar Handheld Industry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 73–74, 138; see also Eric Bergman and Rob Haitani, “Designing the PalmPilot: A Conversation with Rob Haitani, in Information Appliances and Beyond: Interaction Design for Consumer Products, ed. Eric Bergman (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2000), 87–88. |
| page 8 | one billion computers in use: George Shiffler III, Forecast: PC Installed Base, Worldwide, 2004–2012 (Stamford, CT: Gartner Inc., 2008). |
| page 8 | 600 million automobiles in use: “How many cars are there in the world currently?” Worldometers, http://www.worldometers.info/cars/. Accessed November 29, 2011. |
| page 9 | taken Digital Equipment Corp. from nothing to $7.6 billion: Peter Petre and Alan Farnham, “America’s Most Successful Entrepreneur,” Fortune, October 27, 1986, 24. |
| page 10 | PC revenues peaked: Steven Buehler et al., Worldwide Personal Computing and Mobile Connected Devices 2012 Top 10 Predictions (Framingham, MA: IDC, 2012). |
| page 11 | dark 1976 critique: Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976), 25–26. |
| page 12 | appropriation by Steve Jobs: The tale of the early days of the PC industry has been told many times, but never more entertainingly than in Pirates of Silicon Valley, directed by Martyn Burke. Performed by Noah Wyle, Anthony Michael Hall, and Joey Slotnick. Turner Home Entertainment, 1999. Film. |
| page 13 | HyperCard: Mark Levene, An Introduction to Search Engines and Web Navigation, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 223–225; see also D. Kothari and Anshu Saxena, Hypermedia: From Multimedia to Virtual Reality: A Managerial Perspective (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall, 2004), 110–113. |
Chapter 2 The Next Mountain
| page 15 | the vision precedes the proof: Walter Dorwin Teague, Design This Day: The Technique of Order in the Machine Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), 222–223. |
| page 20 | “virtual PC”: Diane Barrett and Greg Kipper, Virtualization and Forensics: A Digital Forensic Investigator’s Guide to Virtual Environments (Burlington, MA: Syngress, 2010), 12–15. |
| page 20 | Internet virus situation: See, for example, Peter Szor, The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense (Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005); Jeffrey Carr, Inside Cyber Warfare, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2012); see also David Kim and Michael Solomon, Fundamentals of Information Systems Security (Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010); Jatinder N. D. Gupta and Sushil K. Sharma, eds., Handbook of Research on Information Security and Assurance (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2009). |
| page 20 | A PC plugged into the Internet: Byron Acohido and Jon Swartz, “Unprotected PCs Can Be Hijacked in Minutes,” USA Today, November 30, 2004, B.3. |
| page 20 | Apple even retains the ability: Berin Szoka and Adam Marcus, eds., The Next Digital Decade: Essays on the Future of the Internet (Washington, DC: TechFreedom, 2010), 154–155. |
| page 25 | five billion or more devices: “Internet Connected Devices About to Pass the 5 Billion Milestone,” IMS Research, Press Release, August 16, 2010, http://imsresearch.com/news-events/press-template.php?pr_id = 1532. Accessed March 2, 2012. |
| page 27 | The Box That Flattened the World: 2006 was the fiftieth anniversary of the voyage of Ideal-X. The occasion prompted three excellent tellings of this fascinating story: Marc Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the Economy Bigger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Brian J. Cudahy, Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006); Arthur Donovan and Joseph Bonney, The Box That Changed the World: Fifty Years of Container Shipping: An Illustrated History (East Windsor, NJ: Commonwealth Business Media, 2006). |
| page 28 | Achieving some basic degree of understanding: Michael L. Dertouzos, What Will Be: How the World of Information Will Change Our Lives (New York: HarperOne, 1998), 85. |
| page 29 | Wikipedia list: “Application Layer,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer. Accessed February 25, 2012. |
| page 30 | coined by science-fiction writer William Gibson: William Gibson, Neuromancer (New York: Ace Books, 1984); William Gibson, “Burning Chrome,” Omni, July 1982. |
| page 30 | Cyberspace is the “place”: Bruce Sterling, “Introduction” in The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), xi–xii. |
| page 31 | Steve Roth: Corilyn Shropshire, “Obituary: Steven Roth/Maya Viz founder,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 14, 2005; Nahun Gershon and Jake Kolojejchick, “From the Lab to the Field: Steve Roth—A Memoriam,” IEEE Transactions on Visualizations and Computer Graphics 11, no. 6 (November/December 2006): 609–610. |
| page 31 | Xanadu: Nelson published his ideas in a somewhat chaotic series of self-published books under the titles Computer Lib/Dream Machine and Literary Machines, appearing in many editions between ca. 1974 and 1993. These books are fascinating but difficult to find. A much more accessible telling of the Xanadu story may be found in Gary Wolf, “The Curse of Xanadu,” Wired 3, no. 6 (June 1995): 137–202. |
| page 32 | ADVENT: A thoughtful analysis of the significance of Adventure may be found in O.B. Hardison, Jr., Disappearing through the Skylight: Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century (New York: Penguin Books, 1989): 265–267. |
| page 33 | Colossal Cave is a real place: Dennis G. Jerz, “Somewhere Nearby Is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther’s Original ‘Adventure’ in Code and in Kentucky,” Digital Humanities Quarterly 1, no. 2 (Summer 2007). |
| page 35 | Pioneer in the Reputation Business: D&B, The History, http://www.dnb.com/about-dnb/history/14909191-1.html. Accessed November 16, 2011. |
Interlude Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: Platforms and User Interfaces
| page 41 | not organized around applications J. Johnson, T. L. Roberts et al., “The Xerox Star: A Retrospective,” IEEE Computer 22, no. 9 (September 1989): 11–29. |
| page 42 | several attempts at reform: George V. Popescu, “Distributed Indexing Networks for Efficient Large-Scale Group Communication,” in Handbook of Research on P2P and Grid Systems for Service-Oriented Computing: Models, Methodologies and Applications, ed. Nick Antonopoulos et al., 360–381 (Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference/IGI Global, 2010). |
| page 42 | “Workscape”: J. M. Ballay, “Designing Workscape: An Interdisciplinary Experience,” in Proceedings CHI’94 Human Factors in Computer Systems (Boston: ACM, 1994), 10–15. |
| page 43 | Ajax: Concerning Ajax, see Andre Lewis, Michael Purvis, Jeffrey Sambells, and Cameron Turner, Google Maps: Applications with Rails and Ajax (New York: Apress, 2007); see also Paul J. Deitel and Harvey M. Deitel, AJAX, Rich Internet Applications, and Web Development for Programmers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008). The term “HTML5” is used in so many different ways and has been written about in such volume, we will not attempt to summarize here. |
| page 43 | created at a Swiss physics lab: Tim Berners-Lee and Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 4. |
| page 44 | Semantic Web: Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web,” Scientific American 284, no. 5 (May 2001): 34–43; Karin K. Breitman, Marco Antonio Casanova, and Walt Truszkowski, Semantic Web: Concepts, Technologies and Applications (London: Springer-Verlag, 2007). |
| page 44 | “Moore’s Law.”: Discussions of Moore’s Law are countless. A version of his original claim may be found in Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, no. 8 (April 19, 1965): 114–117. Moore’s Law as a self-fulfilling prophecy is discussed in National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy, Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age, ed. Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, 64–69 (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007); see also Jennifer Gabrys, Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011), 116–117. |
Chapter 3 The Tyranny of the Orthodoxy
| page 51 | At any given moment there is an orthodoxy: George Orwell, Appendix I, “Orwell’s Proposed Preface to Animal Farm,” in Animal Farm (London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd., 1987), 207–208. |
| page 52 | “People Connection”: http://www.peopleconnectionblog.com/2008/11/06/hometown-has-been -shutdown. Accessed March 30, 2009. As noted in the text, this and most of the other URLs concerning this incident are no longer operational. At this writing, they are still available via the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine (http://www.archive.org/web/web.php). |
| page 52 | 11 million web pages: Donald Munro, “The Net’s Anonymity Gives License to Write and Post Freely,” Fresno Bee, June 24, 2001, quoted in Hope Jensen Schau and Mary C. Gilly, “We Are What We Post? Self-Presentation in Personal Web Space,” Journal of Consumer Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 385. |
| page 52 | The first official notice: Posted by Minnie Apolis, “R.I.P. – AOL to disband Blogging ‘Journals,’” Newsvine, September 30, 2008, http://minnieapolis.newsvine.com/ _news/2008/09/30/1937764-rip-aol-to-disband-blogging-journals. Accessed May 12, 2012. |
| page 54 | permalink that AOL thoughtfully included: http://www.peopleconnectionblog.com/2008/11/ 06/hometown-has-been-shutdown/. |
| page 54 | “Ficlets Will Be Shut Down Permanently,”: http://www.peopleconnectionblog.com/2008/ 12/02/ficlets-will-be-shut-down-permanently/. Accessed March 30, 2009. |
| page 54 | “I’m disappointed”: Kevin Lawver, “Ficlets Est Mort” (2008), http://lawver.net/2008/12/ficlets_est_mor/. Accessed November 30, 2011. |
| page 55 | “Forever is a long time.”: http://www.fictionwise.com/help/Expiring-Download-Replacement -FAQ.htm. Accessed April 10, 2009. Not surprisingly, as of this writing, this link no longer works. |
| page 55 | Google Research Datasets: Alexis Madrigal, “Google Shutters Its Science Data Service,” Wired Science, December 18, 2008. http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/12/googlescienceda.html. Accessed December 28, 2011. |
| page 55 | Google Video: Posted by Michael Cohen, “Turning Down Uploads at Google Video,” http://googlevideo.blogspot.com/2009/01/turning-down-uploads-at-google-video.html. Accessed December 28, 2011. See also Claudine Beaumont, “Google Announces End of Google Video, Jaiku and Other Projects in ‘Cost-Cutting’ Exercise,” Telegraph, January 15, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/4248045/Google-announces-end-of-Google-Video-Jaiku-and-other-projects-in-cost-cutting-exercise.html. Accessed May 15, 2009. |
| page 55 | Google Catalog Search: Punit Soni, “Farewell Google Catalog Search,” January 14, 2009, http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2009/01/farewell-google-catalog-search.html. Accessed February 19, 2012. |
| page 55 | Google Notebook: “A Fall Spring-Clean,” Google Official Blog, September 2, 2011, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/fall-spring-clean.html. Accessed February 19, 2012. |
| page 55 | Google Mashup Editor: Eric Tholomé, “Farewell to Mashup Editor,” Google Mashup Editor Blog, July 15, 2009, http://googlemashupeditor.blogspot.com/. Accessed February 19, 2012. |
| page 55 | Jaiku: The “launch early, launch often” quotation may be found at: “A Fall Sweep,” Google Official Blog, October 14, 2011, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/10/fall-sweep.html. Accessed February 19, 2012. |
| page 55 | Zune music player: Charles Pfleeger and Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Analyzing Computer Security: A Threat/Vulnerability/Countermeasure Approach (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2012), 106. |
| page 56 | it wasn’t the first time: See Stephen Shankland and Tom Krazit, “Widespread Google Outages Rattle Users,” May 14, 2009, http://news.cnet.com/widespread-google-outages-rattle -users/. Accessed December 29, 2011. |
| page 58 | I don’t (yet) believe: Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (New York: Random House, 2001), 7. |
| page 58 | catastrophic failure: James Quinn, “AOL Officially Splits from Time Warner after 10 Years,” Telegraph, December 9, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/ mediatechnologyandtelecoms/6774324/AOL-officially-splits-from-Time-warner-after- 10-years.html. Accessed December 16, 2011. |
| page 60 | Every day brings another story: Eric Cole, Network Security Bible, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), chap. 14. |
| page 61 | mathematician and the chessboard: Ray Kurzweil uses this parable prominently in The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 36–37, which is an excellent source on the nature of exponential growth and the tendency of humans to misperceive it. |
| page 64 | efforts toward data preservation: Elisabeth Eaves, “Publish and Perish,” Forbes, December 1, 2006, http://www.forbes.com/2006/11/30/books-information-preservation-tech-media_cx_ee_books06_1201acid.html. Accessed February 24, 2012. |
| page 65 | interesting thing about cloud computing: Ellison’s infamous statement quoted by Wall Street Journal technology blogger Ben Worthen, “Larry Ellison’s Brilliant Anti-Cloud Computing Rant,” Wall Street Journal Business Technology Blog, September 25, 2008, http://blogs.wsj .com/biztech/2008/09/25/larry-ellisons-brilliant-anti-cloud-computing-rant/. Worthen states that the statement was made at the Oracle Analysts Day held on Thursday, September 25, 2008, and that it was “slightly edited.” As is typical, the original WSJ link is no longer operational, nor is the provided “permalink.” However, the blog entry was widely reproduced around the web, and Worthen’s original article is also available in the Internet Archives. See also “Oracle’s Ellison Nails Cloud Computing,” http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html. Accessed March 3, 2012. |
| page 67 | excited about things like “thin client”: See, for example, Peter Burrows, “The Next Cheap Thing,” Bloomberg Businessweek, July 3, 2006, 63–64; and Tineke M. Egyedi, Copyright 2001 IEEE, “Why Java™ Was-Not-Standardized Twice,” Proceedings of the Hawai’i International Conference On System Sciences, Maui, Hawaii, January 3–6, 2001. |
| page 67 | absurdly large and cheap: During this time period, the rate of growth of disk-drive capacity actually exceeded Moore’s law by a significant margin. See Andrew J. Herbert and Karen Spärck Jones, eds., Computer Systems: Theory, Technology, and Applications (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), 298; Dan Gillmor, We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2006), 159–160. |
| page 68 | Via Repository: Peter Lucas and Jeff Senn, “Toward the Universal Database: U-forms and the VIA Repository,” MAYA Technical Report #MAYA-02001 (2002), http://www.maya .com/file_download/35/maya_universal_database.pdf. |
| page 68 | Visage: Peter Lucas, Steve Roth, and Christina Gomberg, “Visage: Dynamic Information Exploration,” Association of Computing Machinery, CHI96 Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 1996. |
| page 68 | OceanStore project: John Kubiatowicz et al., “OceanStore: An Architecture for Global-Scale Persistent Storage,” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), November 2000), http://oceanstore.cs.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/pdf/asplos00.pdf. |
| page 70 | average life expectancy: Arie de Geus, The Living Company: Habits for Survival in a Turbulent Business Environment (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), 1. |
| page 71 | a lot of the problems: Stuart Feldman, “A Conversation with Alan Kay,” Queue 2, no. 9 (December/January 2004–2005): 25, 26. |
| page 72 | A plumber will never install: 2006 National Standard Plumbing Code, Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors National Association (2006). Sec 10.5.2: 114–115. |
| page 72 | An electrician will never install: National Electric Code, 2005 ed. National Fire Protection Association, Inc. (2004), Sec 110.26: 70–36. |
| page 72 | A building contractor will never build: International Building Code 2006. International Code Council, Inc. (2006). Sec 1008.1.2: 208. |
| page 72 | nonconformant wires are wrapped: Ray C. Mullin and Phil Simmons, Electrical Wiring Residential, 17th ed. (Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2012): 158–161. |
| page 73 | first National Electric Code: National Electric Code: An American Standard (Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1897). |
| page 73 | Edison’s Pearl Street Station: George S. Bryan, Edison: The Man and His Work (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), 160–161, 169. |
| page 73 | Software Engineering Institute: Peter Middleton and James Sutton, Lean Software Strategies: Proven Techniques for Managers and Developers (New York: Productivity Press, 2005), 61–62. |
| page 74 | “Most software today,”: Feldman, “A Conversation with Alan Kay.” op. cit., 23. |
| page 74 | minicomputers that booted in seconds: Andy Hertzfeld, Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2005). See also Alan Cooper, The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High-Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity (Indianapolis: SAMS Publishing, 2004). |
| page 74 | “Nobody knows anything.”: William Goldman, Adventures in the Screen Trade: A Personal View of Hollywood and Screenwriting (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1989), 39. |
| page 75 | sensations of power and control: Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976); Nathan L. Ensmenger, The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010); Stefan Helmreich, Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 69, 84, 85, 95; Robert X. Cringely, Accidental Empires: How the Boys of Silicon Valley Make Their Millions, Battle Foreign Competition, and Still Can’t Get a Date (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 59. |
| page 76 | how much a new ship weighed: R. Buckminster Fuller, Your Private Sky: Discourse, ed. Joachim Krausse and Claude Lichtenstein (Baden, CH: Lars Muller, 2001), 264. |
| page 77 | “The Cathedral and the Bazaar”: Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), 19–64. |
| page 78 | though he was master of the world: Arthur C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (New York: New American Library Corporation/Penguin Group, 1968), 222. |
| page 78 | by geeks for geeks: Walt Mossberg, “An Interview with Walt Mossberg,” Bisnow on Business, October 17, 2005, http://www.bisnow.com/archives_ew/index_mossberg_original.html. |
| page 30 | Python programming language: Guido van Rossum, An Introduction to Python (Bristol, UK: Network Theory Ltd., 2003). |
| page 79 | half of his time on Python: Richard Dooling, Rapture for the Geeks: When AI Outsmarts IQ (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), 194. |
| page 80 | World Wide Web as it was originally conceived: Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000); Ian J. Taylor and Andrew B. Harrison, From P2P and Grids to Services on the Web: Evolving Distributed Communities, 2nd ed. (London: Springer-Verlag, 2009), 108. |
| page 80 | Books quite a bit thicker: Adrian Johns, Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); William Patry, Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity (New York: Penguin Books, 2004); James Boyle, The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008). |
| page 81 | Diana was presenting: Diana Dee-Lucas and Jill H. Larkin, “Content Map Design and Knowledge Structures with Hypertext and Traditional Text,” Proceedings of ACM Hypertext’91—Posters 1991-12-15, 7. |
| page 81 | official W3C history: http://www.w3.org/History.html. Accessed March 1, 2012. |
Chapter 4 How Nature Does It
| page 83 | proliferation of microprocessors: George B. Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (New York: Perseus Books, 1997), 13. |
| page 84 | Pando: Michael C. Grant, “The Trembling Giant,” Discover Magazine 14, no. 10 (October 1993): 82–89, http://discovermagazine.com/1993/oct/thetremblinggian285. Accessed November 14, 2011. |
| page 84 | Experiments that employed a rototiller: “Quaking Aspen,” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, http://www.nps.gov/brca/naturescience/quakingaspen.htm. Accessed November 14, 2011. |
| page 84 | mycorrhizal network: B. Wang and Y. L. Qiu. “Phylogenetic Distribution and Evolution of Mycorrhizas in Land Plants,” Mycorrhiza 16, no. 5 (July 2006): 299–363. |
| page 84 | Mycorrhizal networks have been shown: David J. Read, Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, ed. David M. Richardson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 336. |
| page 84 | interplant communication: Y. Y. Song, R. S. Zeng, J. F. Xu, J. Li, X. Shen, et al., “Interplant Communication of Tomato Plants through Underground Common Mycorrhizal Networks,” PLoS ONE 5, no. 10 (2010): e13324, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013324. |
| page 84 | fungi often benefit: Li Huiying, Sally E. Smith, et al., “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Contribute to Phosphorus Uptake by Wheat Grown in a Phosphorus-Fixing Soil Even in the Absence of Positive Growth Responses,” New Phytologist 172, no. 3 (November 2006): 536–543. |
| page 84 | Carbon has been shown to migrate: Suzanne W. Simard et al., “Net Transfer of Carbon Between Ectomycorrhizal Tree Species in the Field,” Nature 388, no. 6642 (August 7, 1997): 579–582. |
| page 85 | inoculating degraded soil: D. Southworth, X. H. He, W. Swenson, C. S. Bledsoe, and W. R. Horwath, “Application of Network Theory to Potential Mycorrhizal Networks,” Mycorrhiza 15, no. 8 (December 2005): 589–595. doi: 10.1007/s00572-005-0368-z. |
| page 85 | hubs interconnecting various species: D. Southworth, “Application of Network Theory to Potential Mycorrhizal Networks.” |
| page 85 | rigorous definition of the term information: Claude E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” Bell System Technical Journal 27 (1948): 379 –423, 623–656. |
| page 85 | fossil record: David Wacey, Matt R. Kilburn, et al., “Microfossils of Sulphur-Metabolizing Cells in 3.4-Billion-Year-Old Rocks of Western Australia, Nature Geoscience 4, no. 10 (October 2011): 698–702. |
| page 86 | no two fermions: Wolfgang Pauli, “On the Connexion Between the Completion of Electron Groups in an Atom with the Complex Structure of Spectra,” Zeit. Physik 31 (1925): 765–783. |
| page 89 | then-unknown element: Dmitri Mendeleef, “The Periodical Law of the Chemical Elements,” Chemical News XLI, no. 1056: 83, as seen in Classic Scientific Papers: Chemistry, Second Series (American Elsevier, 1970), 299. |
| page 89 | now called Germanium: Nils Wiberg et al., eds., Holleman-Wiberg’s Inorganic Chemistry (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001): 893–895. |
| page 90 | Cambrian Explosion: Mark Denny and Alan McFadzean, Engineering Animals: How Life Works (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011): 38. |
| page 91 | Life’s idea of liquid currency: Chris S. Smillie et al., “Ecology Drives a Global Network of Gene Exchange Connecting the Human Microbiome,” Nature 480, no. 7376 (December 8, 2011): 241–244. |
| page 91 | human drugs in their milk: L. Rudenko, J. Jones, and E. Evdokimov, “The Future: Modern Animal Biotechnology,” in Animals, Diseases, and Human Health: Shaping Our Lives Now and in the Future, ed. Radford G. Davis (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011), 253. |
| page 91 | students at MIT: Shetty, Reshma P., “Applying Engineering Principles to the Design and Construction of Transcriptional Devices” (PhD diss., MIT, 2008); see also “Bacterial Odor Generators,” Eric Sawyer, Scitable (March 21, 2011), 1, http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/bio2.0/bacterial_odor_generators. Accessed May 2, 2012. |
| page 91 | Vaccines for hepatitis B: Y. Thanavala and A. A. Lugade, “Oral Transgenic Plant-Based Vaccine for Hepatitis B,” Immunologic Research 46, no. 1–3 (March 2010): 4–11. |
| page 92 | Manhattan-sized phone book: Janet Caldow, “The On Demand World: Mapping the Government Genome,” in The Agile Enterprise: Reinventing Your Organization for Success in an On-Demand World, ed. Nirmal Pal and Daniel C. Pantaleo (New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2005), 88. |
| page 92 | cut on your skin: K.S. Midwood, L.V. Williams, and J. E. Schwarzbauer, “Tissue Repair and the Dynamics of the Extracellular Matrix,” International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 36, no. 6 (2004): 1031–1037. See also Ruth Memmler et al., Memmler’s the Human Body in Health and Disease, 8th ed. (New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996), 44. |
| page 93 | layered semantics: Clifford Neuman, “The Prospero File System: A Global File System Based on the Virtual System Model,” Computing Systems 5, no. 4 (Fall 1992): 407–432. |
| page 95 | Tale of Two Watchmakers: Herbert A. Simon, “The Architecture of Complexity,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106, no. 6 (December 1962): 470. |
| page 97 | Lego Technics: Gwendolyn D. Galsworth, Smart, Simple Design: Using Variety Effectiveness to Reduce Total Cost and Maximize Customer Selection (Essex Junction, VT: Omneo, 1994), 195–196. |
| The trick doesn’t work: Margo Berman, Street-Smart Advertising: How to Win the Battle of the Buzz (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007), 34–35. | |
| page 98 | Figure 4.5 A Studio Exercise Visual design educational materials created by Professor J. M. Ballay at the School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University. |
| page 99 | Generative grammar: Noam Chomsky, “Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,” Special Technical Report, Number 11, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965). |
| page 101 | Figure 4.7 Generative Sketching: Visual design educational materials created by Professor J. M. Ballay at the School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University. |
Chapter 5 How Design Does It
| page 105 | role of the designer: Arthur Pulos, The American Design Adventure (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), vii. |
| page 106 | support of all human lives: R. Buckminster Fuller (Kiyoshi Kuromiya, Adjuvant), Critical Path (New York: St. Martins Press, 1981), 124. |
| page 106 | “Call me Trimtab.”: Barry Farrell, “Playboy Interview: R. Buckminster Fuller,” Playboy 19, no. 2 (February 1972), 59. |
| page 106 | discovery of buckyballs: Nobelprize.org, the Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/illpres/discovery.html. Accessed December 1, 2011. |
| page 107 | I seem to be a verb: R. Buckminster Fuller, Jerome Agel, and Quentin Fiore, I Seem to be a Verb, 1st ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1970). |
| page 108 | design its factory: Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925–1939 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 53. |
| page 109 | Teague (Figure 5.3) was by temperament: Ibid., 47. |
| page 109 | Loewy (Figure 5.4) characterized: Raymond Loewy, Never Leave Well Enough Alone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1951), 77. |
| page 110 | Dreyfuss was educated: Russell Flinchum, Henry Dreyfuss, Industrial Designer: The Man in the Brown Suit (New York: Rizzoli Publications, 1997), 24. |
| page 111 | discipline of ergonomics: Henry Dreyfuss, Measure of Man: Human Factors in Design (New York: Watson-Guptil, 1950). |
| page 112 | those who did not: Quoted in Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth Century Limited. Industrial Design in America, 1925–1939, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 84. |
| page 112 | Bell returned to Dreyfuss: Henry Dreyfuss, Designing for People (New York: Allworth Press, 2003), 102–103. |
| page 114 | agricultural revolution: Carl Ortwin Sauer, Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, ed. John Leighly (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), 164. |
| page 115 | Crystal Palace: Edward Macdermott, Routledge’s Guide to the Crystal Palace and Park at Sydenham (London: George Routledge & Co., 1854), 7. Tallis’s History and Description of The Crystal Palace and the Exhibition of the World’s Industry in 1851, ed. Beard Mayall, et al. (London and New York: John Tallis and Co., 1852). |
| page 116 | Original Crystal Palace: Tallis, ibid. |
| page 117 | A Work Table Displayed: Tallis, Ibid. |
| page 117 | Charles Eames: John Neuhart, Marilyn Neuhart, and Ray Eames, Eames Design: The Work of the Office of Charles and Ray Eames (New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1989), 8, 14–15, 355, 358. |
| page 119 | “stay/no stay.”: Courtney G. Brooks, James M. Grimwood, and Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA Special Publication-4205 in the NASA History Series (1979), 317. |
| page 122 | controller of its Wii: Gregory Trefry, Casual Game Design: Designing Play for the Gamer in All of Us (Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2010), 7–12; see also William Lidwell and Gerry Manacsa, Deconstructing Product Design: Exploring the Form, Function, Usability, Sustainability, and Commercial Success of 100 Amazing Products (Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers, 2009), 208– 209. |
| page 130 | two opposed ideas: F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Crack-Up” Esquire, February 1936 (first in a series of essays published in Esquire in February, March, and April, 1936). |
| page 130 | Opposable Mind: Roger L. Martin, The Opposable Mind: How Successful Leaders Win Through Integrative Thinking (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007). |
| page 131 | future is already here: Gibson made this statement on several occasions. One example is an interview called “Finding Science in Science Fiction,” Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio, November 30, 1999. |
| page 132 | nearly five times as many: Modern Living Up From the Egg. Time LIV, no. 18 (October 31, 1949). |
Interlude Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: Data Storage
| page 135 | SABRE airline reservation system: S. K. Singh, Database Systems: Concepts, Design and Applications (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2006), 35–38; see also Duncan G. Copeland and James L. McKenney, “Airline Reservations Systems: Lessons from History,” MIS Quarterly 12, no. 3 (September 1988): 352–370. |
| page 137 | public information space: This is a vision that was first articulated 20 years ago in David Gelernter’s Mirror Worlds, or: The Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox . . . How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992). |
Chapter 6 Design Science on Trillions Mountain
| page 139 | We are as gods: Stewart Brand, Ed., Whole Earth Catalog, (Menlo Park, CA: Portola Institute, 1968), 2. |
| page 140 | Design thinking: Peter G. Rowe, Design Thinking (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987). |
| page 140 | Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science: R. Buckminster Fuller, “A Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science,” Journal-Royal Architectural Institute of Canada 34 (1957): 357. |
| page 140 | Fuller teaches us: Richard Buckminster Fuller and E. J. Applewhite, Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (New York: Macmillan, 1975): 4–9. |
| page 141 | “[devising] courses of action: Herbert Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969), 111. |
| page 142 | Workscape: J. M. Ballay, “Designing Workscape: An Interdisciplinary Experience,” in Proceedings CHI 94 Human Factors in Computer Systems (Boston: ACM, 1994), 10–15. |
| page 143 | 11 patents: U.S. Patent Numbers 5499330, 5528739, 5544051, 5600833, 5613134, 5621874, 6012072, 6012074, 6151610, D395297, 5528739. |
| page 143 | three-dimensional document management system: S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, and W. York, “The WebBook and the Web Forager: An Information Workspace for the World-Wide Web,” ACM Conference on Human Factors in Software (1996). Data Mountain: George Robertson, Mary Czerwinski, et al., “Using Spatial Memory for Document Management Microsoft Research (January 1998), in Proceedings, UIST ‘98, p. 154. Cindy Pickering, John David Miller, Eleanor Wynn, and Chuck House, “3D Global Virtual Teaming Environment,” Fourth International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating Through Computing (C5 ‘06) (2006), 126–135. |
| page 147 | ISO-9000: ISO 9000 Quality Management, 12th ed. (Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2009). |
| page 147 | stage-gate model: Lawrence P. Chao and Kosuke Ishii, “Design Process Error-Proofing: Benchmarking Gate and Phased Review Life-Cycle Models,” Proceedings of IDETC/CIE 2005, ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Long Beach, California, September 24–28, 2005. |
| page 150 | design methods.: John Christopher Jones, Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures (London: John Wiley & Sons, 1970); 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992). |
| page 154 | superstitious behavior even in pigeons: B. F. Skinner, “Superstition in the Pigeon,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 38 (April 1948): 168–172. |
| page 156 | information-centric manipulation: P. Lucas, S. F. Roth, and C. Gomberg, “Visage: Dynamic Information Exploration,” paper presented at the Association of Computing Machinery, CHI ‘96 Conference, Vancouver, Canada (1996); P. Lucas and S. F. Roth, “Exploring Information with Visage,” in Video Proceedings of the Association of Computing Machinery CHI ‘96 Conference, Vancouver, Canada (1996); S. F. Roth, P. Lucas, J. A. Senn, C. C. Gomberg, M. B. Burks, P. J. Stroffolino, J. A. Kolojejchick, and C. Dunmire, “Visage: A User Interface Environment for Exploring Information,” Proceedings of Information Visualization, IEEE (San Francisco: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996): 3–12; Fact File, A Compendium of DARPA Programs, August 2003, Command Post of the Future, 40. |
| page 157 | Computation in Context: Portions of this section appeared previously in P. Lucas, “Mobile Devices and Mobile Data: Issues of Identity and Reference,” Human Computer Interaction 16 (2001): 323–336. |
| page 160 | Geographic Names: The U.S. board of geographic names is responsible for domestic place names, but non-U.S. names are the responsibility of the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. See http://geonames.usgs.gov /foreign/index.html. The proprietary Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names may be found at http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn/index.html. |
| page 161 | service discovery problem: Golden G. Richard III, Service and Device Discovery: Protocols and Programming (New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002), 2. |
Chapter 7 Architecture with a Capital “A”
| page 167 | Technologies get obsolete: Ishii has made variants of this statement many times. The particular quote came from his Twitter feed (@ishii_mit) dated February 20, 2010. |
| page 168 | “architectonic”: Architectonic = of architecture or architects; constructive; pertaining to systematization of knowledge (The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 6th ed.). |
| page 169 | “organic architecture,”: Frank Lloyd Wright, Modern Architecture: Being the Kahn Lectures for 1930, intro. Neil Levine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), xl, xli, 59, 62. |
| page 169 | more natural than nature: Kimberly Elman, “Frank Lloyd Wright and the Principles of Organic Architecture,” Legacy Essay, http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/essay1.html. Accessed January 23, 2012. |
| page 171 | one irritant is absent: Walter Dorwin Teague, Design This Day: The Technique of Order in the Machine Age, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1949), 207. |
| page 175 | tests: J. Nichols, B. A. Myers, M. Higgins, J. Hughes, T. K. Harris, R. Rosenfeld, and M. Pignol, “Generating Remote Control Interfaces for Complex Appliances,” in UIST 2002: 161–170; see also Jeffrey Nichols, Duen Horng Chau, and Brad A. Myers “Demonstrating the Viability of Automatically Generated User Interfaces,” http://www.jeffreynichols.com/papers/viability-chi2007-final.pdf. |
| page 176 | PUC Testing Results Brad Myers and Peter Lucas, “Personal Universal Controller (PUC),” February 2002, 7. (A joint project conducted by MAYA and Carnegie Mellon University funded by the Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse.) Accessed March 2, 2012. http://www.cs.cmu .edu/~pebbles/papers/PUC_PDG_02-13-02.ppt. Accessed March 1, 2012. |
Chapter 8 Life in an Information Ecology
| page 181 | apple pie from scratch: Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Random House, 1980), 179. |
| page 186 | Gödel, Escher, Bach: Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (New York: Random House, Vintage Books ed., 1980). |
| page 186 | Shepard Tones: Roger N. Shepard, “Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 36, no. 12 (December 1964): 2346–2353. |
| page 186 | Earwig, Man, Elephant: Iona Archibald Opie and Peter Opie, Children’s Games in Street and Playground: Chasing, Catching, Seeking, Hunting, Racing, Duelling, Exerting, Daring, Guessing, Acting, Pretending (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 27. |
| page 186 | bacteria within the digestive system: B. Kerr, M. A. Riley, M. W. Feldman, and B. J. Bohannan, “Local Dispersal Promotes Biodiversity in a Real-Life Game of Rock-Paper-Scissors,” Nature 418, no. 6894 (2002): 171–174; see also B. C. Kirkup and M. A. Riley, “Antibiotic-Mediated Antagonism Leads to a Bacterial Game of Rock-Paper-Scissors in Vivo,” Nature 428, no. 6981 (2004): 412–414. |
| page 187 | winning strategy: Douglas Walker and Graham Walker, The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide (New York: Fireside, 2004). |
| page 189 | water cuts the alluvial banks: Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1901), 134–135. |
| page 190 | Phineas Gage: Malcolm Macmillan, An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000). |
| page 191 | watch that basket: Andrew Carnegie, The Empire of Business (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913), 18. |
| page 192 | “transactional consistency.”: Philip A. Bernstein and Eric Newcomer, Principles of Transaction Processing, 2nd ed. (Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2009). |
| page 195 | quantum entanglement: For an accessible introduction to these topics, see Louisa Gilder, The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008). |
| page 197 | (actually recycled) chips: Joel Brenner, America the Vulnerable: Inside the New Threat Matrix of Digital Espionage, Crime, and Warfare (New York: Penguin Press, 2011). See also United States International Trade Commission, and Katherine Linton et al., “China: Intellectual Property Infringement, Indigenous Innovation Policies, and Frameworks for Measuring the Effects on the U.S. Economy,” Investigation, no. 332-514 (Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 2010), 3-1 to 3-25. |
| page 197 | electronic shipping tags: Hosang Jung, F. Frank Chen, Bongju Jeong, eds., Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management: Technologies and Methodologies (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing, 2007). |
| page 199 | You have zero privacy anyway: Scott McNealy. Quoted in Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, and Harry Lewis, Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion (Boston: Pearson Education, 2008), 296. |
| page 199 | the jig is up: For a discussion of privacy versus freedom, see David Brin, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? (New York: Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition, June 1, 1999). |
| page 200 | O.J. Simpson murder trial: Abelson, Blown to Bits, op. cit., 11. |
| page 200 | automatic OCR: National Research Council (U.S.), Transportation Research Board, Airport Cooperative Research Program (U.S.), Federal Aviation Administration, and Jacobs Consultancy, Guidebook for Evaluating Airport Parking Strategies and Supporting Technologies (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2009), 97, 126. See also Kemal Koche, Vijay Patil, and Kiran Chaudhari, “Study of Probabilistic Neural Network and Feed Forward Back Propogation Neural Network for Identification of Characters in License Plate,” 7–12, in Advances in Power Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, ed. Vinu V. Das et al., Proceedings of the Second International Conference, PEIE 2011, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, April 21–22, vol. 148 (New York: Springer-Verlag 2011). |
| page 200 | VisiCalc: Daniel Bricklin, Bricklin on Technology (Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), 423–465. |
Chapter 9 Aspects of Tomorrow
| page 205 | The only simplicity: Oliver Wendell Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock. Holmes-Pollock Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock, 1874–1932, 2 vols. in 1, 2nd ed., ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), 109. The Holmes quote is often given as “I wouldn’t give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity; I would give my right arm for the simplicity on the far side of complexity,” and is variously attributed to Holmes Senior or Junior. |
| page 206 | Net’s traffic is aggregated: Jonathan E. Nuechterlein and Philip J. Weiser, Digital Crossroads: American Telecommunications Policy in the Internet Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), 131–132. |
| page 209 | new manufacturing techniques: C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, S. Purushothaman, J. Kymissis, A. Callegari, and J. M. Shaw, “Low-Voltage Organic Transistors on Plastic Comprising High-Dielectric Constant Gate Insulators,” Science 283, no. 5403 (February 1999): 822–824. |
| page 212 | Information Commons: See, for example “Designing the Future of Information: The Internet Beyond the Web.” Harbor Research Whitepaper, September 2005, http://www.scribd.com/macurak/d/15481864-Designing-the-Future-of-Information-The-Internet-Beyond-the-Web. Peter Lucas, “CIVIUM: A Geographic Information System for Everyone, the Information Commons, and the Universal Database,” MAYA Design Group, Inc., presented at the International Institute for Information Design (IIID), Vision Plus 10 Conference, Lech/Arlberg, Austria, 2003. |
| page 214 | against pending legislation: Stop Online Piracy Act. H.R. 3261. 112th Cong. (2011–2012); and Protect IP Act. S968. 112th Cong. (2011–2012). |
| page 217 | “The Erlenmeyer Flask”: X-Files, season 1, episode 24, production code 1×23. Original air date May 13, 1994. |
| page 220 | we put the thought: J. R. R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring (London: HarperCollins, 1994), Ch. 8, Book 2, 486. |
Epilogue Thriving in the Spacious Foothills
| page 221 | three kinds of companies: Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994), 100. |
| page 223 | Library at Alexandria: Stuart Kelly, The Book of Lost Books: An Incomplete History of All the Great Books You Will Never Read (New York: Random House, 2005). |
| page 225 | custom ring tones: John Fletcher, “Shrinking Ringtone Sales Lead to Decline in U.S. Mobile Music Market,” SNL Kagan’s Wireless Investor (2009). |
| page 225 | Zynga: Dean Takahashi, “Zynga Reports a Profit for Third Quarter on Eve of IPO,” November 4, 2011. http://venturebeat.com/2011/11/04/zynga-reports-a-profit-for-third -quarter-on-eve-of-ipo/. |
| page 225 | 15 billion apps: Ben Camm-Jones, “App Store Downloads Hit 15bn Mark,” Macworld Australia Magazine, July 8, 2011, 6; Phillip Michaels, “Apple Reports Record Sales, Profits for Third Quarter,” Macworld Australia Magazine, July 20, 2011. |
| page 226 | Underwriters Laboratories: Ernest C. Magison, Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Locations, 4th ed. (Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrument Society of America, 1998), 3–5; see also James Gerhart, Home Automation and Wiring (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), pp. 96; Quentin Wells, Htl+ Home Technology Integration in Depth (Boston: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2004), 246–247. |
| page 227 | numerous government awards: http://archive.darpa.mil/DARPATech2004/awards.html; http://www.army.mil/article/16774/. |
| page 227 | decision making and mission planning effectiveness: William Wright et al., “Command Post of the Future: Limited Objective Experiment – One (LOE-1), Some Results,” NATO Workshop on Visualization of Massive Military Multimedia Datasets. Quebec, Canada. June 7, 2000, http://www.vistg.net/VM3D/. |
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