subject index
A
Absenteeism, 66
Absorptive capacity, 421
Accommodation, 229
Achievement-oriented leadership, 300, 301
Acquired needs theory, 104–106
Activity measures, 128
Adaptive capacity, 421
Adjourning stage, team development, 157
Affective Events Theory, 60
Affect, 54
Age diversity, 45
Agreeableness, as Big Five personality trait, 29
The Amazing Race (TV show), 249
Americans with Disabilities Act, 45–46
Amoral managers, 17
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic, 205
Arbitration, 236
Athletics, 324
At-home affect, 67
Attitudes
affective component, 61
behavioral component, 61
cognitive component, 61
and cognitive consistency, 62
defined, 61
linking to behavior, 62
Authentic leadership, 320, 321, 323
Authoritarianism, 33
Authoritative command, 229
Authority, acceptance of, 266–267
Availability heuristic, 205
Awareness of others, 26
B
Baby Boomers, 45
Behavioral complexity, 417
Behavioral decision model, 203–204
Behavioral perspectives, 294–295
Behaviorally anchored rating scales, 129
The Big Bang Theory (TV show), 92
Blogging, 223
Boards of directors, women on, 385
Bonuses, 126
Braveheart (movie), 321
Bullying, 227
Bureaucracies
defined, 392
professional, 393
Business to business (B2B), 412
Business to consumers (B2C), 412
C
Cartels, 415
Centralized communication networks, 184
Certain environments, 201
Change
organizational, leading, 332–342
transformational vs. incremental, 335–336
Channel richness, 252
Charisma, 311
Charismatic leaders, 309–310, 311
Chief executive officers (CEOs) and agency theory, 284
impact of values on organizational performance, 331, 418
moods, 57
pay issues, 312
Chilean mine collapse, 120
Chimneys. See Functional silos (chimneys) problem
Chinese Values Survey, 41
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 43
Classical conditioning, 89
Classical decision model, 203
Codes of conduct
managerial, 16
Twitter rules of thumb, 222
Coercive power, 269
Cognitive complexity, 417
Cognitive dissonance, 62
Cohesiveness, 179
Collaboration and problem solving, 229–230
Collaborative communication, 255–258
Collective intelligence, 163, 171
Communication
defined, 242
formal vs. informal channels, 251–252
upward, 253
Communication channels, 243
Communication networks, 183–185
Commutative justice, 110
Competition, 229
Compressed workweeks, 137
Compromise, 229
Conceptual skills, 14
Confirmation error, 206
Conflict
defined, 220
functional vs. dysfunctional, 222–223
strategies for managing, 226–230
types, 220
Conflict resolution, 224
Conformity. See Rule of conformity
Conglomerates, 394
Conscientiousness, as Big Five personality trait, 29
Consideration, 294
Constructive conflict, 222
Consultative decisions, 208–209
Content theories, 102
Context, 333
Contingency leadership, 296–305
Contingent reinforcement, 92
Continuous improvement, 173
Continuous reinforcement, 93
Controlling, 12, 383. See also Leading; Organizing; Planning Controls
defined, 380
Coordination, 384, 389, 390, 391–392
Coping, 37
Corporate culture. See Organizational culture
Counterproductive work behavior, 67
Crash (movie), 65
Creativity, in decision making, 211, 212–214
Crisis decisions, 200
Crisis management, 200
Criteria questions, 199
Critical incident diaries, 129–130
Cross-cultural communication, 248–251
Cross-functional teams, 149
Cuban Missile Crisis, 189
Cultural lag, 367
Cultural symbols, 355
Culturally endorsed leadership dimension, 330
Cultures. See also Organizational culture; Workforce diversity
and business leadership practices, 295, 296
defined, 40
dimensions of national culture, 40–41, 350, 351–352
low-context vs. high-context, 249–250
D
Decentralized communication networks, 183–184
Decision making
biases in, 206
classical model, 203
and ethical reasoning, 197–200
intuitive model, 204
steps in process, 196
Decision premises, 274
Defensiveness, 257
Delphi technique, 190
Dependent variables, 5
Directive leadership, 300, 301
Disability rights movement, 45–46
Disconfirmation, 257
Display rules, 59
Dispute resolution. See Conflict resolution
Disruptive behavior, 175
Distress, 36
Distributed leadership, 174
Distributive justice, 110
Distributive negotiation, 232, 233–234
Diversity, workforce. See also Cultures
Xerox case study, W-101, W-102
Diversity-consensus dilemma, 163
Divisional departmentation, 386, 387
Dogmatism, 33
Downward communication, 252–253
Dysfunctional conflict, 222–223
E
Effective managers, 11
Effective negotiation, 231
Effective teams
criteria for, 152
defined, 152
synergy benefit, 153
Elsewhere Class, 84
E-mail, 254
Emotion and mood contagion, 58
Emotional adjustment traits, 34–35
Emotional conflict, 220
Emotional intelligence, 13–14, 54–55
Emotional labor, 58
Emotional stability, as Big Five personality trait, 29
Emotion-focused coping, 37
Emotions
as affective events, 60
contagion, 58
cultural aspects, 59
defined, 54
self-conscious, 56
social, 56
types, 56
Empathy, as element of emotional intelligence, 14
Employee engagement, 63
Employee involvement teams, 149–150
Employee stock ownership plans, 126
Empowerment
psychological, 134
university faculty case study, W-119–W-121
Encoding, 243
Environmental complexity, 414–415
Equity theory
defined, 107
and organizational justice, 109–110
predictions and findings, 108–109
and social comparison, 107–108
ERG theory, 104
Escalating commitment, 210–211
Esteem need, 103
Ethics
criteria questions, 199
defined, 198
and incentives, 269
Madoff scandal, 16
in negotiation, 232
Ethics mindfulness, 17
Ethnicity
as element of workforce diversity, 42–43
stereotyping, 82
Eustress, 36
Evidence-based management, 6
The Ex (movie), 410
Existence needs, 104
Expert power, 271
Exploitation, 364
Exploration, 364
Extinction, 94
Extraversion, as Big Five personality trait, 29
Extrinsic rewards
contrived vs. natural, 90
F
Filtering, 245
The Firm (movie), 359
FIRO-B theory, 162
Flaming, 254
Flexible working hours, 137
Flextime, 137
Followership, 307
Followership categorization theory, 307–308
Food banks, 100
Force-coercion strategy, 338–339
Forced distribution, 128
Formal channels, 251
Formal teams, 148
Formalization, 382
Forming stage, team development, 156
Framing errors, 206
Franchises
Chick-fil-A, W-125
Perfect Pizzeria case study, W-109–W-110
Functional conflict, 222
Functional departmentation, 385, 386
Functional silos (chimneys) problem, 149
Fundamental attribution error, 87
Fundamental interpersonal orientation. See FIRO-B theory
G
Gain sharing, 126
Gender. See also Women
as element of workforce diversity, 43–44
stereotyping, 82
Generation Xers, 45
Generational diversity, 45
Giving circles, 335
Global Health Initiative, W-103, W-104
GLOBE. See Project GLOBE
Goal setting
conscious vs. subconscious goals, 114
defined, 113
and MBO, 115
tips for, 113
Goals
output, 375
Grafting, 402
Graphic rating scales, 128–129
Group dynamics, 164
Growth needs, 104
H
Halo effect, 83
Heuristics, 205
Hierarchy of needs theory, 103–104
High-context cultures, 250
High-performance teams, 170–173
Hindsight trap, 206
Homogeneous teams, 162
Hope, 320
Horizontal specialization, 384
Hygiene factors, 106
Immediate reinforcement, 92
Implicit followership theory (IFT), 307–308
Implicit leadership theory (ILT), 305–306
Incentives, 269
Incremental change, 336
Independent variables, 5
Indifference. See Zone of indifference
Individual differences, 26
Individualism-collectivism, 40, 41
Individualized consideration, 311
Inertia, 406
Influence capacity, 274
Informal groups, 148
Information power, 270
Information technology, 408, 411–413
In-groups, 47
Initiating structure, 294
Innovation
defined, 368
exploration vs. exploitation, 364–365
managing organizational culture, 365–368
team factors, 363
Inspiration, 311
Instrumental values, 39
Integrative negotiation, 232, 234–235
Intellectual stimulation, 311
Interactional justice, 81, 110
Interactional transparency, 256
Interdependence, 264
Interfirm alliances, 416
Intergroup conflict, 221
Intermittent reinforcement, 93
Interorganizational conflict, 221–222
Interpersonal barriers, 245
Interpersonal conflict, 221
Intrapersonal conflict, 221, 228
Intuition, 207
Intuitive decision model, 204
Intuitive thinking, 204
Invictus (movie), 272
Iranian election, 262
J
Job burnout, 36
Job characteristics model, 134–136
Job Descriptive Index (JDI), 64
Job design
alternative approaches, 133–136
job characteristics model, 134–136
and scientific management, 132–133
Job enlargement, 133
Job involvement, 62
Job performance
relationship to job satisfaction, 67–68
Job rotation, 133
Job satisfaction
components, 64
importance, 63
influence on job performance, 67–70
influence on worker behavior, 66–67
spillover effect, 69
Job sharing, 138
John Q (movie), 19
K
Keiretsu, 415
L
Lack-of-participation error, 197
Lateral communication, 253–254
Law of contingent reinforcement, 92
Law of effect, 90
Law of immediate reinforcement, 92
Layoffs, 352
Leader match training, 298–299
Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, 313
Leaders
behavioral perspective, 294–295
compared with managers, 292–293
defined, 15
women as, 7
Leadership
defined, 292
and employee voice, 254
follower-centered approaches, 305–309
Hersey-Blanchard model, 301–304
inspirational and relational perspectives, 309–313
and organizational change, 332–342
prototypes, 306
romance of, 305
and situational contingencies, 296–305
women's strengths, 7
Leadership categorization theory, 306–307
Leading, 12. See also Controlling; Organizing; Planning
Leaking pipeline, 44
Learning. See also Social learning theory
defined, 18
lifelong, 18
vicarious, 402
Least-preferred co-worker (LPC) scale, 297
Legitimacy, 265
Legitimate power, 268
Lifelong learning, 18
LMX theory, 313
Long-term/short-term orientation, 40–41
Lose-lose conflicts, 228
M
Madagascar (movie), 188
Maintenance activities, 175
Management, as profession, 16. See also Leadership; Managers
Management by objectives (MBO), 115
Management philosophy, 365–366
Managerial scripts, 406
Managerial wisdom, 421
Managers
defined, 11
four functions of management process, 12
Masculinity-femininity, 40
Matrix departmentation, 387–388
Mechanistic type of bureaucracy, 392–393
Mediation, 236
Meetings, 177
Mimicry, 401
Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), 64
Models, 5
Mommy drain, 137
Moods
as affective events, 60
all-consuming, 65
contagion, 58
cultural aspects, 59
Moral dilemmas, 198
Moral problems, 198
Motivation
and alternative work schedules, 136–139
as element of emotional intelligence, 14
integrated model, 122
and performance management, 127–131
Movies. See also TV shows
Braveheart, 321
Crash, 65
The Ex, 410
The Firm, 359
Invictus, 272
John Q, 19
Madagascar, 188
Patton, 311
Ratatouille, 385
Remember the Titans, 302
Shrek, 30
Spanglish, 279
Multicultural organizations, 352–353
Multiculturalism, 11
Multiskilling, 151
Mum effect, 255
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 31
N
National cultures, 40–41, 351, 352–353
Need for achievement (nAch), 104–105, 106
Need for affiliation (nAff), 105
Need for power (nPower), 105–106
Needs
ERG theory, 104
Negative reinforcement, 93
Negotiation
common pitfalls, 235
defined, 230
distributive vs. integrative, 232–234
effective, 231
ethical aspects, 232
organizational settings, 232
tips for asking for more pay, 234
Networks [human], 14
New Green Economy, W-103, W-104
Nominal group technique, 190
Nonprogrammed decisions, 200
Nonverbal communication, 244–245
Norming stage, team development, 157
Norms
influencing, 178
types, 177
O
Observable culture, 353, 354–355
Off-site retreats, 173
Openness to experience, as Big Five personality trait, 29
Operations technologies, 408–409
Optimism, 320
Optimizing decisions, 203
Organic type of bureaucracy, 393
Organizational behavior, defined, 4–6
Organizational behavior modification, 90
Organizational citizenship behavior, 67
Organizational climate, 9
Organizational commitment, 63
Organizational cultural lag, 367
Organizational culture
incorporating innovation, 365–368
shared common assumptions, 354, 356–360
stories, rites, rituals, and symbols, 354–355
subcultures, 350
Organizational design
and information technology, 411–413
and strategic decisions, 404–405
Organizational governance, 286
Organizational justice, 109–110
Organizational learning, 401–404
Organizational politics
Organizations
Organizing, 12. See also Controlling; Leading; Planning
Out-groups, 47
Output goals, 375
Output measures, 128
Outsourcing, 199
P
Paired comparisons, 128
Parochialism, 249
Participative leadership, 295, 300, 301
Passive followership beliefs, 308
Path-goal view of managerial leadership, 300–301, 302
Patterning of attention, 335
Patton (movie), 311
Peaceful societies, and business leadership practices, 295
Pentagon. See Defense Department
Perception
defined, 76
Performance. See Job performance
Performance appraisals, 76. See also Performance measurement
Performance gaps, 336
Performance management, 127–131
Performance measurement
activity measures, 128
errors in, 131
output measures, 128
Performance norm, 177
Performance-contingent pay
defined, 124
Performing stage, team development, 157
Personal conception traits, 31–34
Personal wellness, 38
Personality testing, 34
Personality traits
Big Five, 29
defined, 29
emotional adjustment traits, 34–35
personal conception traits, 31–34
Physical distractions, 246
Pit Instruction and Training, W-114–W-115
Pittsburgh Pirates mascot, 56
Planning, 12. See also Controlling; Leading; Organizing
Political savvy, 273, 274. See also Organizational politics
Position power
changing, 276
vs. personal power, 268
Positive reinforcement, 90–93, 94
Power
defined, 264
organizational basis for, 264–268
organizational sources, 268–275
position vs. personal, 268–273
Power-oriented behavior, 272
Presence, 244
Presence-aware tools, 255
Presenteeism, 125
Proactive followership beliefs, 308
Problem-focused coping, 37
Problem-solving teams, 149
Process benchmarking, 402
Process theories, 102
Professional bureaucracy, 393
Profit sharing, 126
Programmed decisions, 200
Projection, 84
Prosocial power motivation, 296
Prototypes, 306
Proxemics, 184
Psychological contract, 267
Psychological empowerment, 134
Punishment, 94
Q
Quality circles, 150
R
Race
as element in worker performance measurement, 130
as element of workforce diversity, 42–43
stereotyping, 82
Ranking, as method of performance measurement, 128
Ratatouille (movie), 385
Receivers, 243
Referent power, 271
Reinforcement
contingent, 92
continuous, 93
defined, 89
immediate, 92
intermittent, 93
negative, 93
pros and cons, 95
Relatedness needs, 104
Relationship management, 55
Reliability, as performance measurement criterion, 131
Remember the Titans (movie), 302
Representative power, 270
Representativeness heuristic, 205
Resilience, 320
Resource dependencies, 284–285
Restricted communication networks, 184
Retreats, off-site, 173
Reward power, 268
Rewards
impact on job performance, 68–70
Risk environments, 201
Risk management, 202
Rites, 355
Rituals, 355
Role ambiguity, 176
Role conflict, 176
Role negotiation, 176
Role overload, 176
Role underload, 176
Roles, 175
Romance of leadership, 305
S
Sagas, 354
Satisficing decisions, 204
Scanning, 402
Scientific management, 132
Selective listening, 245
Selective screening, 78
Self-actualization need, 103
Self-awareness
as element of emotional intelligence, 14
and intrapersonal conflict, 221, 228
Self-concept, 26
Self-conscious emotions, 56
Self-esteem, 26
Self-fulfilling prophecies, 85–86
Self-management, 55
Self-regulation
displaying emotions in workplace, 59
as element of emotional intelligence, 14
Self-serving bias, 87
Semantic barriers, 246
Senders, 243
September 11 attacks, 357
Sexual orientation, as element of workforce diversity, 44–45
Shared leadership
defined, 324
Shared power strategy, 339
Shrek (movie), 30
Sick, working when, 125
Silos. See Functional silos (chimneys) problem
Situational contingencies, 296–305
Situational control, 297
Situational leadership model, 301–304
Skills
conceptual, 14
defined, 13
technical, 13
Smoothing, 229
Social capital, 14
Social construction, 308
Social emotions, 56
Social identity theory, 47
Social media, 80, 82, 250. See also Facebook; Twitter
Social network analysis, 148–149
Social networking. See Social media
Social skill, as element of emotional intelligence, 14
Societal goals, 374
Span of control, 379
Spanglish (movie), 279
Specific environment, 414
Spiritual leadership, 320–322, 323
Spotlight questions, 199
Stakeholders, 3
Standardization, 382
Status congruence, 162
Status differences, 255
Stereotypes, 82
Stereotyping, 44
Stigma, 46
Stock options, 126
Storming stage, team development, 156–157
Strategy
and co-evolution, 400
defined, 400
and organizational learning, 403–404
as pattern of decisions, 401
process, 400
Stress
defined, 35
Substantive conflict, 220
Substitutes for leadership, 304–305
Subunit power, 281
Supportive communication principles, 257–258
Supportive leadership, 300, 301
Survivor (TV show), 154
Synergy, 153
Systematic thinking, 204
T
Task activities, 175
Task performance, 11
Teams
conflict between, 221
creativity drivers for decision making, 212–214
cross-functional, 149
decision making by, 185–190, 208–209
defined, 147
formal, 148
group dynamics, 164
homogeneous, 162
member contributions, 146
membership composition, 161–162
NASCAR example, 161
nature of task, 160
new members, 174
problem-solving, 149
quality circles as, 150
resources and settings, 159–160
Ringlemann effect, 153
role in organizations, 147–149
size considerations, 160
stages of development, 156–158
subgroups in, 181
synergy benefit, 153
task and maintenance leadership, 174–175
what they do, 147
Technical skills, 13
Telecommuting, 138
Terminal values, 39
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 104
360-degree evaluation, 131
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 43
The Tonight Show (TV show), 12
Top-management teams (TMTs), 417–419
Total quality management (TQM), 382–383
Trait perspectives, 293
Transactional leadership, 310
Transformational change, 335–336
Transformational leadership, 310–311, 323
Transparency, 256
Turf, defending, 283
Turnover, 66
TV shows. See also Movies
The Amazing Race, 249
The Big Bang Theory, 92
Survivor, 154
The Tonight Show, 12
Type B orientation, 35
U
Uncertain environments, 202
Uncertainty avoidance, 40
Unethical behavior, rationalizing, 277
Unintended consequences, 359–360
Universal design, 46
Unplanned change, 336
Upward communication, 253
V
Validity, as performance measurement criterion, 131
Value chains, 3
Values
defined, 38
instrumental, 39
sources, 38
terminal, 39
Variables, dependent vs. independent, 5
Vertical specialization, 377, 385
Vicarious learning, 402
Virtual communication networks, 185
Virtual organizations, 412–413
VoIP, 168
W
Webcams, 168
Wikileaks, 256
Wikis, 256
Win-lose strategies, 229
Win-win strategies, 229–230, 234
Women
on corporate boards of directors, 385
as leaders, 7
stereotyping, 82
Work sharing, 138
Work stressors, 36
Workforce diversity. See also Cultures
Xerox case study, W-101, W-102
Working Mother magazine, 102
Work-life balance, 36, 67, 69, 136–139
Workplace
alternative work schedules, 136–139
employee voice, 254
interactional justice perceptions, 81
World Trade Center, 357
Z