Air-to-air communications, 7, 12
Antenna, 56
aperture, 64
dissipated power, 58
effective aperture, 65
effective length, 63
efficiency, 58
loss resistance, 58
omnidirectional, 77
parameters, 57
pattern measurements, 60
power pattern, 59
radiation resistance, 58
receive properties, 62
temperature, 70
Antenna-to-medium coupling factor, 79, 285
Appleton-Hartree equation, 241, 246, 247
Atmosferics, 73
density, 217
gas attenuation, 80
loss, 78
nomenclature, 227
slant, 83
vertical, 82
properties, 217
standard refractive conditions, 127
Bandwidth
coherence, 185
correlation, 186
of a medium, 41
signal, 185
Basic maximum usable frequency (BMUF), 263
Blackbody, 70
Boundary conditions, 18, 108, 111
Breit and Tuve's theorem, 260
Brewster angle, 117
temperature, 70
sky, 75
Cellular communications, 1, 8, 161
adaptive, 185
Channel sounding, 185
Characteristic impedance, 240
Characteristic polarizations, 241, 246, 248
Characteristic times, 22
Charge conservation, 19
Charge continuity equations, 17–19
Coherence bandwidth, 185
Coherence time, 186
Committee on Space Research, 229
Common volume, 284
Communication systems design, 2
Compact range, 60
Complex propagation constant, 52
Complex susceptibility, 25, 27
Conductive behavior, 30
ground, 32
Constitutive relations, 19, 23
Coronal mass ejection, 230
Correlation bandwidth, 186
COST231-Walfish-Ikegami model, 168
Critical angle, 118
Critical frequency, 253
Cross-polarization discrimination, 90
Cumulative distribution function, 172
D'Alembert's solution, 37, 39, 41
Delay
dry, 289
tropospheric, 288
wet, 289
Demodulation, 41
Deviative absorption, 270
Dielectric, 20
behavior, 20
loss, 25
Diffraction, 8
knife edge, 152
smooth sphere, 152
terrain, 135
Dipole moment
average, 20
Direct plus reflected propagation, 135, 163
modified, 154
Direct propagation, 6, 12, 14, 76
Direction cosines, 44
Directivity, 61
Dispersive, 21
medium, 23
Displacement current, 3
Diversity
combiner, 184
for multipath fade mitigation, 184
gain, 100
improvement, 100
site, 99
Doppler spread, 186
Drop size distribution, 87
Marshall-Palmer, 87
elevated, 130
evaporation, 130
surface-based, 130
Earth “bulge”, 145
Earth magnetic field, 11, 21, 230, 232, 242
Earth radius, 124
Earth reflections, 7
Effective aperture, 65
Effective Earth radius, 125, 197
EHF, 5
Electric dipole, 20
Electric field intensity, 18, 20–23, 28
at unit distance, unattenuated, 137
Electric susceptibility, 22
Electromagnetic theory, 17
Electromagnetic waves, 1, 12, 36
Electron
charge, 237
collision frequency, 238
mass, 238
Electrostatic representation, 24
Envelope, 50
Equivalent vertical frequency, 258
Equivalent virtual heights, 261
Error function, 175
Evanescent wave, 118
Expected value, 173
Extinction, 89
Extraordinary wave (x-wave), 247
and link reliability, 181
example analyses, 183
frequency selective, 185
wideband, 185
Far-field conditions, 57
Faraday rotation, 249, 271, 273
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 15
Ferroelectric materials, 20
Flat Earth-effective ray curvature model, 126
Fraunhofer region, 57
Freezing height, 92
Frequency of optimum transmission (FOT), 264
Frequency scaling, 97
Frequency selective fading, 185, 249
Friis transmission formula, 76
Gain
antenna, 61
Geomagnetic phenomena, 4
Geomagnetic storms, 232
Geostationary satellites, 103
Global navigation satellite systems, 1, 274, 279, 288
Global Positioning System, 1, 7, 275, 279, 288
Goos-Hanchen phase shift, 119
Ground-to-air communications, 7, 12, 14
approximate calculations, 199
attenuation curves, 190, 206–210
elevated antennas, 194
mixed paths, 205
planar Earth, 190
spherical Earth, 197
Guglielmo Marconi, 3
Half-wavelength dipole, 65
obstructed region, 151
reflection region, 154
Height-gain function, 195, 198
Heinrich Hertz, 3
Helmholtz theorem, 19
Hertzian dipole, 61
Heterosphere, 218
Homogeneous material, 22
Homosphere, 218
Hoyt distribution, 182
Hydrometeors, 85
attenuation by, 85
ICEPAC, 267
characteristic, 40
intrinsic, 40
mismatch factor, 65
of a lossy medium, 48
of free space, 62
wave, 40
Impulse response, 23
Index of refraction, Refractive index, 112
Indoor picocell pathloss model, 162, 168
Inhomogeneous material, 22
Institute for Telecommunications Sciences, 15
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 227, 229
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 14
International Union of Radio Science, 229
Intersymbol interference, 42, 186
IONCAP, 267
Ionized medium, 237
Ionograms, 249, 251, 253, 254, 263
Ionosonde, 250
Ionosphere, 2, 5, 9, 10, 12, 29–30
absorption, 268
bandwidth, 42
characteristics, 214
layers, 228
propagation prediction tools, 267
scintillation, 275
sounding, 250
storms, 232
structure, 226
variability, 229
Isotropic antenna, 77
James Clerk Maxwell, 3
Kramers-Kronig relations, 26
Line of sight, 8, 10, 148, 150
Linear media, 21
Lognormal distribution, 176
Loss tangent, 32
Lossless medium, 43
Low noise amplifier, 67
Luxembourg effect, 29
Macrocell, 162
Macroscopic field, 20
Magnetic field intensity, 18
Magnetic flux density, 18
Magnetic storms, 232
Magnetoionic medium, 240
Magnetosphere, 232
Mapping functions, 289
Marcum function, 180
Marshall-Palmer distribution, 88
Martyn's theorem, 261
Maximum observed frequency (MOF), 264
Maximum usable frequency (MUF), 249, 263
Maxwell's equations, 3, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 37
Metamaterials, 29
Meteor, 11
burst communications, 287
scatter mechanism, 11, 12, 286
trails, 11
Method of moments, 159
Microscopic phenomena, 24
Microwave radiometer, 75
Mie theory, 90
Modulation, 41
Moisture content, 1
atmospheric, 102
Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO), 185
N-units, 127
Nakagami-m distribution, 182
Nakagami-q distribution, 182
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 15
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 15, 217
National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 15
Near-field, 194
NeQuick, 229
bandwidth, 69
brightness, 68
excess, 67
factor, 66
figure, 66
internal, 66
power, 66
temperature, 66
Nondeviative absorption, 270
Nondispersive, 21
Nonlinear media, 28
Nonlinearity, 21
Notation
Overbar, 18
Underbar, 25
Numerical antenna heights, 194
Numerical distance, 191
Numerical methods, 158
Ohmic loss, 31
Oil and gas exploration, 1, 11
Operational MUF, 264
Optimum transmission frequency (OTF), 264
Optimum working frequency (OWF), 264
Ordinary wave (o-wave), 247
Outage probability, 181
Overdense trails, 286
Oxygen, 81
Path loss
empirical model, 161, 162, 164
examples, 169
fast fading, 176
flat Earth, 163
free space, 163
Path profile, 145
Pedersen ray, 263
Penetration depth, 48
Period, 43
Permeability, 19
of free space, 30
Permittivity, 19
Personal communications, 1
Phase constant, 49
Phase matching, 111
Phasor representation, 24, 25, 43, 46
Picocell, 162
Planck's law, 70
Plane of incidence, 109
Plane waves, 17, 36, 41, 43, 45, 54
in lossy media, 48
nonuniform, 44
Planetary atmospheres, 11
Plasma
magnetized permittivity, 240
non-magnetized permittivity, 240
Point-to-area communications, 160
Point-to-point communications, 1, 8, 9, 12, 135, 147
examples, 154
Polar cap absorption, 233
Polarization
antenna, 65
circular, 53
elliptical, 53
function, 24
horizontal, 110
linear, 53
mismatch factor, 65
parallel, 109
rotation, 10
vertical, 110
wave, 52
Power density, 44
Predicted MUF, 264
Pressure broadening, 81
Probability density function, 172
Probability scaling, 97
Propagation, 12
non-atmospheric, 11
Propagation mechanism, 5, 6, 12, 14, 282
unusual, 10
Quasi-longitudinal (QL) propagation, 248
Quasi-static representation, 24
Quasi-transverse (QT) propagation, 248
bistatic, 292
Radar cross section, 291
Radar equation, 292
Radar frequency bands, 4
Radiated power, 58
Radiation efficiency, 58
Radiation resistance, 58
Radio and television broadcasting, 1, 6, 9, 12
Rain
attenuation, 85
distribution, 85
effective path length, 93
margin, 85
example calculation, 98
rate, 87
effective, 93
effective, 93
statistics, 88
Random variables, 172
exponential, 178
Gaussian, 174
lognormal, 176
normal, 174
Rayleigh, 177
Rician, 178
Ray model of ionospheric propagation, 10
Rayleigh approximation, 90
Rayleigh channel, 177
REC533, 267
Receiving aperture, 65
coefficient
normal incidence, 107
law of, 112
normal incidence, 106
oblique incidence, 108, 111, 114
total, 118
equivalent models for, 126
in Earth's atmosphere, 127
planar stratified medium, 120
spherically stratified medium, 122
Refractive index, 112
magnetized plasma, 246
modified, 129
Relative dielectric constant, 22, 31, 32
Relaxation time, 21, 23, 24, 26
Rough surface, 143
Satellite communications, 2, 6, 12, 249, 271
Scintillation
tropospheric, 102
Secant law, 257
Selective fading
ionospheric, 249
Sensors, 1
Sferics, 73
Signal-to-noise ratio, 68
Site specific methods, 135
examples, 154
Skin depth, 48
Skip zone, 266
for a spherical Earth, 122
SNOTEL, 287
Solar
forecasting, 233
prominences, 232
radiation, 215
storms, 232
Sommerfeld, 190
Specific extinction coefficient, 78, 79
Spherical divergence factor, 154
Spherical wave, 59
Standard atmosphere, 217
Standard deviation, 173
Stochastic process, 185
Submarine communications, 48, 236
Subrefractive, 128
Sudden ionospheric disturbances, 233
Sunspots, 230
Superrefractive, 128
Susceptibility matrix, 28
Suzuki distribution, 182
System reliability, 85
Terrain diffraction, 8, 14, 135
Terrestrial communications, 6
Time-invariant media, 22
Topographic datasets, 160
Total electron content (TEC), 273, 279
Total internal reflection, 133
Trans-Atlantic transmissions, 3
Trans-ionospheric
attenuation, 277
propagation, 271
refraction, 278
Trans-ionospheric propagation, 229
Transmission coefficient
normal incidence, 107
parallel, 115
perpendicular, 113
Transmission curves, 249, 258, 263
Transverse electric (TE), 110
Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves, 41
Transverse magnetic (TM), 110
Troposphere, 10
bandwidth, 42
delay, 288
inhomogeneities, 22
scatter fading, 285
scatter geometry, 283
scatter mechanism, 2, 10, 12, 14, 22, 282
scatter path loss model, 285
scintillation, 102
Underdense trails, 286
Underground objects, 11
Underwater communications, 4
Vacuum, permittivity of, 20
Van der Pol and Bremmer, 190
Variance, 176
Virtual height, 251
VOACAP, 267
Volume density of free charge, 18
Wait time for MBC, 287
Watson transformation, 196
Wave velocity, 40
Waveguide modes, 10, 12, 14, 235
Wavenumber, 48
Weibull distribution, 182
Whistlers, 11
Wideband channels, 185
Wireless telegraphy, 1
Wireless telephony, 1
Z wave, 252
Zero degree isotherm height, 92
Radiowave Propagation: Physics and Applications. By Curt A. Levis, Joel T. Johnson, and Fernando L. Teixeira
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.