CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1    PRODUCTION PLANNING

1.1    Introduction

1.2    The Idea

1.3    Goals and Objectives

1.4    The Target Audience

1.5    Style

1.6    Production Personnel

1.7    Production Elements

Production Tip 1A—Pick Any Two

1.8    The Script

1.9    Paperwork

1.10  The Importance of Voice

Production Tip 1B—Copy Marking

1.11  Equipment and Facilities

1.12  Laws

1.13  Ethics

1.14  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Undertake Production Planning for a 15-Minute Interview Show

Project 2—Assess Your Skills

CHAPTER 2    THE STUDIO ENVIRONMENT

2.1    Introduction

2.2    The Audio Chain

2.3    The Studio Layout

2.4    Production Studio Furniture

2.5    Studio Sound Considerations

2.6    Studio Construction Materials

2.7    Studio Size and Shape

2.8    Studio Aesthetics

Production Tip 2A—Static Electricity

2.9    On-Air/Recording Lights

2.10  Hand Signals

2.11  Noise and Distortion

2.12  Is it a Sound Signal or an Audio Signal?

2.13  Sound Defined

2.14  Key Characteristics of Sound Waves

2.15  Frequency Response

2.16  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Tour an Audio Facility and Write a Report Describing It

Project 2—Redesign Your Production Studio

Project 3—Draw an Audio Chain Flowchart for Your Production Studio

CHAPTER 3    DIGITAL AUDIO PRODUCTION

3.1    Introduction

3.2    The Analog Roots of Digital Production

3.3    The Digital Process

3.4    Reasons for Editing

3.5    Desktop Audio Production: The Digital Audio Editor

Production Tip 3A—Audacity

3.6    Digital Audio Workstations and Other Digital Editors

3.7    Strong Points and Weak Points of Digital Production

Production Tip 3B—Maintaining Digital Equipment

3.8    Audio Synchronization

3.9    Latency Issues

3.10  Digital Audio Editing

3.11  Multitrack Editing Techniques

3.12  Multitrack Voice Effects

3.13  Track Sheets

3.14  The Mix Down

3.15  Multitrack Spot Production

3.16  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Undertake Digital Audio Editing

Project 2—Using a Digital Audio Editor, Build a Short Music Bed and Record a “Voice and Music Bed” Spot

Project 3—Write and Record a 60-Second “Concert Commercial”

Project 4—Write and Record a Report that Compares Various Recording/Editing Software Programs

CHAPTER 4    MICROPHONES

4.1    Introduction

4.2    Classifying Microphones

4.3    Dynamic Microphones

4.4    Condenser Microphones

4.5    Microphone Pickup Patterns

4.6    The Omnidirectional Pickup Pattern

4.7    The Cardioid Pickup Pattern

4.8    Polar Response Patterns

4.9    Impedance of Microphones

4.10  Sensitivity of Microphones

4.11  Proximity Effect and Bass Roll-Off

4.12  Microphone Feedback

4.13  Multiple-Microphone Interference

4.14  Stereo

4.15  Stereo Miking Techniques

4.16  Surround Sound

4.17  Special Purpose and Other Types of Microphones

4.18  Microphone Accessories

4.19  Microphone Usage

Production Tip 4A—Microphone-to-Mouth Relationship and Setting Levels

4.20  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Position Microphones in Various Ways to Create Different Effects

Project 2—With Several Other Students, Make a Recording Using Stereo Miking Techniques

Project 3—Compare Sound from Different Types of Microphones

Project 4—Diagram/Apply Miking Techniques to Various On-Campus or Local Sporting Events

CHAPTER 5    THE AUDIO CONSOLE

5.1    Introduction

5.2    The Digital Audio Console

5.3    Audio Console Functions

5.4    Computers and Audio Consoles

5.5    Basic Audio Console Components

5.6    Input Selectors

5.7    Input Volume Control

5.8    Monitoring: Speakers and Headphones

5.9    Cue

5.10  VU Meters

5.11  Output Selectors

5.12  Output Volume Control

5.13  Remote Starts, Clocks, and Timers

5.14  Equalizers and Pan Pots

5.15  Other Features

Production Tip 5A—Manipulating Faders

5.16  Sound Transitions and Endings

5.17  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Learn To Operate an Audio Console

Project 2—Diagram and Label an Audio Board

Project 3—Record a Two-Voice Commercial

CHAPTER 6    DIGITAL AUDIO PLAYERS/RECORDERS

6.1    Introduction

6.2    The CD Player

6.3    CDs and Care of CDs

6.4    The CD Recorder

6.5    Data Compression

6.6    Compactflash and Other Digital Recorders

6.7    Storage

6.8    MP3/Portable Audio Players

6.9    Digital Distribution Networks

6.10  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Record a Public Service Announcement that Uses a Sound Effect

Project 2—Prepare a Report on a Digital Player/Recorder that Is Not Discussed in This Chapter

Project 3—Play and Record Several CD Selections

Project 4—Record a 5-minute Interview with a Classmate and Edit the Interview to 3 Minutes, Using a Portable Digital Recording Device

CHAPTER 7    MONITOR SPEAKERS AND STUDIO ACCESSORIES

7.1    Introduction

7.2    Types of Speakers

7.3    Basic Speaker System Components

7.4    Speaker System Enclosure Designs

7.5    Speaker Sound Qualities

7.6    Speaker Placement

7.7    Phase and Channel Orientation

7.8    Monitor Amplifiers

7.9    Speaker Sensitivity

7.10  Headphones

7.11  Hardwiring and Patching

7.12  Common Audio Connectors

7.13  Other Connectors and Connector Adapters

7.14  Balanced and Unbalanced Lines

7.15  Microphone, Line, and Speaker Levels

7.16  Studio Timers

7.17  Telephone Interface

7.18  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Compare Speaker/Listener Placement

Project 2—Identify Common Connectors Found in the Audio Production Studio

CHAPTER 8    SIGNAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

8.1    Introduction

8.2    Why Use Signal Processing Effects?

8.3    Software or Black Box Signal Processing

8.4    Equalizers

8.5    The Graphic Equalizer

8.6    The Parametric Equalizer

8.7    Audio Filters

8.8    Noise Reduction

8.9    Reverb and Digital Delay

Production Tip 8A—World Wide Web Effects

8.10  Dynamic Range

8.11  Compressors, Expanders, and Noise Gates

8.12  Limiters

8.13  Other Signal Processors

8.14  Multi-Effects Processors

8.15  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Record a Commercial Spot that Uses a Signal Processing Effect

Project 2—Use Multitrack Recording to Create a Chorusing Effect

Project 3—Restore an Audio Clip Using Noise-Reduction Software

CHAPTER 9    PRODUCTION SITUATIONS

9.1    Introduction

9.2    Producing Commercials

Production Tip 9A—Music Punctuators

9.3    Enhancing Image

9.4    Announcing Music

9.5    Recording Music

Production Tip 9B—Miking a Guitar

9.6    Preparing and Announcing News

9.7    Reporting Sports, Traffic, and Weather

9.8    Hosting Talk Shows

9.9    Performing Drama and Variety

9.10  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Record an Air-Check Tape

Project 2—Record a 5-Minute Radio Interview Show in Which You Are the Interviewer

CHAPTER 10  LOCATION SOUND RECORDING

10.1    Introduction

10.2    Types of Field Production

10.3    Common Location Sound Problems

Production Tip 10A—How to Get Rid of a Hum

10.4    Site Planning for Location Recording

10.5    Using Microphones

10.6    Using Recorders

10.7    Using Mixers

10.8    Using Headphones

10.9    Getting the Signal Back to the Studio

10.10  Handling Vehicles

10.11  Providing for Your Own Needs

Production Tip 10B—How to Pack a Survival Bag

10.12  Postproduction Concerns for Location Recording

10.13  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Listen and Plan for Sounds

Project 2—Record Atmosphere Sound, Room Tone, and Walla Walla

CHAPTER 11  SOUND PRODUCTION FOR THE VISUAL MEDIA

11.1    Introduction

11.2    The Importance of Sound to a Visual Production

11.3    The Need to Accommodate the Picture

11.4    Recording Speech

11.5    The Fishpole

Production Tip 11A—Holding a Fishpole

11.6    The Lavaliere

11.7    Other Forms of Microphone Positioning

11.8    Continuity and Perspective

11.9    The Recording Procedure

Production Tip 11B—Recording with Your Eyes Shut

11.10  Recording Sound Effects

11.11  Recording Ambient Sounds

11.12  Recording Music

11.13  Recording ADR

11.14  Recording Foley

11.15  Recording Voice-Overs

11.16  Postproduction Considerations

11.17  Final Mix

11.18  Conclusions

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Determine the Importance of Sound and Picture

Project 2—Record Sound for a Video Project

CHAPTER 12  INTERNET RADIO AND OTHER DISTRIBUTION PLATFORMS

12.1    Introduction

Production Tip 12A—Love Manifests to Digital

12.2    Web Pages

12.3    Overview of the Audio Process for Streaming

12.4    Encoders

12.5    Servers

12.6    Playback Software and Apps

12.7    Software Options

Production Tip 12B—Internet Audience and On-Air Talent Interaction

12.8    On-Demand Files and Podcasting

12.9    Building a Home Studio for Internet Audio Production

12.10  Copyright

12.11  Internet Radio Station Listing Sites

12.12  Other Distribution Means

12.13  Satellite Radio

12.14  Cable and Satellite TV Radio

12.15  Over-the-Air Broadcasting

12.16  HD Radio

12.17  Conclusion

Self-Study

Questions

Answers

Projects

Project 1—Report on the Differences and Similarities among Six Radio Station Websites

Project 2—Tour a Broadcast Radio Station Transmitting Facility

Project 3—See What You Have and What You Need to Build Your Own Audio Recording and Editing Facility in Your Home or Dorm Room

GLOSSARY

APPENDIX ANALOG AND DIGITAL AUDIO EQUIPMENT

A.1    Introduction

A.2    Turntables

A.3    Turntable Use

A.4    Reel-to-Reel Audio Tape Recorders

A.5    Reel-to-Reel Recorder Use

Production Tip A.A—Sel Sync

A.6    Cassette Tape Recorders

A.7    Cassette Recorder Use

A.8    Cartridge Tape Recorders

A.9    Cartridge Recorder Use

A.10  Tape-Based Digital Recorders

A.11  Analog Tape Editing Tools

A.12  Making Edits

A.13  Analog Audio Consoles

A.14  Analog Audio Console Use

A.15  The MD Recorder/Player

A.16  The MiniDisc

A.17  Conclusion

Index

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