NOTES
Preface
1. Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, “Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 10.
2. For those who care about such things, I’ve used the terms cross-cultural, intercultural, and multicultural synonymously throughout the book. Although technically cross-cultural traditionally refers to “two cultures interacting” and intercultural and multicultural refer to “multiple cultures interacting,” I find it helps to use the terms interchangeably for this kind of writing.
Chapter 1: CQ for You
1. Siobhan Roth, “World Travelers,” National Geographic July 2006, 25. Admittedly, there are some individuals who get more than one tourist visa in a year; therefore, 1 billion is a rough estimate. But there are also others who move across borders without getting a tourist visa. So ⅙ still seems like a fair estimate of the number of people in the world traveling internationally each year.
2. Claudia Deutsch, “GE: A General Store for Developing World,” International Herald Tribune, July 18, 2005, 17.
3. Less Christie, “CNN, Census: U.S. Becoming More Diverse,” http://money.cnn.com/2009/05/14/real_estate/rising_minorities/index.htm (accessed May 21, 2009).
4. Giovanni Bisignani, “Improved Profitability—But Europe Still Lags in the Red,” International Air Transport Authority, http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2010-09-21-02.aspx., September 19, 2010.
5. David Livermore, “Globalization Trends,” a technical report created for the Global Learning Center, Grand Rapids, MI: September 2008.
6. Cheryl Tay, Mina Westman, and Audrey Chia, “Antecedents and Consequences of Cultural Intelligence Among Short-Term Business Travelers,” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 141.
7. Thomas Ruckstuhl, Ying-yi Hong, Soon Ang, and Chi-Yue Chiu, “The Culturally Intelligent Brain: Possible Neuroscience Foundation of Global Leadership,” Neuroleadership Journal (forthcoming).
8. Gary Ferraro, The Cultural Dimension of International Business, 5th Ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2006), 12.
9. Aimin Yan and Yadong Luo, International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2001), 32.
10. Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, and Mei Ling Tan, “Cultural Intelligence,” in Robert J. Sternberg and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, (forthcoming).
11. Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, “Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence,” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 10.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, C. Koh, K. Y. Ng, K. J. Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation, and Task Performance,” Management and Organization Review 3 (2007): 335–371.
15. L. Imai and M. J. Gelfand, “The Culturally Intelligent Negotiator: The Impact of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Negotiation Sequences and Outcomes,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 112: 83–98.
16. Grant McCracken, Chief Culture Officer: How to Create a Living, Breathing Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 148.
17. Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, and Mei Ling Tan, “Cultural Intelligence.” In Robert J. Sternberg and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press (forthcoming).
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Cheryl Tay, Mina Westman, and Audrey Chia, “Antecedents and Consequences of Cultural Intelligence Among Short-Term Business Travelers” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 126ff.
21. David Livermore, “The Results of Cultural Intelligence,” technical report for the Global Learning Center, Grand Rapids, MI, 2009.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Elie Wiesel, Dawn (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006), vii.
26. Ken Wilbur, Boomeritis: A Novel That Will Set You Free (Boston, Shambhala, 2002), 15.
27. Henry Cloud, Integrity: The Courage to Meet the Demands of Reality (New York: Collins, 2006), 242.
Chapter 2: Research Brief
1. Milton Bennett, “Towards Ethnorelativism: A Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity,” in R. Michael Paige, ed., Education for the Intercultural Experience (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1993) 21–71; Geert Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997); and Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business (New York: McGraw Hill, 2000).
2. M. J. Gelfand, L. Imai, and R. Fehr, “Thinking Intelligently About Cultural Intelligence: The Road Ahead,” in S. Ang and L. Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 375.
3. Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, and Mei Ling Tan, “Cultural Intelligence,” in Robert J. Sternberg and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press (forthcoming).
4. J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey, “What Is Emotional Intelligence?” in P. Salovey and D. Sluter, eds., Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Applications (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3–31.
5. R. Thorndike and S. Stein, “An Evaluation of the Attempts to Measure Social Intelligence,” Psychological Bulletin 34 (1937): 275–285.
6. R. J. Sternberg, and R. J. Wagner, “Practical Intelligence,” in R. J. Sternberg, ed., Handbook of Intelligence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 380–395.
7. Chris Earley and Soon Ang, Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures (Stanford, CA: Stanford Press, 2003).
8. R. J. Sternberg and D. K. Detterman, eds., What Is Intelligence? Contemporary Viewpoints on Its Nature and Definition (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986).
9. R. J. Sternberg, “A Framework for Understanding Conceptions of Intelligence,” in R. J. Sternberg and D. K. Detterman, eds., What Is Intelligence? (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986), 3–18.
10. Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS), East Lansing, MI: Cultural Intelligence Center, LLC, 2005.
11. S. Ang, L. Van Dyne, C. K. S. Koh, K. Y. Ng, K. J. Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation, and Task Performance, Management and Organization Review 3 (2007): 335–371.
12. S. Ang, L. Van Dyne, and M. L. Tan, “Cultural Intelligence,” in R. J. Sternberg and S. B. Kaufman, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
13. S. Ang, L. Van Dyne, C. Koh, K. Y. Ng, K. J. Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision-Making, Cultural Adaptation, and Task Performance,” Management and Organization Review 3, (2007): 340.
Chapter 3: CQ Drive
1. Linn Van Dyne and Soon Ang, “The Sub-Dimensions of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” Technical Report. Cultural Intelligence Center, 2008.
2. M. Goh, J. Koch, and S. Sanger, “Cultural Intelligence in Counseling Psychology,” in Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 41–54; Ibraiz Tarique and Riki Takeuchi, “Developing Cultural Intelligence: The Role of International Nonwork Experiences,” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 260, 264.
3. Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, and Mei Ling Tan, “Cultural Intelligence,” in Robert J. Sternberg and Scott Barry Kaufman, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, (forthcoming).
4. David Rock, Your Brain at Work: Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long (New York: Harper Collins, 2009), 65.
5. Klaus Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and Cross-Cultural Adjustment,” Group & Organization Management 31, 1 (February 2006): 157.
6. Rock, 66.
7. G. Latham and E. Locke, “Employee Motivation,” in Julian Barling and Cary Cooper, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Volume I, Micro Approaches (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2009), 320.
8. E. Berkman and M. D. Lieberman, “The Neuroscience of Goal Pursuit: Bridging Gaps Between Theory and Data,” in G. Moskowitz and H. Grant, eds. The Psychology of Goals (New York: Guilford Press, 2009), 98–126.
9. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, 1997).
10. Rock, 36.
11. Ellen Langer, Counterclockwise: Mindful Health and the Power of Possibility (New York: Ballantine Books, 2009), 112–115.
12. Amy Arnsten, Prefrontal Cortical Networks, http://info.med.yale.edu/neurobio/arnsten/Research.html (accessed January 13, 2010).
13. David Rock, “Managing with the Brain in Mind,” Strategy and Business (Autumn 2009), 56, http://www.strategy-business.com/article/09306?gko=5df7f&cid=enews20091013.
14. L. M. Shannon and T. M. Begley, “Antecedents of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” in Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 41–54. And Ibraiz Tarique and Riki Takeuchi, “Developing Cultural Intelligence: The Role of International Nonwork Experiences,” in Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 56.
15. Efrat Shokef and Miriam Erez, “Cultural Intelligence and Global Identity in Multicultural Teams,” in Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 180.
16. Cheryl Tay, Mina Westman, and Audrey Chia, “Antecedents and Consequences of Cultural Intelligence Among Short-Term Business Travelers,” in Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 126–144; S. Ang, L. Van Dyne, C. Koh, K. Y. Ng, K. J. Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation, and Task Performance,” Management and Organization Review 3 (2007): 335–371; L. M. Shannon and T. M. Begley, “Antecedents of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 41–55.
17. You Jin Kim and Linn Van Dyne, “A Moderated Mediation Model of Intercultural Contact and Work Overseas Potential: Implications for Selection and Development of Global Leaders” (paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society for Industrial Organization Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8–10, 2010); Kevin Groves, “Leader Cultural Intelligence in Context: Testing the Moderating Effects of Team Cultural Diversity on Leader and Team Performance” (paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society for Industrial Organization Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8–10, 2010).
Chapter 4: CQ Knowledge
1. Lee Yih-teen, Aline D. Masuda, and Pablo Cardona, “The Interplay of Self, Host, and Global Cultural Identities in Predicting Cultural Intelligence and Leadership Perception in Multicultural Teams” (paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society for Industrial Organization Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8–10, 2010).
2. Linn Van Dyne and Soon Ang, “The Sub-Dimensions of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” Technical Report. Cultural Intelligence Center, 2008.
3. Terrence Linhart, “They Were So Alive: The Spectacle Self and Youth Group Short-Term Mission Trips” (paper presented at the North Central Evangelical Missiological Society Meeting, Deerfield, IL, April 9, 2005), 7.
4. Edna Reid Ph.D., Intelligence Gathering for Cultural Intelligence (Singapore: Nanyang Technological University, April 2009).
5. P. C. Earley, C. Murnieks, and Elaine Mosakowski, “Cultural Intelligence and the Global Mindset,” Advances in International Management, Volume 19 (New York: JAI Press, 2007), 75–103.
6. Daisann McLane, “Moved by the Movies,” National Geographic Traveler (July–August 2010), 12.
7. In particular, see Chapter 5 of David Livermore, Leading with Cultural Intelligence (New York: AMACOM, 2010) for more.
8. Several of these values stem from Geert Hofstede’s work. Visit http://www.geert-hofstede.com/ to get the ratings for various cultures. For one of the most complete overviews on cultural value dimensions, see R. J. House. P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta, Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2004).
9. Edward Hall, Beyond Culture (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 39.
10. P. Kay and W. Kempton, “What Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?” American Anthropologist 86, no. 1 (1984): 65–79. And John Carroll, Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964), 212–214.
11. President Barack Obama, University of Michigan graduation speech, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, May 1, 2010.
12. Craig Storti, The Art of Crossing Cultures (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1990), 72.
13. Joyce Osland and Allan Bird, “Beyond Sophisticated Stereotyping: Cultural Sensemaking in Context,” Academy of Management Executive 14, no. 1 (2000), 73.
Chapter 5: CQ Strategy
1. Linn Van Dyne and Soon Ang, “The Sub-Dimensions of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” Technical Report, Cultural Intelligence Center, 2008.
2. R. Desimone and J. Duncan, “Neural Mechanisms of Selective, Visual Attention,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 18 (1995): 193–222.
3. Grant McCracken, Chief Culture Officer: How to Create a Living, Breathing Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 119–120.
4. Gregory David Roberts, Shantaram (New York: St. Martins Griffin, 2003), 105.
5. T. F. Pettigrew, “The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport’s Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5, no. 4 (1979): 461–476.
6. Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson, ReWork: Change the Way You Work Forever (London: Vermilion, 2010), 74.
7. David Rock, Your Brain at Work: Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long (New York: Harper Collins, 2009), 212.
8. Adapted from mindfulness measures developed by Kirk Warren Brown and Richard M. Ryan, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/maas_description.php.
9. Rock, 94.
10. Ibid., 89.
11. William Weeks, Paul Pedersen, and Richard Brislin, A Manual for Structured Experiences for Cross-Cultural Learning (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1977), xv.
12. M. F. Mason, M. I. Norton, J. D. Van Horn, D. M. Wegner, S. T. Grafton, and C. N. Macrae. “Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought,” Science 315 (2007): 393–395.
13. Van Dyne and Ang.
14. Rock, 147.
15. Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968), 319.
16. K. Templer, C. Tay, and N. A. Chandrasekar, “Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and Cross-Cultural Adjustment,” Group & Organization Management 31, no. 1 (February 2006): 168.
17. Atul Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009).
18. K. N. Ochsner, R. D. Ray, J. C. Cooper, E. R. Robertson, S. Chopra, and J. D. D. Gabrieli, “For Better or For Worse: Neural Systems Supporting the Cognitive Down and Up-Regulation of Negative Emotion,” Neuroimage 23, no. 2 (2004): 483–499.
19. M. D. Lieberman, N. I. Eisenberger, M. J. Crockett, S. M. Tom, J. H. Pfiefer, and B. M. Way, “Putting Feelings into Words: Affect Labeling Disrupts Amygdala Activity in Response to Affective Stimuli,” Psychological Science 18, no. 5 (2007): 421–428.
20. Van Dyne and Ang.
21. Six Sigma Financial Services, “Determine the Root Cause: 5 Whys,” http://finance.isixsigma.com/library/content/c020610a.asp (accessed 16 August 2007).
Chapter 6: CQ Action
1. Linn Van Dyne and Soon Ang, “The Sub-Dimensions of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence,” Technical Report, Cultural Intelligence Center, 2008.
2. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor Books, 1959).
3. See Terri Morrison, Wayne A. Conaway, and George A. Borden, Ph.D., Bow, Kiss, or Shake Hands (Mishawaka, IN: Bob Adams Inc., 1994).
4. Cynthia Beath, Ph.D., Professor Emerita, University of Texas, introduced me to the seventeen famous phrases concept; personal communication, May 2, 2009.
5. Originally reported in my book Cultural Intelligence: Improving Your CQ to Engage Our Multicultural World (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2008), 115.
6. Efrat Shokef and Miriam Erez, “Cultural Intelligence and Global Identity in Multicultural Teams,” in Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 177–191.
Chapter 7: The Power of CQ
1. Kok-Yee Ng, Linn Van Dyne, and Soon Ang, “From Experience to Experiential Learning: Cultural Intelligence as a Learning Capability for Global Leader Development,” Academy of Management Learning & Education 8, no. 4 (2009): 511–526.
2. Elizabeth Liebert, Changing Life Patterns: Adult Development in Spiritual Direction (St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press, 2000), 121–122.
3. Donald Schon, Educating the Reflective Practitioner (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987).
4. Ben Bryant and Karsten Jonsen, “Cross-Cultural Leadership: How to Run Operations in Markets We Don’t Understand,” Switzerland: IMD Business School, October 2008.
5. Karen D. Davis, ed., Cultural Intelligence and Leadership: An Introduction for Canadian Forces Leaders (Kingston, Ontario: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2009), x.
6. “Frontline Females: Unlocking The World of Afghan Women,” International Security Assistance Force Public Affairs Office, Afghanistan (January 21, 2010), http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/frontline-females-unlocking-the-world-of-afghan-women.html (accessed July 2, 2010).
7. Davis, x.
8. Which MBA? The Economist Online (October 14, 2009), http://www.economist.com/business-education/whichmba/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14536868 (accessed July 2, 2010).