III
Transmission System
George G. Karady
9 Concept of Energy Transmission and Distribution George G. Karady9-1
Generation Stations • Switchgear • Control Devices • Concept of Energy Transmission and Distribution • References
10 Transmission Line Structures Joe C. Pohlman10-1
Traditional Line Design Practice • Current Deterministic Design Practice • Improved Design Approaches • Appendix A: General Design Criteria—Methodology • References
11 Insulators and Accessories George G. Karady and Richard G. Farmer 11-1
Electrical Stresses on External Insulation • Ceramic (Porcelain and Glass) Insulators • Nonceramic (Composite) Insulators • Insulator Failure Mechanism • Methods for Improving Insulator Performance • Accessories • References
12 Transmission Line Construction and Maintenance Jim Green, Daryl Chipman, and Yancy Gill 12-1
Introduction • Transmission Line Siting • Sequence of Line Construction • Conductor Pulling Plan • Conductor Stringing Methods • Equipment Setup • Sagging • Overhead Transmission Line Maintenance • Transmission Line Work • Data/Information Management and Analysis • Emergency Restoration of Transmission Structures • References
13 Insulated Power Cables Used in Underground Applications Michael L. Dyer 13-1
Underground System Designs • Conductor • Insulation • Medium- and High-Voltage Power Cables • Shield Bonding Practice • Installation Practice • System Protection Devices • Common Calculations Used with Cable • References
14 Transmission Line Parameters Manuel Reta-Hernández 14-1
Transmission Line Parameters • References
15 Sag and Tension of Conductor Dale A. Douglass and F. Ridley Thrash 15-1
Catenary Cables • Approximate Sag-Tension Calculations • Numerical Sag-Tension Calculations • Ruling Span Concept • Line Design Sag-Tension Parameters • Conductor Installation • Defining Terms • References
16 Corona and Noise Giao N. Trinh 16-1
Corona Modes • Main Effects of Corona Discharges on Overhead Lines • Impact on the Selection of Line Conductors • Conclusions • References
17 Geomagnetic Disturbances and Impacts upon Power System Operation John G. Kappenman 17-1
Introduction • Power Grid Damage and Restoration Concerns • Weak Link in the Grid: Transformers • Overview of Power System Reliability and Related Space Weather Climatology • Geological Risk Factors and Geo-Electric Field Response • Power Grid Design and Network Topology Risk Factors • Extreme Geomagnetic Disturbance Events: Observational Evidence • Power Grid Simulations for Extreme Disturbance Events • Conclusions • References
18 Lightning Protection William A. Chisholm 18-1
Ground Flash Density • Mitigation Methods • Stroke Incidence to Power Lines • Stroke Current Parameters • Calculation of Lightning Overvoltage on Grounded Object • Calculation of Resistive Voltage Rise VR • Calculation of Inductive Voltage Rise VL • Calculation of Voltage Rise on Phase Conductor • Joint Distribution of Peak Voltage on Insulators • Insulation Strength • Calculation of Transmission Line Outage Rate • Improving the Transmission Line Lightning Outage Rate • Conclusion • References
19 Reactive Power Compensation Rao S. Thallam and Géza Joós 19-1
Need for Reactive Power Compensation • Application of Shunt Capacitor Banks in Distribution Systems: A Utility Perspective • Static VAR Control • Series Compensation • Series Capacitor Bank • Voltage Source Converter–Based Topologies • Defining Terms • References
20 Environmental Impact of Transmission Lines George G. Karady 20-1
Introduction • Aesthetic Effects of Lines • Magnetic Field Generated by HV Lines • Electrical Field Generated by HV Lines • Audible Noise • Electromagnetic Interference • References
21 Transmission Line Reliability Methods Brian Keel, Vishal C. Patel, and Hugh Stewart Nunn II21-1
Introduction • Common Terminology for Analyzing Transmission Outage Data • Transmission Outage Data Sources and Current Data Gathering Efforts • Western Electricity Coordinating Council: Transmission Reliability Database • North American Electricity Reliability Corporation: Transmission Availability Database System • Salt River Project Transmission Outage Data • Southern California Edison Transmission Outage Data • Conclusion • References
22 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission System George G. Karady and Géza Joós 22-1
Introduction • Current Source Converter–Based Classical HVDC System • HVDC with Voltage Source Converters • References
23 Transmission Line Structures Robert E. Nickerson, Peter M. Kandaris, and Anthony M. DiGioia, Jr. 23-1
Transmission Line Design Practice • Current Design Practices • Foundation Design • References
24 Advanced Technology High-Temperature Conductors James R. Hunt 24-1
Introduction • General Considerations • Aluminum Conductor Composite Core • Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced • Gap-Type ACSR Conductor • INVAR-Supported Conductor • Testing: The Sequential Mechanical Test • Conclusion • References
George G. Karady received his MSEE and DE in electrical engineering from Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary. He is a power system chair professor at Arizona State University, Arizona, where he teaches electrical power and conducts research in power electronics, high-voltage techniques, and electric power systems. Previously, he served as chief consulting electrical engineer, manager of electrical systems, and chief engineer of computer technology at EBASCO Services. He was also an electrical task supervisor for the Tokomak Fusion Test Reactor project at Princeton. Prior to this, he worked for the Hydro Quebec Institute of Research as a program manager. Dr. Karady started his career at Budapest University of Technology and Economics, where he has progressed from postdoctoral student to deputy department head. He is a registered also a professional engineer in New York, New Jersey, and Quebec and has authored more than 200 technical papers.
Dr. Karady is active in IEEE. He was the chairman of Chapter/Membership’s Award Committee, Education Committee’s Award Subcommittee, and Working Group (WG) on Non-ceramic Insulators. He also served in the U.S. National Committee of CIGRE as vice president and secretary treasurer. He was a member of the Canadian Electrical Engineering Association and the Electrical Engineering Association of Hungary.