Table of Contents
Part One. Key issues and assessment of biofuels production
1. Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies
1.2. Development of (bio)chemical conversion technologies
1.3. Development of biological conversion technologies
1.4. Thermochemical conversion technologies
1.5. Process integration and biorefinery
2.2. Energy security and supply
2.3. Emission reductions, land use, and other environmental impacts
2.4. Food safety and development of rural areas
2.5. Biofuels support policies
3. Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels
3.2. Main challenges for biofuel sustainability
3.3. Life cycle sustainability assessment methodology
3.4. LCA considerations of biomass to biofuel conversion routes
3.5. Overview of major findings of selected LCA studies in biofuel production
4. Biofuels: Technology, economics, and policy issues
4.2. Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: insights from socio-technical transition theory
4.3. Assessing first- and next-generation biofuels
4.4. Economic, environmental, and social issues
4.5. Policy actions and the regulatory framework
5. Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development
5.2. Edible vegetable raw materials for biodiesel production
5.3. Nonedible/low-cost raw materials for diesel engine biofuel production
Part Two. Biofuels from chemical and biochemical conversion processes and technologies
6.2. General background to biodiesel
6.3. Recent robust technology in biodiesel catalysis
7. Biochemical catalytic production of biodiesel
7.3. Enzymatic production of biodiesel
7.4. New tendencies in enzymatic production of biodiesel
7.5. Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using several acyl acceptors, different to methanol
7.6. Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes
8. Production of fuels from microbial oil using oleaginous microorganisms
8.2. Oleaginous yeasts and raw materials used for microbial oil production
8.3. The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous microorganisms
8.4. Microbial oil production in fed-batch cultures
8.5. Biodiesel production from microbial oil
8.6. Techno-economic evaluation of biodiesel production from microbial oil
8.7. Perspective of biofuel production from microbial oil
9. Biochemical production of bioalcohols
9.2. Types of biomass for bioalcohol production
9.4. New technologies for bioethanol production
10. Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion
10.2. Factors affecting the anaerobic digestion process
10.3. Advantages and limitations
10.5. Methods for enhancing the efficiency of anaerobic digestion
10.7. Process monitoring and control
10.9. Existing biogas installations
10.10. Conclusions and future trends
11. Biological and fermentative production of hydrogen
11.2. Fundamentals of biohydrogen production
11.3. Biological hydrogen production strategies
11.4. Enhancing hydrogen production through metabolic engineering
11.5. Hydrogen production by cell-free enzymatic systems
11.6. Comparison of biohydrogen production techniques
12. Biological and fermentative conversion of syngas
12.2. Fundamentals of syngas fermentation
12.3. Bacteria for syngas conversion
12.4. Effects of process parameters
12.5. Reactors for fermentative conversion of syngas
12.7. Examples of commercial and semicommercial processes
12.8. Conclusions for biological fermentation of syngas
13.2. Oxygenated fuels via 5-HMF: furanic compounds
13.4. Oxygenated fuels via furfural: furan derivatives
13.5. Blending effect of oxygenated biofuels with conventional fuels
13.6. Catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to liquid hydrocarbon fuels
13.7. Furan derivatives as platform molecules for liquid hydrocarbon fuels
13.8. Sugars to hydrocarbon fuels: aqueous phase reforming process
Part Three. Biofuels from thermal and thermo-chemical conversion processes and technologies
14. Catalytic fast pyrolysis for improved liquid quality
14.4. Catalytic pyrolysis: catalysts used
14.5. Catalytic pyrolysis: reactor setup
14.6. Conclusion and future opportunities
15. Production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen via gasification
15.2. Biomass feedstock for gasification
15.3. Biomass gasification process
15.5. Syngas technology: composition, conditioning and upgrading to valuable products
15.6. Current status in commercial gasification of biomass
15.7. Challenges and opportunities
16. Production of bioalcohols via gasification
16.2. Gasification routes for alcohol production
16.3. Technical and economical analysis of the oxidative coupling of methane process
16.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
17. Production of biofuels via hydrothermal conversion
17.4. Feedstock considerations
17.5. Product distribution and properties
17.6. Development of technology and current research
17.7. Lifecycle and techno-economic assessment
18. Production of biofuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Biomass-to-liquids
18.2. Biomass-to-liquids process steps and technologies
18.3. Biomass-to-liquids final fuel products
18.4. Environmental and economic considerations of the BTL process
18.5. Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquids processes
18.6. Future prospects and challenges
19. Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining
19.2. Upgrading of biomass liquefaction products
19.3. Liquid fuel products from biomass through direct liquefaction and hydroprocessing
Part Four. Integrated production and application of biofuels
20. Biofuel production from food wastes
20.2. Characteristics of food waste
20.3. Common food waste managements
20.5. Conclusions and future trends
21. Biochar in thermal and thermochemical biorefineries—production of biochar as a coproduct
21.2. Biochar as a coproduct in biofuels and bioenergy production
21.3. Biochar from biorefinery residues
22. Algae for biofuels: An emerging feedstock
22.2. Microalgal biomass and oil
22.3. Oil biosynthesis in microalgae
22.5. Biomass harvesting and dewatering
22.6. Oil extraction and transesterification
22.7. Conclusions and future directions
23. Utilization of biofuels in diesel engines
23.2. Utilization of vegetable pure plant oil and crude oil in diesel engines
23.4. Utilization of biodiesel B5-based cat-fish fat in diesel engines