accountants, roles of: banking 137; bookkeeping (and administrating) 135–6; business partner 139–40; changes in 140–2; consulting 139–40; controlling 137–9; overview of 135–7
accounting, professional guidance in 180–1, 181
accounting information systems (AIS): accounting 4–5; AIS 2.0 19–20; commercial environment 3; commercial revolution 15; composition 7; control-based decisions 3; critical analysis 8–9; decision-making 7; definition of accounting 4, 13–14; discipline of accounting 13; double-entry bookkeeping 3; economic history 20–1; elements 7; ERP systems 8–9; financial and management 3; financial and non-financial data 7; in the Information Age 16–17; information systems 5–7; integration phase 18–19; internal and external requirements 14; internet and e-commerce 8; inventories and transactions track 15–16; legal perspective 4; list making process 15; management decision-making and control 7–8; people, processes and technology 40, 41; reputation 13; role of accounting/accountants 10; scandal and legislation 19; scientific approach/management 14; systems approach 14; systems planning, design and implementation 40; technologies underpinning 24–5; technology-based system 7; technology development 14; unique identity 8; value-adding roles 8
Accounting Procedure Documentation (APD): accountant user manual 76; evolutionary adaption 73–4; loss and manipulation/falsification 73; paper-based input information 74; procedural documentations 74–8; requirements and boundary conditions 73; technical process documentation 73
accounting-related technologies: cloud computing 134; overview of 134–5; proponents 135; robotisation 135; stand-alone systems 134–5
activity-based costing (ABC) 18
Adaptive Structuration Theory 262
Adler, R. W. 175
agile development model: advantages 52; disadvantages 52; extreme programming (XP) 51; incremental model 51; rapid development cycles 51
AIS 2.0: business intelligence (BI) 19; cloud computing vs. Internet 20; e-business layers 20; ERP systems 19; information sharing vs. social web 20; IT systems 19; landscape 19; scandals 19; technological advancement 19
Alles, M. 210
Alles, M. G. 295
Alter, Steven 60
Anandarajan, A. 14
Andrikopoulos, V. 279
Anthony, Robert 57
application layers: components 42; crosscutting services 42–3; key layers 42; logical view 41–2; overview of 41, 42
applications software: analysis, design and testing phases 36; commissioning business 36; compatibility issues 36; fulfill specific user functions 35; functions 35; in-house resources 35–6
architecture of network: campus area networks 29; client-server model (C-S) 26, 27; local area network 27, 27–8; metropolitan area networks 29; technological layout and configuration 26; wide area network 28, 28–9
Artificial Intelligence (AI): cognitive functions 113; cutting-edge technologies 108; deep learning 115–16; internal decision-making 113; learning and problem solving 113; machine learning 113–15; Watson (cognitive) 153–4
Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA) 296
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) 10
Atrill, P. 6
Aubert, Benoit 120
auditing approach: business systems 205; computer-assisted auditing techniques 206–7; electronic data interchange (EDI) 205; real-time approach see continuous auditing (CA); real-time enterprise systems 206; traditional auditor concerns 206
balanced scorecard (BSC) 18
Ballantine, Joan 292
Ballou, D. P. 194
Bannister, F. 277
Bell, T. B. 113
Bernard, Jean-Grégoire 120
Best, P. J. 215
best-of-bread (BoB) systems 62–3
Bhimani, A. 140
big data: academic articles and professional reports 294; audit environment 212–13; auditing and managerial accounting 296; auditing function 295; bimodal thinking 284; Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) 285; cognitive systems 145; comprehensive expansion 161; contributions 157–8; conventional datasets 282; correlations 212–13; data-driven analysis 284; data knowledge 146–7; data-processing infrastructure 284; data protection and compliance 284; digitalization 161; ERP systems 161–2; extensions 157–8; finance department 156–7; Gartner assessment 157; IBM’s Watson 147–8; implications 294–6; information technologies (IT) 293–4; Internet-based systems and devices 284; Internet of Things 284; knowledge management 147 (see knowledge management); management accountants 295–6; management-accounting purposes 161; mobile network 285; numeric data 154–6; opportunities and challenges 162, 164; overview of 146; potential impact 295; revolutionary 295; small clean databases 295; terminology 162–4; traditional transaction systems 212; transformation 213; volume, velocity, variety, veracity and value 146, 162–3; Watson (cognitive) 148–54
Blanton, J. E. 275
Bodnar, G. H. 6
Boyns, T. 13
Bracher, S. 112
Bradner, Jay 268
Brady, Malcolm 235
Bredmar, Krister 55
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) 252, 285
Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) 285
Brown-Liburd, H. 295
Brynjolfsson, E. 162
Bumgarner, N. 207
Burchell, S. 84, 85, 85, 90, 91
Burns, J. 164
Busco, C. 183
Business Intelligence (BI): AIS 2.0 19; information technologies (IT) 293; system representation 251
business processes 41–3, 49, 60, 63
Business Processes Management (BPM): contextual factors 70, 70; contextual view 70; management approach 70
Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) 292
Callahan, C. 174
campus area networks (CANs) 29
capital investment decisions (CIDs): assumptions 175, 176; bad design practices 175; business case papers 174; capturing non-financial factors 175–7, 177; DCF methods 173; incorporation 185–7; integrated reporting and thinking 182–5; integrating non-financial information 173–4; interpretation 175, 176; numbers/narrative 179–80; professional guidance 180–1; SID process 174; spreadsheet 175; strategic analysis and risk assessment 177–9, 178–9; survey and case-based methods 174; user-induced errors 175
Cao, M. 295
Carcello, J. V. 113
Carr, Nicholas 264
Carroll, Noel 39
Cecchini, M. 113
central processing unit (CPU) 32
challenges of management accounting: data generation and storage 167–8; processing, verification and analysis 168, 168–9; reporting and decision support 169; traditional methods 169
change management: accounting issues 55; administrative processes 64–5; challenges 58; competitive advantage 65; ERP systems 57–8; geometrical dimension 55; information consumes 58; information system 56–7; management challenges 59–2; management function 58–9; stand-alone solution 57; structured process 55–6; technologies 55; trends 62–4
Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) 10
Chen, H. J. 10
Chen, Y. 115
Chenhall, R. H. 163
Child, J. 237
Choi, J. H. 113
Churet, C. 185
Cleary, P. 9
Cleary, Peter 3
Clegg, S. 141
cloud computing 134; contractual issues 282, 283; data protection 282; ICT governance 282; information technology 279; migration 280; NIST definition 279; SaaS issues 281, 281; security issues 280–1, 281; service models 279; technological challenges 279–80
Cloud Service Brokerage (CSB) 242
Cobham, D. 32
commercial revolution 15
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) 233n2
Computer Assisted Audit Tools (CAATs) 206–7
connectedness, technology and 266–7
continuous auditing (CA): aggregation and benchmarks 211–12; audit automation 209; big data 212–13; business processes modeling 211; CICA/AICPA 207; components 207; conceptual model 214; continuous controls monitoring 208; continuous data audit 208; continuous risk monitoring and assessment 208; contribution of process mining 215; controls testing 214; data analytics techniques 211; definition 207; development of 205, 213–14; implementation experiences 210; input-data 214; meta-data 214; proactive audit 209; process mining 214; technical architecture 210–11
continuous compliance monitoring (COMO) 207
continuous controls monitoring (CCM): concept of 207; continuous data audit 208; implementation of 210
continuous data audit (CDA) 207–8
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) 10
continuous risk monitoring and assessment (CRMA) 208
conventional neural networks (CNN) 116
Cram, W. Alec 193
Curtis, G. 32
Daffara, Carlo 268
database system software 35
data environment/ICT domain 83
data information: accessibility and confidentiality 129; integrity and regulatory compliance 129–30; ownership and portability 129
data security and quality: customer relationship data 194; definition 194, 195; detective controls 200–1; identifying controls 198; internal controls 193; objectives 195, 195; preventive controls 198–200; threats to 193, 195–6, 197
Davenport, T. H. 162, 166, 292, 297
Davenport, Tom 269
David, J. S. 13
decision-making systems: AIS design 91; assumptions and beliefs 82; Burchell et al. (1980) framework 84–6; context 90; contingency factors 81; cost-effective 93; data environment/ICT domain 83; data/information 92–3; drowning 92; elements 91, 92; environment 81–2; framework of 83–4, 84; human/computer relationship 82; monetary/resources 90; objectives and causalities 89; operative and strategic decisions 90; outsourcing decision 88–9; perspectives 91; policies and processes 90; pricing decisions 86–7; product mix decisions 87–8; replacement investments 88; robotics and automatization 91; role of 86; social actors 90–1; strategic decisions 81; technical form 89; technological development 91–2; technologies underpinning 24–5; trends 91–3; undocumented/unsystematic processes 90
decision support systems (DSS): information system 6; phase 16–17; system representation 251
Dibbern, J. 124
digital transformation: Accounting Procedure Documentation (APD) 73–8; BPM and ITM 78; business processes 71; Business Processes Management (BPM) 70, 70; financial and management reporting 71; IT management (ITM) 71–3; managing business processes 69–70; operations and transactions 71; technical implementation 71
discounted cash flow (DCF) 173
Ditmer, L. 231
drive organizational strategy 40, 41
Dunbar, R. 266
Eccles, R. G. 183
Eccles, R. 185
Edwards, J. R. 13
electronic data interchange (EDI) 205
Elliott, W. B. 97
Embedded Audit Modules (EAM) 210–11
empirical analysis, of new AIS implementation 98–100; faster data processing 100–1; visualizations 101–2; management accountants 98; objective 99; temporal decoupling 102–3; enterprise application integration (EAI) technology 19
enterprise resource planning (ERP): analytical layer 18; best-of-breed solutions 134; BPM context 70, 70; business processes 63; change management 57–8; critical analysis 8; layers of 18–19; financial and management reporting 71; implementation 62; information system 6; information technologies (IT) 292–3; integrated model 62; integrated reporting 11; integration phase 18–19; organisational accounting benefits 140; organisational change 60; Philz Coffee 59; resistance to change 63–4; role of accounting/accountants 10; stand-alone systems 134–5; systems approach 14; technologies underpinning 25; traditional auditing 206
enterprise risk management (ERM) 208
event-driven process chain (EPC) 75–6
Executive Information Systems (EIS) 6
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): benefits 110; calculation errors 110; cash and cash equivalent 109; cutting-edge technologies 108; financial community 108; financial information 109; financial reporting concepts 109; information integrity 110; in-memory database technology 111–12; internal business decision-makers 109; internal decision-making 111; iXBRL (see inline XBRL (iXBRL)); measurement units 109; metadata 117n1; preventive controls 199–200; real-time data analytics 111; semi-structured and unstructured 116–17; single spread-sheet 109; taxonomy extensions 109; XML (eXtensible Markup Language) 109
Fahy, M. J. 96
Ferris, Tim 268
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 4
financial reporting systems (FRS) 79
Fiorina, C. 149
Ford, Martin 269
full-time equivalents (FTEs) 221
Galbraith, J. 97
Galliers, Robert D. 292
Gärtner, Bernhard 161
Gelinas, U. J. 25
General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 4, 218–19
generation and storage of opportunities: challenges 167–8; future-orientated/real-time data 164–5; integration 165; management accounting 164; opportunities 165, 165; unstructured data 165–6
Goal-Oriented Modelling (GRL) 45
Grabski, S. V. 293
Granlund, M. 7
Granlund, Markus 81
Granovetter, M. 267
graphical user interface (GUI) 26
Green, B. P. 113
Griffin, P. A. 294
Groot, T. 181
hardware: cabling/connection 34; central processing unit (CPU) 32; cloud-enabled devices 31–2; communication devices 32; communication/network devices 34; computer hardware 32, 32; flash disks 33; input devices 32–3; magnetic drives 33; magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) 33; network-human interface 32; optical character recognition (OCR) 32–3; optical disks 33; output devices 33–4; physical computing machinery and equipment 31; process and store data 31; processors 33; random-access memory (RAM) 33; routers 34; storage devices 33; switches 34; systems model point 32; wired (cabling)/wireless (NIC) 34
Haka, S. 174
Hall, J. A. 30
Hammer, M. 292
Hassan, M. K. 140
Hazen, B. T. 168
Heeks, R. 277
Hiebl, Martin R. W. 161
Hinton, G. E. 115
Hirschheim, R. 238
Hoang, Thinh 173
Hopper, T. 136
Hopwood, W. S. 6
IBM’s Watson: cognitive computing 147; cognitive era 157; current instantiation 148; finance department 156–7; implications 147–8
Ikäheimo, S. 83
Information Age (1950s and 1980s): DSS phase 16–17; mainframe phase 16; personal computers (PCs) 17; typewriters 16
information provision: analytical interpretation 104; business partners 94; data gathering 98; data processing 104; empirical analysis 98–103; empirical findings 95–6; graphs and extensive tables 95; innovation 94; interactive visualizations 95; management accountants 94–5; managers’ direct access 104; method 97–8; multinational organization 95; numbers and corresponding analyses 104; reporting and decision support 103; standardize and automate tasks 96; technological changes 96–7; transaction processing 103; unstructured data/textual data 97
information security: m-BI system 253; organisational perspective 253; representation 253; safety of resources (SoR) 253; vulnerability of resources (VoR) 253
information systems (IS): accounting information 3; change management 56–7; conceptualisation of 262; drill-down issues 6; ERP systems 6–7; evolution of 6; exchange data/information 5–6; facts and statistics 5; factual sales data 5–6; irrespective 6; managerial decisions 6; organisational/environment challenges 276–7; outsourcing 277–8; perspective 5; project management challenges 273–4; subsequent benefits 7; technology challenges 274–5; traditional challenges 273; user resistance challenges 275–6
information technology (IT): accounting and finance professions 296–7; accounting information 3; accounting practice 294–6; automation 292; big data 293–4; business intelligence systems 292; Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) 292; C-suite executive 298n3; ERP system 292–3; financial accounting 5; hybridisation 293; obliteration 292; organisations 294; strategic business advisor 293; traditional auditing 206
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) 279
in-memory computing technologies: cutting-edge technologies 108; internal auditor 111–12; RDBMS 112; real-time data 111; SAP HANA serves 112
Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) 296
integrated reporting (IR): framework 182, 182; IIRC definitions 183, 184; principles of 182–5, 183; reporting organisational performance 173
integrated thinking (ITh): context-driven scorecard 187; definition 185; financial analysis 187; hard systems thinking 185–6; linear and segregated 185; multi-capital scorecard (MCS) 187; non-financial information 186–7; numerical analysis 186; potential problems 185; professional guidance 186; strategic decision-making 185
integration, with data systems: aggregating data 258–9; authentication algorithms 257; BI systems 251; core fundamentals 259; data-centric standpoint 258; data-driven decision 251; data-driven focus 257; dual view of security 257; finding 255–7; implementations of m-BI 251; information security 253–4; interview transcription 254, 254; m-BI system 252; methodology 254–5; mobile business intelligence 252–3; point-of-view 258; provider point of view 256–7; provider vs. users 258, 258; secure encryption methods 257; security of resources 257; TechTarget 252; user 255–6; vulnerability of resources 257
integration phase: ABC and BSC 18; analytical layer 18; EAI technology 19; e-business layer 19; ERP system 18–19; foundation layer 18; global economy 18; international trades 18; process layer 18
integration-Platform-as-a-Service (iPaaS) 242
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 268
Internal Control Systems (ICS): data environment/ICT domain 83; documentation business process 75–6
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) 4
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 4, 218–19
International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) 182–5, 184
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 255
Internet Protocol (IP) address 34
Issa, H. 114
IT management (ITM): designing internal controls 72, 72–3; diagonal positioning 71, 72; interpretation and potential changes 72, 72–3; perspective 71; problematic aspects 71
Jaber, Jacob 59
Jaber, Phil 59
Jack, L. 141
Järvenpää, M. 141
Johnson, H. T. 63
Kajtazi, Miranda 251
Kavitha, V. 280
Kelly, John 147
Kepes, B. 154
Keshava, S. 112
key performance indicators (KPIs) 70
Kholeif, A. 141
Kirby, Julie 269
Klaus, T. 275
knowledge management: capabilities 151; resources 147
Kristandl, Gerhard 24
Krzus, M. 183
Lambert, C. 141
Langefors, Börje 56
latent semantic analysis (LSA) 115
leverage standardization: costs and benefits 219; financial reporting 218; GAAP and IFRS 218–19; key requirements 219; KPMG audit team 219–20; mandatory accounting rules 231–3; SOX see Sarbanes-Oxley Act; Lin, J. W. 113
lines of business (LOB) 221, 221
local area network (LAN) 18, 27, 27–8
Lynch, R. 96
Lynn, Theo 272
Machine Learning techniques 113–14, 115
magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) 33
management accounting: big data 163–4; data generation and storage 164–6; processing, verification and analysis 166; reporting and decision support 166–7
management challenges: change management and change agents 61; cost-efficient manner 62; organisational change 60–1; rate of change 61–2; technological solutions 59; work centered analysis 60
Management Information Systems (MIS) 6, 25
Marabelli, M. 296
material resource planning (MRP) 25
McAfee, A. 162
McCumber, J. 194
McElroy, M. W. 187
McFarlan, F. W. 292
McLaney, E. 6
metropolitan area networks (MANs) 29
Millar V. E. 292
Mobile business intelligence 252–3
Monitoring and Control Layer (MCL) 210–11
Mouakket, S. 140
Mouritsen, J. 135, 139, 140, 142
multi-capital scorecard (MCS) 187
Nagle, Tadhg 262
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 279
networks: architecture 26–9; attributes 26; hard network 25; hardware links 25–6; mobile technologies 25; network interface card (NIC) 25; protocols 30–1; technological view 25; topology 29–30; wireless network 26
Newell, S. 296
Ngan, George 173
No, W. G. 110
Object-oriented programming languages (OOPL) 36–7
O’Leary, Daniel E. 145
Oliver, J. 185
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) 35
operating systems (OS) software, 34–5; computer system 34; crucial role 35; functions 34–5; Linux distributions 35; virtual OS 35
operational procedures documentation: business process models 77–8; factors 76–7; principle process 77, 78; security concept implementation 77, 77
optical character recognition (OCR) 32–3
organisational/environment challenges 276–7
outsourcing, of AIS: adverse selection 126; compliance and regulatory risk 278; contract 120; contract management 126–7; decision 121, 121, 124–5; definition 121, 277; designing contract 126; development and implementation 122–3; economic considerations 124–5; elements 120–1; growth 123–4; history of 121–2; interactions 121; management of relationship 120; managerial dilemmas 129–30; mitigating risks of 278; operation 123; political considerations 125; regulations/technological landscapes 130–1; research 130; performance risk 278; relational risk 277–8; risk assessment 127–8
Panko, R. R. 175
Parker, D. B. 194
people, processes and technology 40, 41
personal computers (PCs) 17
Philz Coffee 59
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) 244, 279
Pezet, E. 141
Plumlee, M. A. 110
Plumlee, R. D. 110
Powell, S. G. 175
preventive controls: access control 198; authorization 199; biometrics 198; centralized systems 199; encryption 199; eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) 199–200; intrusiveness 198; off-the-shelf financial applications 199; security policies 198
probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) 115
procedural documentations: accountant user manual 76; components/building blocks 74–5; description 75–6; event-driven process chain 75, 75; implementation 74; Internal Control Systems (ICS) 74; operational procedures documentation 76–8; questions 74; technical system documentation 76
professional guidance, in accounting 180–1, 181
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) 220
quality-of-service (QoS) 29
Quattrone, P. 97, 104, 136, 167, 169
Quinn, M. 9
Ramarapu, N. K. 96
random-access memory (RAM) 33
Rehm, Sven-Volker 69
request for proposal (RFP) 43
Rezaee, Z. 210
Ribeiro, J. 140
Ribeiro, Maria Céu 205
Rifkin, J. 268
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) 135
roles of accountants see accountants, roles of; accounting-related technologies
Rudny, T. 112
Schneider, S. 294
Schultze, Ulrike 218
Selto, F. 181
Short, J. E. 292
Simon, H. 135
Singh, K. 215
Sowell, T. 263
Srivastava, R. P. 110
Strauss, E. 37
Subashini, S. 280
Suddaby, R. 294
Sun, Ting 108
Taipaleenmäki, J. 83
Tanenbaum, A. S. 31
Tansley, A. G. 149
Tapscott, D. 263
Tayi, G. K. 194
technical system documentation 76
technologies: bit-torrent services 264; connectedness 266–7; constrained view 264; control deficiency 275; data misfits 274–5; data processing and distribution 272; Design Thinking 266; Digital Immigrants and Digital Natives 264, 265–6; economics 262; emerging challenges 278–85; empirical literature 272; face-to-face communication 264; functionality deficiencies 274; gap information 265–6; information systems adoption 272; information systems implementation 273–8; innovation 265; natural collaborators 265; organisational and culture 275; peer-to-peer networks 264; perspectives 262–3, 272; productivity 267–9; role deficiency 275; shaping us individually 263–4; socio-technical theories 262; techno-centric view 262; unconstrained view 264–5; usability misfits 274–5; Xero 272
Teittinen, Henri 81
Thomas, M. P. 187
Thompson, J. D. 85
threats, to data security 193, 195–6, 197
Tona, Olgerta 251
topologies (network) 29, 29–30
Trinity: compliance journey 221–2; industries 221; lines of business (LOB) 221, 221; management reviews 225, 225–6; SOX compliance journey 221–2; year-1 (2003–2004) 222–4, 223; year-2 (2005) 224; year-3 (2006) 224; year-4 (2007) 224; year-5 (2008) 225–30; year-6 (2009) 230–1; year-7 (2010) 230–1
Tuden, A. 85
user resistance challenges 275–6
Vaassen, E. 82
Van der Steen, M. 9
Vasarhelyi, M. A. 207, 210, 295
V-model/verification-validation model 50, 51
Volkoff, O. 274
vulnerability of resources (VoR) 253, 254
Wagner, S. 231
Wang, R. Y. 194
Warren, J. D. 295
Watson (cognitive): accounting and auditing 156; AI approaches 153–4; Alchemy language 150; Big 4 auditing firms 151–4; built-in intelligence 154; capabilities 150–1; categories 150; concepts 155–6, 156; credit rating process 152–3; data insights 151; data quality 155, 155–56; dependent and independent variable 154; developer cloud 148–9; digital ecosystem 149; document conversion 150; due diligence platform 152; eco-system 149; five-part process 153, 153; insights and relationship expansion 150; integration 148; language translation 151; leases 152; natural language interfaces 151; non-Big 4 “audit-like” uses 153; numeric data-analytics and knowledge 154–6; regulatory compliance 152; risk management 151–2; tone analysis 148, 149; Visual insights 151
Web 2.0 see AIS 2.0
weblogs 115
Wetherall, D. J. 31
Whiting, D. G. 113
wide area network (WAN) 18, 28, 28–9
Wiedemann, Nicolás J. B. 94
Wiegmann, Leona 94
Willcocks, L. 140
wired/wirelessly local area network (WLAN) 27, 27–8
wireless network card (WNIC) 26
Wright, A. M. 294
Yoon, K. 295