Contents

Preface

Acronyms

List of figures and tables

PART I:    CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC SPORTS MARKETING

CHAPTER 1 Emergence of sports marketing

What is sports marketing?

Understanding the sports industry

Historical development of sports marketing in (North) America

Sport as entertainment

A marketing orientation

Growth of the sports industry

The structure of the sports industry

The consumers of sport

The sports product

Career spotlight: Chris Ferris

Different types of sports products

The multidimensional nature of the sports product

Producers and intermediaries

Sports marketing hall of fame: Mark McCormack

Basic marketing principles and processes applied to sport

The sports marketing mix

The exchange process

The strategic sports marketing process

Girls get their game on – with great gear: sports teams cater to women fans with new lines of feminine fashion

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 2 Contingency framework for strategic sports marketing

NBA Releases 2011–2012 Regular Season Schedule

Contingency framework for strategic sports marketing

Contingency approaches

Internal and external contingencies

Internal contingencies

Vision and mission

Organizational objectives and marketing goals

Organizational strategies

Organizational culture

External contingencies

Competition

Technology

On the industry’s radar

Cultural and social trends

Physical environment

Political, legal, and regulatory environment

Big-time college sports is an out-of control monster

Demographics

Ethnic studies: MLB forms diversity comittee

The economy

Monitoring the external contingencies

Assessing the internal and external contingencies: SWOT analysis

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

PART II:    PLANNING FOR MARKET SELECTION DECISIONS

CHAPTER 3 Research tools for understanding sports consumers

Marketing research in action: the Gary Southshore RailCats

Hitting a home run with the digital generation

The marketing research process

Defining the problem or opportunity

Case study: a sponsorship measurement solution

Choosing the research design type

Identifying data collection techniques

Secondary data

Primary data

Drivers should take a spin online, study shows – sports business journal

Designing data collection instruments

Designing the sample

Data analysis

Preparing a final report

Case study: ESPN; survey shows split on racial opportunity

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 4 Understanding participants as consumers

Model of participant consumption behavior

Participant decision-making process

Types of consumer decisions

Psychological or internal factors

Personality

Motivation

Perception

Learning

Attitudes

Sociological or external factors

Culture

Spotlight on international sports marketing: Sport England

Social class

Reference groups

Sports marketing hall of fame: The Babe: Babe Didrikson Zaharias

Family

High school sports participation tops 7.6 million, sets record

Situational Factors

P90X vs. insanity: which is the best for you?

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 5 Understanding spectators as consumers

Factors influencing attendance

Fan motivation factors

Baseball suffers drop in attendance

Sports marketing hall of fame: David Stern

Sports wagering

Game attractiveness

Economic factors

Competitive factors

Demographic factors

Stadium factors

Value of sport to the community

Career spotlight: Marc Reeves

Sports involvement

Spotlight on international sports marketing: a comparative analysis of spectator involvement: United States vs. United Kingdom

Fan identification

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 6 Segmentation, targeting, and positioning

Segmentation

Bases for segmentation

Technical report – Sport England Market Segmentation

Generation M2: media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds

espnW: a brand for female athletes

The IWFL and the history of women’s tackle football

NFL may be hitting stride with female fans

Move over Fútbol. The NFL scores big with Latinos

Spotlight on international sports marketing: NBA continues to grow internationally

Choosing more than one segment

Target markets

Evaluation of target markets

Positioning

Repositioning

Baseball continues to assist storm relief efforts

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

PART III:    PLANNING THE SPORTS MARKETING MIX

CHAPTER 7 Sports product concepts

Defining sports products

Goods and services as sports products

Career Spotlight: Rodger Collins, President Packaged Beverages, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group

Classifying sports products

Product characteristics

Spotlight on international sports marketing: the 5 worst athlete-endorsed products of all time

Branding

Spotlight on sports marketing ethics: NCAA Native American mascot controversy

Miami Marlins attendance reverts to old Sun Life Stadium levels

Sports Marketing Hall of Fame: Phil Knight

Licensing

Quality

Product design

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 8 Managing sports products

Nike announces new Nike+ FuelBand – measuring movement to make life a sport

New sports products

Sports Marketing Hall of Fame: Bill Rasmussen

Types of new products

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: college sports have become too commercialized

The new product development process

Idea generation

Idea screening

Analysis of the sports product concept or potential

Developing the sports product

Test marketing

Commercialization

New product success factors

Product life cycle

Introduction

Growth

Fantasy sports becoming big business as popularity continues to rise

Maturity

John McEnroe’s bold move to revive US tennis

Decline

Other life cycle considerations

Spotlight on International Sports Marketing: X Games global expansion continues with TV deals in new host markets, syndication deals in multiple other countries

Diffusion of innovations

Types of adopters

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 9 Promotion concepts

Communications process

Sports Marketing Hall of Fame: Bill Veeck

Source

Encoding

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: endorsements remain buyers’ market

Message

Medium

Decoding

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: how impact of “Tiger Recession” changed athlete marketability

Receiver

Feedback

Noise

Promotion planning

Target market considerations

Push strategy

Pull strategy

Promotional objectives

The hierarchy of effects

Establishing promotional budgets

Choosing an integrated promotional mix

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 10 Promotion mix elements

Advertising

Advertising objectives

Advertising budgeting

Creative decisions

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: Sex sells? Trend may be changing

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: Lance Armstrong’s fall from athletic grace doesn’t diminish his greatest triumph

Armstrong faces $200 million salary loss with reputation hit

Media strategy

Big 4 jersey rights value put at $370M

Media scheduling

Personal selling

Career Spotlight: Kevin Rochlitz, Vice President, National Partnerships and Sales, Baltimore Ravens

The strategic selling process

Sales promotions

Public relations

NBA cares evolving after 5 years of service

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 11 Sponsorship programs

Scheuring Speed Sports announces partnership with Ford Motor Company

Growth of sponsorship

Cleveland Cavaliers 2013–2014 promotional schedule

Adelaide United energised by new sponsorship

Designing a sports sponsorship program

Understanding why sponsorship continues to grow

Sponsorship objectives

Awareness

Competition

London 2012 sponsors and ambush – and the lessons for Rio 2016

Beats by Dre gives headphones to British athletes, angering IOC

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: BRAZIL: Congress adopts legislation to curb ambush marketing during 2016 summer Olympics

Behind the scenes at the 2013 Waste Management Open

Lance Armstrong Nike contract terminated

Sponsorship budgeting

Choosing the sponsorship opportunity

Fenton High School looking at boosting corporate sponsorship of athletics

Hot Seahawks add Boeing, Starbucks deals

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics – Nike won’t drop Penn State’s Paterno, so we should drop Nike

Sponsorship implementation and evaluation

Career Spotlight: Lesa Ukman and IEG

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

CHAPTER 12 Pricing concepts and strategies

What is price?

Deal to end lockout reached

The determinants of pricing

Sports Marketing Hall of Fame: Pete Rozelle

Internal factors

Spotlight on Sports Marketing Ethics: astronomical athlete salaries: are they worth it?

External factors

Consumer demand

Estimating demand

Economy

Competition

Legal issues

The NFL vs. ticket scalpers: Super Bowl edition

Technology

New Era Tickets uses iovation to keep scalpers and fraudsters out of the arena

Price adjustments

Orioles raise season-ticket prices slightly, expand variable-pricing system

Price increases and reductions

Price discounts

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

PART IV:  IMPLEMENTING AND CONTROLLING THE STRATEGIC SPORTS MARKETING PROCESS

CHAPTER 13 Implementing and controlling the strategic sports marketing process

Dew action sports tour

Implementation

Busy offseason ahead for Arena Football League: fan take

Communication

Sports Marketing Hall of Fame: Gary Davidson

Staffing and skills

Coordination

Career Spotlight: Megan Dotson, Director of Marketing, Greenville Road Warriors (hockey)

Rewards

Information

Creativity

The 100 worst things in sports

Budgeting

Control

Planning assumptions control

Process control

How athletes are fighting for endorsement dollars

Contingency control

Summary

Key terms

Review questions

Exercises

Internet exercises

Endnotes

Appendix A: Career opportunities in sports marketing

Job opportunities in sports marketing

Cover letters and resumés

Interviewing

Where to look for additional information

Appendix B: Some sports marketing sites of interest on the Internet

Glossary

Illustration credits

Index

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