Index

Academic autopsy, 241, 254

Accommodation, 81

Acknowledgment, 251

Acute stress disorder, 113, 114

Adelman, M. B., 14, 16

Adler, A., 93, 99

Adler, J., 38, 45

Albrecht, T. L., 14, 16

Alexander, A., 119, 136

Almog, O., 126, 136

Alvarez, W., 75, 85

Anders, J., 151, 156

Anderson, D., 142, 143, 144, 156

Anniversary effect, 76, 126, 177, 180, 187

Antemortem data, 61

Anthropomorphism, 239

Antonovsky, A., 12, 16

Apple, R. W. Jr., 38, 45

Armenian earthquake, 19, 20, 86–101, 242

Assessment, 203–204, 241, 248, 250

Association of Traumatic Stress Specialists (ATSS), 243, 248

auf der Heide, E., 55, 65, 69

Azariyahu, M., 125, 136

Baker, G. R., 103, 104, 114, 115

Baker, Robert, xii, 20, 21, 103, 104, 113–115, 245, 248, 251

Bard, M., 166, 188

Bardon, J., 200, 201, 211

Bartone, P. T., 185, 189

Bavley, A., 153, 156

Bearapy, 21, 248

Belonging, 194, 210–211

Belongingness, 158, 240, 242

Bereavement

Collective bereavement, 6, 43, 87, 123, 130, 134

Complicated bereavement, 164, 165, 187, 244

Definition, 5, 87, 98, 120, 181

Model/paradigms, 10, 90–91, 122, 126, 127, 128, 135

Process, 122

Overload, 110, 243

Stages, 90, 122

Bettleheim, B., 217, 234

Bilu, Y., 131, 132, 136

Blasi, J., 217, 234

Bloch, D. A., 34, 46

Bolin, R., 91, 92, 100

Bolton, D., 203, 209, 211

Bolton, David, xii, 158, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253

Bookless-Pratz, C., 73, 85

Boundaries, 229, 230

Bowlby, J., 9, 16, 122, 136

Boyd, G. M., 27, 29, 45

Bray, C., 172, 188

Bray, S., 146, 156

Briefings, 171, 183, 184

Broad, W. J., 25, 45

Brom, D., 119, 137

Brown, D., 145, 146, 156

Buckingham, W., 73, 85

Burgess, A. W., 58, 69

Burgess, P., 73, 85

Burke, C., 144, 156

Burkey, M., 41, 45

Calhoun, L. G., 71

Capewell, A., 208, 211

Carlyle, T., 130, 136

Carr, V., 73, 85

Ceremonies, 29, 44, 125, 252, 178

Challenger explosion, xix, 12, 19, 22–47, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 254

Children, 34, 133, 175–77, 184, 186, 227, 205–206, 227

Clayer, J., 73, 85

Clinton, Bill, 31

Clymer, A., 23, 34, 45

Cobb, K., 33, 41, 45

Cohen, A. A., 136, 137

Cohen, E., 217, 234

Coleman, J., 147, 156

Collective fabric, 253

Commemorations, 127–128, 131, 136

Communal perception, 240

Communality, 194, 199, 217

Communication, 249

Community

Community healing and recovery, 8–9, 12–13, 239, 253

Community time line, 254

Cultural narrative of event, 240, 241, 242, 245, 249, 254

Definition, 7, 98, 193

Helping itself, 208

Leadership, 185, 246–247, 249

Predisaster characteristics, 91–92, 109, 110, 192–193, 217–219, 243

Compassion Center/Oklahoma City, 167, 168, 169–170, 172, 171, 182, 184, 238, 249, 250

Compassion fatigue, 238

Competency, 158, 198

Controllability, 244, 245

Connectedness, 81

Cook, A. S., 11, 16

Cook, W. J., 23, 45

Coping, 15, 123, 158, 176, 198, 224, 226, 240, 243

Creamer, M., 73, 85

Crisis, 99, 232

Crisis intervention, 58, 65, 186, 239

Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), 59, 169, 172, 248

Critical incident stress management (CISM), 67, 172, 182, 240, 248

CRUSE Bereavement Care, 204, 250

Cummock, M. V., 170, 174, 183, 184, 188

Death mode, 244

Death notification, 171, 182, 183

Death overload, 60, 240, 248,

Debriefing, 59, 60, 61, 68, 80, 82, 84, 109, 176, 248

Defusing, 62, 68, 172

Degree of exposure, 244

Denial, 183, 247

Disaster, 83, 91, 98, 104, 163, 168, 181, 193, 208, 223, 244

Meaning of, 61, 97, 98, 99, 249

Disaster impact, 210

Disaster Victim Identification (DVI), 20, 53, 55, 58, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 172, 243

Doherty, K., 206, 211

Doka, K. J., xxi, 12, 16

Dose response, 240, 244

Dowling, C. G., 26, 30, 32, 37, 45

Downing, J., 54, 69

DSM-IIIR, 7

DSM-IV, xviii, 7, 92

Dunning, C., 59, 60, 69

Duskey, G., 144, 156

Dworkin, D. S., 11, 16

Eberhard, J., 31, 45

Effective helpers, 6

Ellis, Richard, xii

Emergent leader, 158, 201, 240, 247

Emergency - definition, 6

Emerson, J., 155, 156

Emotional grounds, 252

Enniskillen/Remembrance Day Bombing, 158, 190–211, 242

Eranen, L., 58, 69

Erikson, K. T., 90, 100, 194, 195, 211

Ersland, S., 77, 85

Estonia ferry sinking, 12, 19, 20, 48–71, 246, 248–249, 252

Event countertransference, 238

Everly, G. S. Jr., 13, 16, 59, 70

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprogramming (EMDR), 251

Fairbank, J. A., 8, 17

Fein, E., 88, 100

Feldman J. F., 132, 137

Figley, C. R., xxi, 75, 85, 96, 100, 119, 136

Fivush, R., 231, 234

Flashbacks, 76, 113

Ford, J., 164, 167, 172, 189

Forgiving, 207

Frankl, V. E., 92, 93, 97, 98, 100

Frederick, C. J., 97, 100

Friedman, M. J., 11, 17, 164, 167, 172, 189

Fullerton, C. S., 165, 166, 189

Garrison, W., 7, 16

Gebler, C., 198, 211

Gergerian, E. L., 89, 100

General Health Questionnaire (HGQ), 75, 76

Genocide, 241

Gerrity, E. T., 11, 17, 67, 69

Glick, I., 90, 100,

Goldberg, D., 75, 85

Goldsmith, E., 91, 98, 100

Goleman, D., 27, 34, 46

Goodstein, L., 146, 156

Grant, A. C., 12, 16

Green, B. L., 8, 16

Green Cross, 243

Gregg, B. G., 146, 156

Grief

Acute, 124

Chronic unresolved, 10

Community/collective grief, 11, 139

Complicated, 4, 10

Definition, 5, 11, 150

Leadership, 185, 240, 247

Models, 9, 10, 127–128, 186

Process, 99

Resolution, 11

Unresolved grief, 11

Griffiths, J., 73, 76, 78, 85

Group functioning level, 243

Group kinship, 188

Group survivorship, 6, 9, 35, 239, 251

Definition, 6, 35

Model, 39–44, 251

Growth-promoting potential, 65, 84–85, 93, 98, 188

Gurwitch, Robin, xii, 158, 244, 249, 253

Gusman, F. D., 164, 167, 172, 189

Haberstein, R. W., 110, 115

Hansen, G., 143, 151, 156

Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake, 20–21, 102–116, 245, 252

Hansson, R. O., 122, 137

Harel, Y., 217, 234

Harrell, Lynda, 244

Hartman, C. R., 58, 69

Hartsough, D. M., 61, 69

Herskowitz, M., 144, 156

Hierarchies of suffering, 199, 207, 241, 251, 252

Hiley-Young, B., 67, 69

Hillier, V., 75, 85

Hodgkinson, P. E., 67, 69

Hoffer, R., 142, 156

Hopper, K., 141, 156

Homeostasis, 240, 241, 245, 254

Horowitz, M., 75, 85

Hough, R. L., 8, 17

Huddart, A., 56, 70

Huston, A. C., 33, 47

Impact of Event Scale (IES), 75, 76

Integration, 195, 196

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 243, 248

Irving, C., 162, 163, 177, 188

Ishkanian, R., 89, 100

Janoff-Bulman, R., xviii, 4, 16, 67, 70, 122, 123, 137

Jay, J., 63, 70

Jordan, B. K., 8, 17

Jordan, R. P., 89, 100

Jung, C., 93, 100

Kalayjian, A. S., 5, 13, 16, 65, 70, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100

Kalayjian, Anie, xiii, 13, 20, 241, 242, 244, 247, 250, 251, 253, 254

Karpinnen, T., 65, 70

Kastenbaum, B., 5, 16

Kastenbaum, R., 5, 16, 110, 115

Kaye, E., 35, 46

Kempsey Bus Disaster, 72–85

Kennedy, John, xix, xx, 27, 32, 33, 82, 132, 133, 250

Kibbutz Gilgal, 159, 213–234, 242, 246

Kleber, R. J., 119, 137

Knapp, R. J., 8, 16

Kochik, R., 145, 146, 156

Kubey, R. W., 34, 35, 46

Kubler-Ross, E., 10, 16

Kulka, B. A., 8, 17

Kunkel, D., 33, 47

Kushnir, T., 127, 132, 137

Lacy, T., 144, 156

Lahad, M., 207, 211

Lámarechet, M., 127, 137

Larrabee, J., 38, 46

Lavie, Y., 119, 136

Lawler, A., 152, 156

LeBreton, G., 144, 146, 156

Lehman, D. R., 8, 17

Leontiev, D., 93, 100

Levinson, J., 96, 100

Levy, A., 131, 132, 136

Levy, D., 144, 156

Lewin, T., 73, 85

Lewis, C., 151, 156

Lewis, R. S., 24, 25, 26, 33, 41, 42, 46

Lieber, J., 143, 144, 157

Lieblich, A., 213, 217, 226, 234

Lieblich, Amia, xiii, 159, 242, 246

Lindeman, M., 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 70

Lipsyte, R., 140, 157

Logotherapy, 87, 92–93, 98

Lord, J. H., 15, 17, 164, 171, 182, 184, 188

Loss

Definition, 5

General, 8, 98

Psychic, 142

Significance and meaning, 6

Traumatic, 188, 198, 229, 233

Loss accumulation, 243

Lundin, T., 56, 70

Lyon, B., 152, 157

Magnuson, E., 25, 28, 29, 33, 34, 41, 43, 46

Malkinson, R., 127, 131, 132, 137

Malkinson, Ruth, xiii, 134, 245, 253

Manning, A., 147, 157

Mantle, M., 142, 143, 144, 157

Mantle, Mickey, 5, 117, 138–157, 244, 250, 252

Marbach, W. D., 40, 41, 46

Marmar, C. R., 8, 17

Marsella, A. J., 11, 17

Martz, L., 37, 46

Mass convergency of helpers, 57

Matthews, W., 142, 143, 144, 157

McAulliffe, Christa, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43

McCammon, S. L., 61, 70

McCaughey, B. G., 165, 166, 189

McCreary, A., 201, 211

McFarlane, A. C., 9, 10, 17, 73, 77, 85

Media, 4, 28–29, 34, 35, 42, 55, 82, 97, 132, 152–153, 184, 192, 206–207, 208, 209, 249

Meichenbaum, D., 63, 70

Memorialization, 29–30, 31, 43–44, 63, 83, 84, 117, 127, 131, 158, 185, 238, 241, 249, 252–253

Metayer, S., 34, 46

Michel, B. A., 34, 46

Miller, G. R., 14, 17

Mitchell model of CISD, 59

Mitchell, J. T., 51, 57, 59, 68, 70, 172, 188

Morrow, L., 35, 46

Mother Theresa, 237

Mourning

Collective, 129, 131, 135, 136

Complicated, 186

Definition, 5

National mourning, 9, 63, 67, 134

Shared mourning, 35, 252

Murphy, J., 33, 35, 40, 46

Myth making, 131, 241, 253

Myers, D. G., 61, 69

Myers, D., 168, 172, 178, 180, 188

Myers, P., 177, 189

Myerson, A. R., 143, 157

Nader, K., 175, 188

NASA, 23, 26, 27, 29, 32–33, 37, 40–42, 44, 245

National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA), 107, 108, 243

Neisser, U., 231, 234

Nietzsche, F., 98, 101

Nodal event, 19, 240, 245, 254

North, C. S., 164, 188

Numbing, 79, 243

Nurmi, L. A., 12, 14, 17, 60, 65, 68, 70, 71

Nurmi, Lasse, xiv, 20, 243, 244, 248, 249

Ogden, T. H., 128, 137

Oklahoma City bombing, 12, 66, 158, 161–189, 245, 252

Organ donation, 117, 145, 147, 148, 149, 156

Organ donor card, 117, 138, 150, 152

Parkes, C. M., 8, 9, 10, 17, 90, 101, 122, 137

Parks, M. R., 14, 16

Paton, D., 59, 67, 70

Pattison, P., 73, 85

Peluso, T., 34, 35, 46

Pennebaker, J. W., 59, 70

Pikin, S. D. B., 110, 111, 115

Pinon, M., 47

Poirot, C., 144, 157

Pollack, G., 90, 101

Popeski, R., 67, 70

Positive transformation, 254

Postmortem data, 61

Posttraumatic stress (PTS), 58, 113, 164, 181, 186

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 3, 5, 11, 92, 97

Potential space, 128–129

Preparation for disaster, 198

Preparedness—active, passive, 198, 243

Preplanning, 243

Pride, M., 38, 46

Princess Diana, 237, 247

Pryta, H., 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 70

Psychosocial response to disaster—stages, 94–96

Pynoos, R., 175, 188

Quarantelli, E. L., 92, 96, 101

Quinton, A., 205, 208, 211

Rabin assassination, 5, 12, 118–137, 245, 249, 252, 253

Ramsay, R. W., 122, 137

Rando, T. A., xviii, xx, 5, 10, 17, 164, 178, 179, 186, 188

Raphael, B., 73, 85, 183, 185, 188, 201, 211

Rapoport, L., 84, 85, 133, 137

Reagan, Ronald, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 247, 250

Recovery and healing, models of, 13, 140, 147

Red Cross, 60, 168, 179, 181, 243

Redmond, L., 11, 17, 164, 165, 183, 187, 189

Reference Frame for Community Recovery and Restoration, 239, 240–241

Reframing, 241, 253

Reinhardt, S. A., 34, 46

Research

Qualitative, 238

Quantitative, 238

Resilience, 158, 198, 243

Reynolds, B., 152, 157

Rikken, M., 65, 70

Rimer, S., 28, 32, 46

Risk factors, 8, 84, 164–165, 203, 240, 244

Rituals, 39, 42, 44, 61, 63, 64, 65, 110–111, 158, 178–179, 185, 186, 187, 201–202, 209, 252–253

Roberts, A. R., 58, 69

Robinson, R. C., 68, 70

Rogers, P., 140, 141, 157

Rolling disaster, 199, 240

Ross, J., 177, 189

Rotblit, Y., 121, 137

Ruzek, J. I., 164, 167, 172, 189

Saari, S., 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 70

SAFE-R model, 13

Safety, 10, 168, 238

Salisbury, H. G., 11, 17

Salutogenesis, 12, 239

Samuels, A., 119, 137

Sanders, C., 122, 137

Sangrey, D., 166, 188

Saraydarian, L., 89, 100

Schlenger, W. E., 8, 17

School-based intervention, 185

Schmemann, S., 30, 46

Schmidt, W. E., 29, 46

Schwartz, H. S., 33, 46

Scrignor, C., 75, 85

Scurfield, R. M., 11, 17

Secondary traumatization, 187

Security, 233

Shahinian, S. P., 89, 100

Shame, 225

Shamir, I., 125, 137

Shapiro, E. R., 9, 17

Shared view, 202, 241

Shattered assumptions, 123, 134, 165

Sheatsley, P. B., 132, 137

Sherrington, K., 140, 141, 146, 157

Shi, H., 34, 46

Sigel, R. S., 133, 137

Simon, P., 89, 101

Sitterle, K. A., 178, 189

Sitterle, Karen, xiv, 158, 244, 249, 251, 253

Social obligations of survivor groups, 42–44, 251

Social offensiveness, 240, 244

Social rights of survivor groups, 39–42, 241, 251

Social supports, 9

Somatization, 76, 113

Sorensen, J. M., 95, 101

Sorensen, T., 141, 157

Smith, E. M., 164, 189

Smith, J., 90, 101

Smith, W., 75, 85

Spaeth, M., 147, 156

Stabilization, 232

Stein, G., 144, 157

Steinberg, M., 14, 17

Stephens, C., 59, 70

Stewart, M., 67, 69

Strauss, J., 151, 157

Stressor event, 8, 240

Stroebe, M. S., 122, 137

Stroebe, W., 122, 137

Sullivan, W., 87, 90, 101

Sund, A., 77, 85

Support systems, 243, 204, 243, 245

Survivor group identification, 36–38, 39, 45, 151–155, 166, 177, 204, 252

Survivor guilt, 153

Survivorship levels, 36, 251

Swarns, R. L., 30, 37, 46

Switzer, D., 5, 17

Symbolic representation, 240, 247

Systems theory, 91, 98

Tatsuki, S., 112, 116

Tedeschi, R. G., 71

Terr, L. C., 34, 46, 88, 101

Terrorism, 158–159, 161, 163, 167, 174, 181, 186, 187, 202–203, 244

Thomas, E., 26, 46

Thompson, J., 140, 157

Transplantation, 117, 144, 150, 154

Tragedy, 243, 245

Training, 204

Transitional object, 128–130

Trauma, 122, 127, 176, 223, 238

Collective trauma, 195

Definition, 5, 6, 11, 119

Exposure/dose response, 54, 78, 164

Impact, 3, 4, 11, 57, 66, 75–77, 134–135, 238, 248

Response to, 108, 175–176, 232

Ripple effect of, 238, 240, 248

Traumatic event, 4–5, 12, 59, 181, 194

Traumatic loss, 120

Traumatic Stress Form, 11

Traumatology, 239, 248

Triage, 162

Turner, V., 128, 137

TWA Flight 800, 3, 4, 15–16, 237

Ursano, R. J., 165, 166, 189

van der Kolk, B. A., 9, 10, 17

Vecsey, L., 152, 157

Verkasalo, M., 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 70

Vicarious traumatization, 238

Vietnam veterans, 6

Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 252

Volkan, V. D., 120, 129, 137

Volunteers, 74, 97, 113, 168, 182

von Bertalanffy, L. V., 91, 101

Wainwright, L., 37, 46

Wald, M. L., 28, 29, 34, 38, 46

Walkden, R., 77, 78, 85

Walker, B., 89, 101

Watts, R., 73, 76, 78, 85

Watts, Rod, xiv, 20, 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248

Webster, R., 73, 85

Weil, S., 1194, 211

Weintraub, B., 29, 46

Weisaeth, L., 10, 17, 77, 85

Weisaeth, L., 164, 189

Weiss, D. A., 8, 17

Weiss, J., 150, 157

Weiss, R. S., 19, 7

Weiss, R., 90, 100

Widdershoven, G. A. M., 231, 234

Widdison, H. A., 11, 17

Williams, A. F., 8, 17

Williams, M. B., 12, 14, 17, 65, 68, 70, 71

Williams, Mary Beth, xi, xx, 20, 245, 251

Williams, Tom, 30, xv, 111–112, 245, 251

Wilner, N., 75, 85

Wilson, G., 201, 211

Wilson, Marise, xv, 20, 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248

Winnicott, D. W., 120, 128, 137

Witztum, E., 125, 131, 136, 137

Witztum, Eliezer, xv, 117, 245, 253

Wolfe, T., 24, 47

Wolfelt, A. D., 11, 17

Wolfenstein, M., 133, 137

Wolfsfeld, G., 217, 234

Wood, T., 151, 157

Worden, J. W., 10, 17, 122, 137

Wortman, C. B., 8, 15, 17

Wounded observer, 119, 134–135

Wraith, R., 77, 85

Wright, J. C., 33, 47

Wright, K. M., 185, 189

Wrolstad, M., 139, 141, 157

Yeagley, L., 150, 157

Young, B. H., 164, 167, 172, 178, 189

Young, M. A., 7, 8, 17, 55, 71, 171, 189

Zelitzer, B., 132, 137

Zinner, E. S., 36, 39, 47

Zinner, Ellen, xi, xx, 19, 39, 244, 246, 248, 251, 154