Index

A

AC/AC converters, 1

AC/DC converters/rectifiers, 1

Auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP), 87, 103

B

Binary hybrid multilevel DC/AC inverters, 149–150

Binary laddered inverters (BLIs), 217–218. See also Modified binary laddered inverters (MBLIs)

Brushless DC motor (BDCM), 87, 88

commutation logical circuit, 95, 99

drive systems, 104

inductance, 126

phase current, 95, 135

C

Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters overview, 145

switching combinations, 145, 147

Cascaded equal voltage multilevel inverter (CEMI), 139, 149

Converters

definition, 1

Current source inverters, 17, 29

boost function, 53

L-C filter, with, 57

negative polarity, 53, 55

positive polarity, 56–57

three-phase full-bridge current source inverters; See Three-phase full-bridge current source inverters

ZSIs, versus, 62, 63

D

DC voltage ripple, 8

DC/AC converters, 1

DC/AC inverters, 1. See also specific inverters

applications, 17, 21, 22

categorizing, 18

circuits, 30

history of use, 17

multilevel; See Multilevel DC/AC inverters

multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters; See Multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters

overview, 21, 22

pulse width modulation (PWM); See Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters

soft-switching methods; See Soft-switching DC/AC inverters

square form, 21

updating of, 18

waveforms, typical, 22–23

DC/DC converters, 1

Diode-clamped multilevel inverters, 139, 140

components, 141–142

five-level, 141

output levels, 143

seven-level, 141

staircase voltage synthesis, 143

three-level, 141

waveforms, 143

E

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, 64

Equal-phase (EP) method of determining switch angle, 264

Even-square waveform, 13

F

Fast Fourier transform (FFT) central symmetrical period function, 10

odd function, 10

oscilloscope, for measuring

modulation, 183

special angles, 11

trigometric formulae, 11

waveform analysis, 9

Feed-forward (FF) method of determining switch angle, 265

Flying capacitor inverters. See Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters

Form factor (FF), 8, 9

Fourier coefficients, 9, 12, 16

Fundamental harmonics, 13, 14, 15

G

GTOs, 21

H

H-bridge multilevel inverters, 139 149, 147–148

DC sources of, 196–197, 199

structure, 147

three-HB, 147–148

trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI); See Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI)

Half-equal-phase (HEP) method of determining switch angle, 265

Half-height (HH) method of determining switch angle, 265

Hall effect sensor, 105

Harmonic factor (HF), 6

I

Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), 21

Impedance source inverters (ZSIs), 17, 30

advantages, 63, 64

anti-noise function, 64

boost factor, 68

buck-boost factor, 69

capacitors, 64

CSI, versus, 62, 63

equivalent circuit, 64–65, 67

inductance, 66

inductors, 64

inverter bridge, 68

output peak phase voltage, 68–69

overview, 6

quasi-impedance source inverters; See Quasi-impedance source inverters

simulations, 69, 71–72

switches, 63, 65–66

three-phase, 64, 69

topology, 74

VSI, versus, 61–62, 63

zero state, 67

Input current distortion, 5–6

Inverters

definition, 1

L

Laddered multilevel DC/AC inverters band switch, 213–214

binary laddered inverters (BLIs); See Binary laddered inverters (BLIs)

binary progressions, 210

change-over switch, 213

comparisons between types of, 221–223

linear laddered inverters (LLIs); See Linear laddered inverters (LLIs)

Luo progressions, 211

natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs); See Natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs)

natural number progressions, 209

odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs); See Odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs)

odd number progressions, 209

overview, 207–208

toggle switch, 212–213

trinary progressions, 210, 221

unit progressions, 209

Ye progressions; See Ye laddered inverters (YPLIs)

Linear laddered inverters (LLIs), 214–215

Luo converters, 211, 223, 231, 235, 296–297

M

MATLAB Simulink, 81, 200

Modified binary laddered inverters (MBLIs), 218–220

MOSFET, 21

Multilevel DC/AC inverters

advantages, 138–139, 263

applications, 139–140

binary hybrid, 149–150

capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters; See Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters

cascaded; See Cascaded equal voltage multilevel inverter (CEMI)

diode-clamped; See Diode-clamped multilevel inverters

equal-phase (EP) method of determining switch angle, 264

feed-forward (FF) method of determining switch angle, 265

generalized, 139 generalized multilevel inverters, 151–152

H-bridge; See H-bridge multilevel inverters

half-equal-phase (HEP) method of determining switch angle, 265

half-height (HH) method of determining switch angle, 265

history of use, 140

laddered; See Laddered multilevel DC/AC inverters

mixed-level multilevel inverters, 152–153

output voltage waveforms, 277

overview, 137

quasi-linear multilevel inverters, 150

soft-switched, 139

switched capacitor multilevel DC/ AC inverters; See Switched capacitor multilevel DC/AC inverters

switching angle, determining, 263, 272, 277

switching angle, main, 264

three-phase two-level inverters, 153–154

total harmonic distortion, 263, 267

trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI); See Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI)

Multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters, 17

N

Natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs), 215–216

Notched DC link inverters, 87–88

O

Odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs)216, 216–217

Odd-square waveforms, 12, 16

P

Psim simulation software, 99

Pulse amplitude modulations (PAM), 22

Pulse phase modulation (PPM), 22

Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters, 17. See also specific inverters

asynchronous, 27

carrier-based, 31, 38; See also specific inverters

current source inverters; See Current source inverters

DC/AC conversion, use with, 18

disadvantages, 137–138

impedence source inverters (ZSIs); See Impedence source inverters (ZSIs)

linear range, 24

modulation ratios, 23–24, 25–26

multilevel, 47

multistage, 17, 44, 47

overmodulation, 24, 25

pulse height, 137

single-phase half-wave, 17

sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM); See Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)

solar panel based systems, use in, 298–299

square waves, 25–26

subharmonics, 27

synchronous, 26

triangular waveform frequency, 26

unipolar voltage switching; See Unipolar voltage switching

voltage source inverters; See Voltage source inverters

Q

Quasi-impedance source inverters

capacitor-assisted boost, 74, 79, 81

continuous current, 74, 81

diode-assisted boost, 74, 76, 77–79

discontinuous current, 74, 81

overview, 73

simulation results, 81–82, 86

topology, 74, 76

Quasi-linear multilevel inverters, 151

R

Rectifiers

definition, 1

Resonant pole inverter

applications, 104

design considerations, 111–118

gate signals, 113, 114

magnetic core material, 112

operation principles, 106–111

overview, 103–104

rotor positions, 113

switches, 105, 106, 112, 113

switching frequency, 104, 112, 114

testing conditions, 116–118

topology, 104–106

transformer current, 110

turn ratios, 111

Ripple factor (RF), 8, 9

S

Single-phase half-bridge DC/AC inverter, 28, 33–34

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), 28

switching signal, 31, 33

Soft-switching DC/AC inverters, 19

applications, 88, 119

capacitance, 94

construction of, 88–89

control scheme, 95–96

design considerations, 94

non-PWM operation, 96–97

notched DC link inverters; See Notched DC link inverters

overview, 87

PWM operation, 97, 99

resonant circuit, 89–94

resonant pole inverter; See Resonant pole inverter

rotor-position sensors, 99

simulation results, 99, 102–103

transformer-based resonant DC link inverters; See Transformer-based resonant DC link inverters

Solar panel energy systems

closed-loop control, 297

design of, 299–300

Luo converters; See Luo converters

objectives of, 295

overview, 223, 283–284, 295

panels, composition of, 223

pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters, use of, 298–299

renewable, 283

simulations of, laddered multilevel inverter use, 225

simulations of, super-lift inverter use, 238

simulations of, switched capacitor mulltilevel DC/AC inverters use, 248–249, 252

simulations of, switched inductor mulltilevel DC/AC inverters use, 257–259, 261

technical features of, 296

voltage units, 225

Static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), 140

Super-lift converter multilevel DC/AC inverters

fifteen-level SL inverters, 234–235

Luo converters, 231, 235, 296–297 overview, 231

seven-level SL inverters, 233

simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 238

twenty-one-level SL inverters, 235, 236–238

Switched capacitor multilevel DC/AC inverters fifteen-level, 246–247

five-level, 244–245

higher-level, 247–248

nine-level, 245, 246

overview, 243

simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 248–249, 252

Switched inductor multilevel DC/AC inverters

fifteen-level, 255–256, 257

five-level, 253–254

higher-level, 257

nine-level, 254–255

overview, 253

simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 257–259, 261

Symbols, AC power systems, 5–7

Symbols, DC power systems, 8–9

Symbols, power systems, 1–2

T

Three-phase full-bridge current source inverters, 53

Three-phase full-bridge voltage source inverters, 38

L-C output filter, 43, 44

modulation, 39–40

phasor diagram, 41–42

vector analysis, 40–41

waveforms, 39, 43–44

Thyristor, 21

TMS320F240 controller cards, 201

Total harmonic distortion (THD), 6, 13, 14

Transformer-based resonant DC link inverters

control scheme, 129

design considerations, 126

full duty cycle operation, 130–131

gate signals, 128

load currents, 128

overview, 118–119

PWM operation, 131

resonant circuits, 119–126

simulation results, 131–135

switching frequencies, 127–128

Triacs, 21

Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI), 151

81-level, 190, 192, 200–201

ABS, 157

comparisons to other inverters, 160–161

controlled bridge rectifiers, 175

DC bus power injection, 175–177

hybrid modulation, 171–173

motor controllers, 199–200

output voltage, 155, 158, 159–160

regenerative power, 177–178, 181–183

regenerative power, avoiding, 179–181

regenerative power, eliminating, 186–188

simple modulation, 173–175

space vector modulation, 192–193, 195–196

step modulation, 162–167

subharmonic PWM strategies, 173

topology, 155, 157

total harmonic distortion, 201

virtual stage modulation, 167–169, 171, 183–186

Trinary laddered inverters (TLIs), 210, 221

U

Unipolar voltage switching, 26, 44

advantages, 45

applications, 45

m_a measurement, 45

modulation methods, 45

regulation methods, 45

V

Voltage source inverters, 17, 29

applications, 31

control chips, 31

multistage PWM, 47

single-phase full-bridge, 34–35, 37

single-phase half-bridge, 31–32

three-phase full-bridge; See Three-phase full-bridge voltage source inverters

ZSIs, versus, 61–62, 63

W

Waveforms, pure sinusoidal, 6

Weibull probability, 285

Weighted total harmonic distortion (WTHD), 7, 13, 14, 15, 17

Wind turbine power, 283

converters, 293

design example, 288, 290–292

friction coefficient, 288

output voltage, 293

overview, 285

power extraction by turbine, 286, 287–288

rotor area, 287

wind speed, determining, 285, 286, 288, 293

Y

Ye laddered inverters (YPLIs), 211–212, 220–221, 223

Ye progressions, 211–212

Z

Zero voltage transition (ZVT), 87

ZSIs. See Current source inverters