INDEX

Active electronically scanned arrays (AESA) 6

Active element impedance 340–341

Adaptive arrays 5, 484–515

Adaptive nulling 484–515

amplitude only 512–516

least mean square 488–489

phase only 506–512

power minimization 496–515

recursive least squares 492–494

sample matrix inversion 489–492

sidelobe canceler 484–486

Adcock array 92–93

circular 300–303

Admittance matrx 342

Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) 452–453

Aericibo antenna 1–2

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) 423–424

AIRLINK^® 307

Aliasing 64

Amplitude only adaptive nulling 512–516

AN/APG-68 249

AN/APG-77 70–71, 452

AN/APG-81 473, 475, 279–280

AN/APQ-140 243, 439–440

AN/FLR-9 300

AN/FPS-115 288–289

AN/FRD-10 300

AN/MPQ-3 432–433

Antenna pattern cuts 26

Antenna temperature 39

Aperiodic array 156–177

Aperture antenna 234–257

Aperture efficiency 80

Archimedian spiral 264–270

Array blindness 388–397

Array feeds 408–460

Array shape 70–75

Array steering vector 468

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) 323

Average element pattern 363–365, 381–382

Average sidelobe level 102, 158

Baffles 391–395

Balkanov transformation 126

Bandwidth

Array 75–78, 264

Definition 23, 28, 29

dipole 271

Microstrip patch 260

Operational 29 76–78

Quarter wave transformer 407–408

Resonant slot array 420

Slot 244

Spherical array 315–316

spiral 265–270

Basis function 351–353

Entire domain 351

Galerkin’s method 352

subdomain 351–352

Bayliss taper 141–144

Circular 141–142

Experimental array 507–509

linear 142–144

Beam broadening factor 97–98

Beam steering

Beamwidth and array size 78

blindness 388

Element pattern effects 219, 223

frequency 52–53

Function of frequency 78

Grating lobe plot 69

Infinite array 369

Linear array 49

Mutual impedance 362

Nonplanar arrays 287

Phase 48, 77

Quantized 105

Spherical array 313

Subarray 99–100

Unit cell 375

Beamwidth 58–59

3dB 27, 58, 59

Definition 58

Null-to-null 61

Planar 324

SAR 281

Vivaldi

Bickmore-Spellmire taper 140

Biconical antenna 271

Binomial array 121–122

Blackbody 38

Blass matrix 425–426

Blockage 304

Booker’s relationship 237, 348

Bootlace lens 431–432

Boundary conditions 12

Bow tie antenna 271–272, 309

Beam-broadening factor

Chebyshev array 124

Definition 97, 98

Brick architecture 409

Brick module 452

Brightness temperature 39

Broadband antenna 264–283

Broadband dipoles 271

Butler matrix 426–430

Calibration

Array 459–460

Digital beamforming 455

Reflector 440–442

T/R module 450–451

Cancellation beam 203–210

Cantor array 108–110

Capon’s minimum variance 477–478

Chain Home radar 4–5

Channel matrix 517

Circular Adcock array 300–303

Circular aperture 235–239

Circular array 88–91

Circular waveguide 243–244

Circulator 406–407

Coaxial cable impedance 401–402

Commutating feed 298–299

Concentric ring array

Definition 89–92

Nonuniformly spaced 173–177

thinned 165–166

Conformal array 287

Conjugate focal points 432

Constitutive parameters 10–11

Constrained lens 431

Corporate feed 408–414, 456

Correlation matrix 468

Correlation vector 488, 490

Cost function 152–154

Covariance matrix 468

Crossed dipoles 225–228

Curvature compensation 291–293, 311–313

Cutoff frequency 240

Cylindrical array 302–306, 502–505

Delta gap model 354

Density taper

Concentric ring 165–166

Genetic algorithm thinned 163–164

Nonuniformly spaced linear array 166–170

Statistical 156–157

Thinned linear 156–159

Thinned planar 159–160

Z transform 161–163

Dielectric rod antenna 278–283

Difference pattern 116–118, 141–144, 201–203

Adaptive nulling 507–509

Adcock 300–303

Bayliss 141–145

Experimental pattern 258

Fourier series 67, 116–119

Monopulse radar 35

nulling 208–210

thinned 202–203

uniform 61–63

Digital beamforming (DBF) array 455–456

Dipole antenna

analysis 223–224

Array 302–306

Bent printed 271, 273–274

Chain home radar 4–5

Crossed 225–228

Cylindrical array 302–306, 502

Fat 271

finite 360–368, 379–386

infinite 371, 373–374, 377–378

HAARP 226–227

Half wave 224–227

Hertzian 17–19

Hertzian dipole array 219–223

Input impedance 364

Linear array 506, 513

MERA array 225

Mtual impedance 340, 342–349

MoM 350–356

Rotated in array 227–231

SCR-270 5

Spherical array 311–313

Direction finding

Adcock 92–93

Arrays 91–94

Circular Adcock 300–303, 278–279

Direction of arrival estimation 475–483

HF 299, 305–307

Neural network 458–459

Orthogonal linear 93–94

Overview 42

Vivaldi 278–279

Wullenweber array 298–300

Directivity 235–236

Aperture antenna 220–222

array of Hertzian dipoles 75, 78

Array shape 216–218

Array with element pattern 109

Cantor array 226

Crossed dipoles 356

Function of dipole segmentation 232

Helical antenna 251

Horn antenna 79–80

Linear array 261

Microstrip patch 227

Monopole 81–82

Planar 82

Scan 157

thinned

Distributed array 319

Dolph-Chebychev array

Amplitude taper 123–127

Feed network design 413–414

Resonant slot array 419–420

Dominant waveguide mode 241

Driving point impedance 342, 359–360, 362

Edge elements 376–377

Effective aperture 29

effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) 27

Efficiency

Binomial array 122

Chebyshev array 125

Hansen taper 140

Polarization 33

Polarization spherical array 315

Radiation 24

Reflect array 439

Taylor circular taper 137

Taylor linear taper 133–134

Thinned 158

Transmitted power 23

Eigen beams 468–475

Eigenvalues 468–475

Eigenvectors 468–475

Electric wall 375

Electromagnetic bandgap material (EBG) 397–398

Electronically agile radar (EAR) 6, 243–244

Element failures 101–104, 523–524

Element pattern conformal array 293–297

Element polarization 217

Element use factor 442

Emissivity 39

End-fire 232

End-fire array 51–52

E-plane sectoral horn 249–255

Errors

compensation 455

quantization 105–108

random 99–104

Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) 482–483

Far field 18, 21

Fast multipole method (FMM) 378

Fences 392–394

Fast fourier transform (FFT)

Butler matrix 426, 429

Linear array 67–68

Planar array 72, 75–76

Zero padding 67–68

Floquet modes 370, 371, 375–376, 390

Floquet series 370, 371

Focusing 53–54

Fourier series

Electric field 7

Linear array analysis 63–67

Partially tapered arrays 149–150

Pattern synthesis 115–118

Planar array analysis 67–75

Fourier transform 9, 370

Fractal array 108–112

Fractional z transform 166–170

Frequency beam steering 52–53

Friis transmission formula 34–45

Gain 24, 29

Gaussian white noise 468

Generating array 108–109

Genetic algorithm

Adaptive nulling 500–506, 510–511

Advantages 155

Hybrid 172, 178

Interleaved arrays 200–203

Introduction 155–156

Nonuniformly spaced arrays 173–177

Plane wave projection 195–197

Reflector calibration 440–441

Subarray tapers 179–183

Thinned arrays 164–165

Thinned subarrays 183–193

Tilted dipole array 230–231

Geodesic Dome Array 318–319

Geodesic Dome Phased Array Antenna (GDPAA) 318, 321–322

Geodesic sphere 316

grating lobe

definition 64–65

dipole array 222–223

floquet modes 376

horn array 242–243

infinite array 369–371

linear array directivity 80

location 69

minimum redundancy array 170

planar array directivity 82–83

plot 68–70

reflector array 236

subarray 95–99

sub array weighting 179–193

Grating lobe series 371

Grating lobe suppression 70

Hansen taper 136–140

Hansen-Woodyard 51–52

Hawk radar 414–415

Helical antenna 231–234

axial mode 232

normal mode 231

Hertzian dipole 17–19, 219–223

Hidden layer nodes 457

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) 227–228

High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) 333–337

Horn antenna

array feed 442–447

E-plane sectoral 249–257

H-plane sectoral 250–258

pyramidal 250–256

Icosahedron 318

Illumination efficiency 80

Impedance

Defined 18

Driving point 342, 359–360, 362

Mutual 341–349, 358

Scan 387

Self 341, 344

slot 237

Impedance matrix 342

Infinite array

Dipoles 371–374

point sources 368–371

slots 371–374

Input impedance

Aperture antenna 234

complementary spiral 264

dipole 225, 354

Helical antenna 233

monopole 227

Insertion loss 407

International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) 307

Interleaved arrays 197–203

difference pattern 201–203

thinned 201–203

Iterative projection method 192

Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS) 416–417

Least mean square (LMS) algorithm 488–491

Least squares 120–121, 151, 194–196, 204

Lens 430–438

bootlace 431–432

Rotman 432–438

Waveguide 430–431

Linear array

Array factor 47

Bandwidth 50

Beamwidth 58–59

Beam pointing 49

Directivity 79–80

End-fire 50–51

Grating lobes 65

Quantization lobes 106

z-transform 84

Longitudinal slot array 418–421

Longitudinal slot array bandwidth 420

Longitudinal slots 245

Magnetic wall 375

Mark 8 radar 283

Matching circuits 407–408

Maxwell’s equations 10–11

Mean time between failure (MTBF) 523–524

Maximum entropy method (MEM) 480–481

Method of moments (MoM) 349–358

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) 447–449, 519

Microstrip 403–404

Microstrip antenna 257–264

Microstrip bend 404–405

Minimum redundancy array 170–172

monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) 452

Molecular Electronics for Radar Applications (MERA) 452

Monopole 227–228

Monopulse 35, 208

Multiface array 288

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 515

Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) 477–478

Multirole electronically scanned array (MESA) 289–290

Mutual coupling 421

Mutual coupling element patterns 363–368

Mutual impedance 341–342

collinear dipoles 346–348

offset dipoles 346–347

parallel dipoles 345, 347

Nelder Mead downhill simplex method 151–152

Neural beamforming 457–459

Neural training 458

Nike AJA MPA-4 radar 431

N-port network 405–406

Nonplanar arrays 287–338

Nulls 57

Null synthesis 203–210

Nyquist rate 63

Open ended waveguide 239–244

Optimum adaptive weights 486–488

Overlapped subarrays 186

Partially tapered array 149–151

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) 506–507

Patch antenna 257–264

Bandwidth 260

polarization 260

Input resistance 262–263

Passive electronically scanned array (PESA) 6

Patriot radar 432–433

Pattern multiplication 217–218

Pattern synthesis

Bayliss 141–144

Bickmore-Spellmire 140

Circular Bayliss 142–144

Difference 116–119

Dolph-Chebyshev 123–127

Fourier series 115–118

Hansen one parameter 136–140

Hansen-Woodyard 51–52

Least squares 120–121

Taylor linear array 127–132

Taylor circular 133–137

Taylor one parameter 132–134

Unit circle 143–149

Woodward-Lawson 118–120

Periodogram 476

Phase beam steering 5, 49–50

Phase center 46, 55, 56, 62, 65, 216

Phase compensation 298, 310, 331–332

Phase correction 291–293

Phase dithering 107

Phase-only nulling 206–210, 506–512

Phase shifters 5, 445–449

Ferrite 448–449

Ferroelectric 229

Latching 448–449

MEMS 447–448

PIN diode 447

Rotary field 449

Switched line 446–447

Phase taper 177–178

Phase taper subarray 192–193

Pilot signal 489

PIN diode 521–523

Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition (PHD) 480–481

Planar array

Array factor 47–48

Beam pointing 50

circular 88

concentric ring 89

direction finding 93

Directivity 81–83

element spacing 59–61

Grating lobes 69

waveguide 423–425

Plane wave 21

Plane wave projection 193–197

Point matching 352

Point source 15, 45

Poisson sum 370, 371

Polarization 30–34

Polarization efficiency 33, 315

Polarization loss factor 226

Polyfractal array 111–112

Polyhedron 316, 320

Poynting vector 12, 18

Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry (PAVE) Phased Array Warning System (PAWS) 288–289

Principal component 89

Pyramidal horn 250–254, 414–416

Quadrature hybrid coupler 426–427

Quantization errors 105–108

Quantization lobes 106–107

Quarter wave transformers 407–408

Radar cross section 36

Radar range equation 37

Random errors 100–104

Reciprocity 341, 342

Reconfigurable array 519–524

Rectangular aperture 235–236

Rectangular spacing 60

Rectangular waveguide 239–240

Recursive least squares (RLS) 492–494, 494–496

Reflectarray 436–440

Reflected Array Radio Frequency (RARF) 243, 439–440

Reflection coefficient 223

Reflector antenna with array feeds 439–442

Relative antenna pattern 25

Resistive divider 410–411

Resonant waveguide array 246, 418–421

Retrodirective arrays 464–467

Root MUSIC algorithm 479–480

Rotman lens 432–436

S parameters 405–407

S parameter matrix 406–407

Sample matrix inversion (SMI) 489–492

SBX-1 6

Scan impedance 386–387

SCR-270 5

Self impedance 344

Series feed 408, 414

Sidelobe blanker 484–485

Sidelobe canceler 485–486

Sidelobes 57

Sierpinsky array 110–111

Simultaneous nullling in the sum and difference patterns 507–509

Singular value decomposition (SVD) 518

SIR-B 326–327

SIR-C 327, 329

SIR-C/X SAR 326–328

Slot admittance 244

Slot impedance 244, 348–349

Slot resonance 244

Slot susceptance 244

Slotted waveguide array 327, 414–415, 416–425

Slow wave 388

Smart arrays 464–526

Spatical diversity 517

Spherical array 309–319

Spiral antenna 246–270

Spiral array 305–307

Square kilometer array (SKA) 1–2

Standing wave ratio (SWR) 23

Steepest descent algorithm 50

Steepest descent method 488, 494–496

Stefan-Boltzmann law 38

Stripline 402–403

Subarray 94–99, 317–319

amplitude taper 179–183

beam steering 99

grating lobes 97–99, 179–193

thinned 183, 186

weighting 95–99

Surface wave 395–397

Synthetic aperture (SA) 323–324

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 324–329

T junction 408–410

Taper efficiency 80, 158

Tapered slot antenna (TSA) 272–280

Tapered slot array 389–390

Taylor taper 414–416, 127–136, 144–148

Circular 133–136

One-parameter 132–134

TE mode 239, 241, 389

Techsat 21 331–333

Thinned array 152–154, 156–164, 201–203

average sidelobe level 158

directivity 157

efficiency 158

peak sidelobe level 158

Tile architecture 409–411, 452–454

Time-modulated arrays 328–330

Time-varying arrays 323–337

TM mode 239, 241, 389

Transmit-receive (T/R) modules 6, 289, 449–455

Traveling waveguide array 421–423

Triangular lattice/spacing 60, 69–70, 81–82, 317

Tseng and Chang taper 126–127

Ultra wideband 28

Unconstrained lens 431

Uniform array

beamwidth 58–59

Difference pattern 61–63

sampling 63–75

sidelobe level 57

sum pattern 55–61

Unit cell 374–376

Unit circle 85

Unit circle synthesis 143–149

Van Atta array 464–466

Very Large Array (VLA) 237–239

Vivaldi antenna 272, 277, 278

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) 319, 322–323

Wave equation 13, 15

Waveguide lens 430–431

Waveguide slots 244–249

Waveguide wavelength 240

Wavenumber 239–240

Wiener-Hopf solution 488

Wilkinson power divider 411–413

Winstone cone light reflector 442–443

Woodward-Lawson synthesis 118–120

Wullenweber array 298–300

X-SAR 327, 329

Z transform 84–88, 160–163, 166–170