Editing solids and surfaces

Here are the commands to edit solids and surfaces, namely, changing parameters with the PROPERTIES and QUICKPROPERTIES palettes and the SOLIDEDIT command with several useful options.

Changing parameters

After a solid or surface creation, it's very easy to change its parameters with the PROPERTIES or QUICKPROPERTIES palettes.

The PROPERTIES command

The PROPERTIES command (alias Ctrl + 1), one of the most used in AutoCAD, is also excellent for modifying the parameters that define solids or surfaces. The command displays a floating palette that can be always visible and that displays the parameters and properties of the selected object.

Selecting a solid, there are three panels related to 3D, namely, 3D Visualization, Geometry, and Solid History. The first one includes the material and shadow display only important for renderings and the last one includes history parameters for composite objects. As in 2D, under Geometry, we can verify and modify all relevant parameters of the solid or surface selected. By selecting a surface, besides Visualization and Geometry, two additional panels are available, namely, Surface Associativity and Trims, where we control associativity between surfaces and original lines and trims applied to surfaces.

The PROPERTIES command

Note

The easiest method to work with the PROPERTIES palette is, if there is no space in the drawing area to maintain its visibility, to apply Ctrl + 1 to turn it on or off. Ctrl + 1 actually calls the PROPERTIES or the PROPERTIESCLOSE commands, depending on the palette visibility.

The QUICKPROPERTIES command

The QUICKPROPERTIES command (alias QP) also displays a properties palette, but one that is condensed to the most important parameters and near the object. For most objects, this is the command displayed when double-clicking over that object.

Another way to apply the Quick Properties palette is to turn on the QP | Quick Properties button on the Status bar (or press Ctrl + Shift + P). With this mode activated, it is enough to select an object, without command, and the palette is immediately displayed.

The QUICKPROPERTIES command

Note

It is possible to configure which parameters are displayed for each object type, by accessing the CUI command and the Quick Properties item. A shortcut is to press the top-right button Customize on the palette and we are driven to the proper Quick Properties object.

Operations with faces, edges, and volumes of solids

When dealing with solids, it is frequently needed to modify faces, edges, and volumes.

The SOLIDEDIT command

The SOLIDEDIT command (no alias) allows us to modify faces, edges, and volumes (here called bodies) of solids. To apply this command, it is faster to use the Solid Editing toolbar or the ribbon, Home | Solid Editing; we jump directly to the wanted option.

The SOLIDEDIT command

The interaction with the command starts by displaying whether the verification of solids accuracy is turned on (the SOLIDCHECK variable):

Command: SOLIDEDIT
Solids editing automatic checking: SOLIDCHECK=1

Next, the main command options are displayed. Undo undoes the last command operation and eXit ends the command. The remaining options are presented next:

Enter a solids editing option [Face/Edge/Body/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: Option

The Face option

Upon entering the Face option, we have several additional options. Undo undoes the last applied option and eXit returns to the previous level. When selecting faces, Undo and Remove options are available, allowing us to undo the last selection operation or entering the mode to remove faces from the selection:

Enter a face editing option
[Extrude/Move/Rotate/Offset/Taper/Delete/Copy/coLor/mAterial/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: Option

Note

We must be careful when selecting faces. If we click an edge, both faces sharing that edge are selected.

The options are as follows:

  • Extrude: This option allows you to extrude faces. It prompts for faces selection, the height of extrusion, and the angle of taper for extrusion. A positive value for height adds volume, while a negative value removes volume. An angle not equal to zero allows us to taper the new volume.
    The Face option
  • Move: This option allows moving of faces. After selection, it prompts for displacement, for instance, with two points similar to the MOVE command.
    The Face option
  • Rotate: This option allows the rotation of faces. After selection, it prompts for the axis of rotation and the angle of rotation. The axis of rotation, by default, is specified by two points, with additional options allowing us to use an existing object or define an axis parallel to the X, Y, or Z axis of the current UCS.
    The Face option
  • Offset: This option allows the offsetting of faces or the creation of parallel faces. After selection, it prompts for the offset distance. A positive value adds volume, while a negative value removes volume. If selecting continuous faces (for instance, on the common edge), faces are extended so that the corner is corrected.
    The Face option
  • Taper: This option allows us to taper faces. After selection, it prompts for two points that define the taper axis and the taper angle. With positive values, end section is reduced, while with negative values, end section is increased:
    The Face option
  • Delete: This option allows the deletion of faces. If AutoCAD knows how to fill the space, faces will be deleted.
    The Face option
  • Copy: This option allows the copying of faces. Regions are created for all planar faces, else surfaces are created for all curved faces. After selection, it prompts for two points that define the displacement.
    The Face option
  • coLor: This option allows changing the color of selected faces. After selection, it shows the Select Color dialog box to choose the color to apply.
  • mAterial: This option allows the application of a material to selected faces, so in render, we can have different materials applied to a single object. After selection, it prompts for the name of the material to apply. This option has no icon.

Note

The coLor and mAterial options have limited utility. To apply materials to faces, there are other possibilities for which we don't need to type the material name.

The Edge option

When choosing the Edge option, besides the Undo and eXit options, we have two more options. When selecting edges, Undo and Remove options are available, allowing us to undo the last selection operation or entering the mode to remove edges from the selection:

Enter an edge editing option [Copy/coLor/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: Option
  • Copy: This option allows the copying of edges. Depending on selected edges, arcs, circles, ellipses, lines, or splines are created. After selection, it prompts for two points that define the displacement.
    The Edge option
  • coLor: This option allows us to change the color of selected edges. After selection, it shows the Select Color dialog box to choose the color to apply.

The Body option

The body represents the volume of a solid. Besides the Undo and eXit options, we have five more options:

Enter a body editing option
[Imprint/seParate solids/Shell/cLean/Check/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: Option
  • Imprint: This option allows you to create edges from intersections of the selected solid with linear entities, regions, or solids. After one solid selection, it prompts for an object to imprint and then this object is erased. These two prompts are repeated until the Enter or Esc key is pressed.
    The Body option
  • seParate solids: If one solid has separated volumes, this option allows you to separate these volumes into independent solids. It prompts only for a solid selection.
  • Shell: This option allows you to create a hollow solid with a constant wall thickness, eventually open through one or more faces. We can only apply this option once to a solid. After the solid selection, it prompts for the selection of faces to remove, thus creating an open thin-wall solid, and the shell thickness. A positive thickness creates the shell on the inside, while a negative thickness creates the shell on the outside.
    The Body option

    Note

    We must be careful with this option. Immediately after the solid selection, it prompts for face removal. If we press Enter, we remove no faces.

    If we need some walls with a different thickness, after Shell, we may apply the Move, Extrude, or Offset face options.

  • Clean: This option allows us to remove redundant edges or vertices, but does not remove edges coming from the Imprint option.
  • Check: This option verifies whether the solid is valid. It prompts only for a solid selection.

Exercise 7.5

We are creating a building from exterior lines, mainly by applying the SOLIDEDIT command. It is advisable to use the Solid Editing toolbar or panel (ribbon) to access all SOLIDEDIT commands.

  1. Open the drawing A3D_07_05.DWG. This drawing already has the 2D building contour.
  2. Create and activate the layer 3D-BUILDING, color at choice.
  3. Using PRESSPULL, click inside the area and specify 24 as the height of extrusion and end the command. We got the volume of our building.
  4. To create the first slab and roof, we copy the horizontal faces. We apply the Face/Copy option of SOLIDEDIT, select the top and bottom faces, and specify a displacement of 40 along the X axis.
    Exercise 7.5

    Note

    By using a non wireframe visual style, it is easy to select the top face, orbit, and select bottom face. If we accidentally select vertical faces, we may use the Remove option.

  5. Create two layers: 3D-SLAB and 3D-ROOF, colors at choice. Activate the first one.
  6. Apply the EXTRUDE command to the lower copied face, with height -0.3.
  7. Activate the 3D-ROOF layer and apply the EXTRUDE command to the upper copied face, with height 15.
  8. With SOLIDEDIT and the Body/Shell option, make the main solid hollow. Select this solid, remove both horizontal faces, and specify thickness 0.3:
    Exercise 7.5
  9. With SOLIDEDIT and the Face/Offset option, offset all the roof vertical faces to the outside to make an eave. To easily select these faces, mark one, apply the All option, and then the Remove option, to remove both horizontal faces. Specify the offset value 0.4.
  10. To finish the roof, apply SOLIDEDIT and the Face/Taper option. Select again all vertical faces; the taper axis is defined from a bottom vertex to the projected upper vertex, and specify the angle 45. If it gives a modeling error, try with another pair of vertices.
    Exercise 7.5
  11. Make the roof hollow with SOLIDEDIT and the Body/Shell option. After selecting the roof, remove the bottom face and press Enter.
  12. Move the roof and slab back to its position, that is, a displacement of 40 along the negative X axis.
  13. The other slabs are shorter, so create one copy of the existing slab, shorten it by offsetting the vertical faces, and create the remaining copies. Now, copy the slab 3 units along the Z direction.
  14. Isolate this slab (select it, right-click and choose Isolate | Isolate Objects). Then apply SOLIDEDIT and the Face/Offset option, offset all the slab vertical faces with the value -0.3. End isolation.
  15. Finally, copy this slab seven more times with the same distance, 3, along the Z direction. This is the easiest way to apply the COPY command, Array option, eight elements, and distance 3.
    Exercise 7.5
  16. Save the drawing with the name A3D_07_05FINAL.DWG.

Creating linear objects from 3D

The following are two commands that create linear objects from solids or surfaces.

The OFFSETEDGE command

The OFFSETEDGE command (no alias), available since Version 2012, allows us to create a polyline or a spline parallel to the edge of a planar face of solids or surfaces. By default, the command prompts for the face and a point where it will pass the new linear object.

The command displays the default corner value and prompts for a planar face selection:

Command: OFFSETEDGE
Corner = Sharp
Select face: Selection

Then, by default, it prompts for a point where the new linear object will pass. It can be outwards or inwards, related to the face's edges:

Specify through point or [Distance/Corner]: Point

The face selection and point prompts are repeated until the Enter or Esc key is pressed:

Select face: Enter
The OFFSETEDGE command

This command has the following options:

  • Distance: Instead of specifying a point, this option prompts fora distance and to which side the offset is made.
  • Corner: When offset is outside the edge, this option controls if the resulting corners are sharp or rounded. In this case, the radius is equal to the distance.

The SURFEXTRACTCURVE command

The SURFEXTRACTCURVE command (no alias), which is new in Version 2013, allows us to obtain curves (isolines) from surfaces or solids. The new objects can be lines, arcs, polylines, or splines. The command starts by displaying the default value of the Chain option and prompts for the selection of one surface, solid, or face:

Command: SURFEXTRACTCURVE
Chain = No
Select a surface, solid, or face: Selection

Specifying a point over the surface creates a curve. The prompt is repeated until the command is ended:

Extracting isoline curve in U direction
Select point on surface or [Chain/Direction/Spline points]: Point
Extracting isoline curve in U direction
Select point on surface or [Chain/Direction/Spline points]: Enter
The SURFEXTRACTCURVE command

This command has the following options:

  • Chain: With this option on, the isolines are also obtained from adjacent faces in the same direction.
  • Direction: This option allows us to change the direction of isolines, between U and V.
  • Spline points: This option allows marking points on the surface and creating a curve that passes through all points. This curve does not respect the U or V direction.

Note

In this version, the command has some weaknesses as it doesn't allow the specifying of points by coordinates.

Projecting linear objects

These two commands allow creating edges on solids or surfaces.

The PROJECTGEOMETRY command

The PROJECTGEOMETRY command (no alias), available since Version 2011, allows you to project points and linear objects on solids and surfaces. This projection may cut the solid or surface. The command starts by displaying the value of the SURFACEAUTOTRIM variable and prompts for the selection of curves or points to a project:

Command: PROJECTGEOMETRY
SurfaceAutoTrim = 0
Select curves, points to be projected or [PROjection direction]: Selection

After the selection of objects to be projected, we select one solid, surface, or region:

Select a solid, surface, or region for the target of the projection: Selection

Finally, we specify the projection direction between the viewing direction, the current UCS, or by marking two points:

Specify the projection direction [View/Ucs/Points] <View>: Option
The PROJECTGEOMETRY command

The command has the following option:

  • PROjection direction: This option only allows us to specify the projection direction before selecting the objects to project.

Note

The SURFACEAUTOTRIM variable specifies whether the object is trimmed (value 1) or not (value 0), when applying this command and it must be set before. This variable is saved in the registry. The ribbon, Surface | Project Geometry, provides direct access to these variable and command options.

The IMPRINT command

The IMPRINT command (no alias) allows you to create edges from intersections of solids and surfaces with linear entities, regions, or solids. This command is equivalent to the SOLIDEDIT Imprint option, the only difference being that IMPRINT can also be applied to surfaces.

Exercise 7.6

We are going to create a plastic part, with the application of the last seen commands.

  1. Open the drawing A3D_07_06.DWG. This drawing is only composed by 2D polylines.
  2. Start by orbiting the model and moving the inner polylines 30 units along the Z direction.
  3. Apply the EXTRUDE command to the outer polyline, height of extrusion, 5.
  4. With the FILLET command, round the bottom edges with a radius of 2. The Chain option can be used to select all edges.
    Exercise 7.6
  5. To create a small wall on the top part, start by applying the OFFSETEDGE command, selecting the top face, the Distance option, value 3, and a point on the inside. A polyline is created at a distance of 3 units from the edge.
  6. Apply the PRESSPULL command to create the wall. We Specify a point between the edge and the polyline and height of extrusion, 10.
  7. Before projecting the small polylines, you must verify that the SURFACEAUTOTRIM variable is set to 1.
  8. Finally, apply the PROJECTGEOMETRY command, selecting all small polylines, then the solid and the UCS option. All polylines are projected onto the solid, cutting it.
  9. We may erase or hide the small polylines.
    Exercise 7.6
  10. Save the drawing with the name A3D_07_06FINAL.DWG.
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