CONTENTS
1.2 Propagation and Systems Design
1.4 The Influence of Signal Frequency and Environment
1.7 Sources of Further Information
2 Characterization of Propagation Media
2.2 Maxwell's Equations, Boundary Conditions, and Continuity
2.4 Dielectric Behavior of Materials: Material Polarization
2.6 Magnetic and Conductive Behavior of Materials
2.6.1 Equivalence of Ohmic and Polarization Losses
3.5 Sinusoidal Time Dependence in an Ideal Medium
3.6 Plane Waves in Lossy and Dispersive Media
4.3 Basic Parameters of Antennas
5.2 Friis Transmission Formula
5.2.1 Including Losses in the Friis Formula
5.3 Atmospheric Gas Attenuation Effects
5.3.1 Total Attenuation on Horizontal or Vertical Atmospheric Paths
5.3.2 Total Attenuation on Slant Atmospheric Paths
5.3.3 Attenuation at Higher Frequencies and Further Information Sources
5.4.2 Computing Rain Specific Attenuation
5.4.3 A Simplified Form for Rain Specific Attenuation
5.4.4 Computing the Total Path Attenuation Through Rain
5.4.7 Rain Margin Calculations: An Example
5.4.8 Site Diversity Improvements
Appendix 5.A Look Angles to Geostationary Satellites
6.2 Reflection from a Planar Interface: Normal Incidence
6.3 Reflection from a Planar Interface: Oblique Incidence
6.3.2 Perpendicular Polarized Fields in Regions 1 and 2
6.3.3 Phase Matching and Snell's Law
6.3.4 Perpendicular Reflection Coefficient
6.3.5 Parallel Polarized Fields in Regions 1 and 2
6.3.6 Parallel Reflection Coefficient
6.3.7 Summary of Reflection Problem
6.4 Total Reflection and Critical Angle
6.5 Refraction in a Stratified Medium
6.6 Refraction Over a Spherical Earth
6.7 Refraction in the Earth's Atmosphere
7 Terrain Reflection and Diffraction
7.2 Propagation Over a Plane Earth
7.2.1 Field Received Along Path R1: The Direct Ray
7.2.2 Field Received Along Path R2: The Reflected Ray
7.3.1 Propagation Over a Plane Earth Revisited in Terms of Fresnel Zones
7.4 Earth Curvature and Path Profile Construction
7.5.1 Distance to the Radio Horizon
7.5.2 Height-Gain Curves in the Obstructed Region
7.5.3 Height-Gain Curves in the Reflection Region
7.6 Path Loss Analysis Examples
7.7 Numerical Methods for Path Loss Analysis
8 Empirical Path Loss and Fading Models
8.2 Empirical Path Loss Models
8.2.1 Review of the Flat Earth Direct plus Reflected Model
8.2.6 Site-General ITU Indoor Model
8.2.7 Other Models for Complex Terrain
8.2.8 An Example of Empirical Path Loss Model Usage
8.3.1 A Brief Review of Probability Theory
8.3.2 Statistical Characterization of Slow Fading
8.3.3 Statistical Characterization of Narrowband Fast Fading
8.4 Narrowband Fading Mitigation Using Diversity Schemes
8.5.1 Coherence Bandwidth and Delay Spread
8.5.2 Coherence Time and Doppler Spread
9.2 Planar Earth Groundwave Prediction
9.2.1 Elevated Antennas: Planar Earth Theory
9.3 Spherical Earth Groundwave Prediction
9.4 Methods for Approximate Calculations
9.5 A 1 MHz Sample Calculation
9.6 A 10 MHz Sample Calculation
9.7 ITU Information and Other Resources
Appendix 9.A Spherical Earth Groundwave Computations
10 Characteristics of the Ionosphere
10.3.2 Mathematical Derivation
10.4 Structure of the Ionosphere
10.5 Variability of the Ionosphere
11.2 Dielectric Properties of an Ionized Medium
11.3 Propagation in a Magnetoionic Medium
11.3.1 Mathematical Derivation of the Appleton–Hartree Equation
11.3.2 Physical Interpretation
11.3.3 Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves
11.3.4 The QL and QT Approximations
11.4 Ionospheric Propagation Characteristics
11.5.2 Examples of Actual Ionograms
11.9 Martyn's Theorem on Equivalent Virtual Heights
11.10 MUF, “Skip” Distance, and Ionospheric Signal Dispersion
11.11 Earth Curvature Effects and Ray-Tracing Techniques
11.12 Ionospheric Propagation Prediction Tools
11.14 Ionospheric Effects on Earth–Space Links
11.14.2 Group Delay and Dispersion
11.14.3 Ionospheric Scintillations
11.14.5 Ionospheric Refraction
11.14.6 Monitoring TEC Distribution
12 Other Propagation Mechanisms and Applications
12.2.2 Empirical Model for the Median Path Loss
12.2.3 Fading in Troposcatter Links
12.4 Tropospheric Delay in Global Satellite Navigation Systems
12.5 Propagation Effects on Radar Systems