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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
by Pete Thompson, Debra Paul, Alan Paul, Lynda Girvan, Julian Cox, Tahir Ahmed, Jam
Developing Information Systems: Practical guidance for IT professionals
FRONT COVER
BCS, THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE FOR IT
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
AUTHORS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Contents of this chapter
What is systems development
Systems development and other disciplines
Offshoring and outsourcing of systems development
In the rest of this book
2. LIFECYCLE TYPES AND THEIR RATIONALES
Contents of this chapter
Introduction to system development lifecycles
What we mean by ‘system development lifecycle’
Lifecycles based on the linear approach
Lifecycles based on the evolutionary approach
The impact of Agile
Hybrid approaches
Development approaches and methods
How to choose an approach
3. ANALYSING THE BUSINESS NEED
Contents of this chapter
Introduction
Business analysis
The place of business analysis in the business development lifecycle
Outcomes from business analysis
Conclusion
4. MAKING A BUSINESS CASE
Contents of this chapter
The purpose of a business case
The business case and the development lifecycle
Feasibility checking
Elements of a business case
Identifying, evaluating and selecting options
Cost–benefit analysis
Risk analysis
Impact analysis
Investment appraisal techniques
5. REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING
Contents of this chapter
Requirements engineering defined
A framework for requirements engineering
Roles in requirements engineering
Requirements elicitation
Business analysis techniques
Requirements analysis
Requirements validation
Requirements documentation
Requirements management
Requirements engineering and Agile development
Requirements engineering and off-the-shelf solutions
6. PROGRAMMING AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Contents of this chapter
Approaches to development
Build or buy?
Component-based development
Development methodologies
Software engineering paradigms
The influence of technological advances
7. SYSTEM MODELLING TECHNIQUES
Contents of this chapter
What is modelling?
Rationale for modelling
Multiple models and views
Pre-UML modelling technoques
The unified modelling language (UML)
Abstraction, levelling and scope
Opaqueness of model elements
Levels of models and model elements
Cross-referencing models, facets, perspectives and traceability
Documentation and specification within models
Conclusion
8. SYSTEMS DESIGN – 1
Contents of this chapter
Objective of systems design
Constraints upon systems design
Systems design in the development lifecycle
The scope of design
Process design
9. SYSTEMS DESIGN – 2
Contents of this chapter
Data design
Security and control design
Logical and physical design
Design patterns
10. SOLUTION-RELATED ARCHITECTURES
Contents of this chapter
Introduction
Architecture patterns
Communication and interoperation patterns
Enterprise architecture
Architecture principles
Solution architecture
Software architecture
Stakeholders and roles in architecture
Architecture management
11. QUALITY AND TESTING
Contents of this chapter
Introduction
The quality triangle
The definition of software quality
The objectives and limitations of testing
The static test stages of the ‘V’ model lifecycle
The dynamic test stages of the ‘V’ model lifecycle
Re-testing
Regression testing
Progression through the dynamic testing stages
Testing in the lifecycle
The test plan
12. IMPLEMENTATION AND CHANGEOVER
Contents of this chapter
Implementation in the lifecycle
Planning for implementation and changeover
File and data conversion or creation
The principles and problems of data mapping
Planning, testing and performing data conversion
Migration of software modules
Installation of hardware and infrastructure
Supporting documentation
Training
System implementation
The implementation plan
13. MAINTENANCE AND EVALUATION
Contents of this chapter
Introduction
Maintenance in the systems development lifecycle
Maintenance categories
Testing in the maintenance stage
Evaluation
The role and selection of metrics for evaluation
14. SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
Contents of this chapter
Introduction
Typical tools functions and benefits
Tools through solution lifecycles
Conclusion
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
INDEX
BACK COVER
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AUTHORS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1.1
The main stages of systems development
Figure 1.2
Systems development in a wider context
Figure 2.1
The main stages of systems development
Figure 2.2
Elements of the system development lifecycle
Figure 2.3
The Waterfall lifecycle
Figure 2.4
The ‘V’ model
Figure 2.5
The extended ‘V’ model
Figure 2.6
The Incremental lifecycle
Figure 2.7
The Iterative lifecycle
Figure 2.8
Boehm’s Spiral lifecycle
Figure 2.9
Evolution of Agile
Figure 3.1
POPIT™ model (© Assist Knowledge Development)
Figure 3.2
The extended ‘V’ model
Figure 3.3
Business analysis process model
Figure 4.1
The business case in the lifecycle of an IT project
Figure 4.2
Aspects of feasibility
Figure 4.3
Option selection
Figure 4.4
Categories of costs and benefits
Figure 5.1
A framework for requirements engineering
Figure 5.2
Roles in requirements engineering
Figure 5.3
Contents of a requirements document
Figure 5.4
Example of a user story from an inventory management system
Figure 5.5
Traceability
Figure 6.1
Development approaches: schematic overview
Figure 6.2
Advantages and disadvantages of the COTS approach
Figure 6.3
Integrated components forming a sales order processing solution
Figure 6.4
Definition of the
iOrders
interface
Figure 6.5
UML deployment diagram showing a component-based solution
Figure 6.6
Elements of a systems development methodology
Figure 6.7
The MDA process
Figure 7.1
The U curve
Figure 7.2
The three-view model of a system
Figure 7.3
Data flow diagram
Figure 7.4
Entity relationship diagram (Everest’s ‘crows foot’ notation)
Figure 7.5
Statechart (Harel)
Figure 7.6
UML diagram types
Figure 7.7
BookStack Mountain stock management system – use case diagram
Figure 7.8
Activity diagram for ‘record movement’ in use case
Figure 7.9
Sequence diagram (incomplete)
Figure 7.10
Class diagram used purely to model static data
Figure 7.11
State machine for a BookStock instance
Figure 7.12
Generalisation and specialisation in class diagram and Barker Ellis ERD form
Figure 7.13
Books composed of chapters (UML)
Figure 7.14
BookStack Mountain – context diagram
Figure 7.15
BookStack Mountain – system use case diagram
Figure 7.16
The Functional model map and development activities
Figure 7.17
Functional model map, populated with typical use case types
Figure 7.18
Functional model map, populated with diagram types selected for a specific project
Figure 7.19
CRUD matrix – mapping use cases to classes
Figure 7.20
Functional model map, overlaid with traceability paths from requirements to code
Figure 7.21
Unified Process 4 + 1 architecture
Figure 8.1
Objectives of systems design
Figure 8.2
Constraints upon systems design
Figure 8.3
The place of design in the Waterfall SDLC
Figure 8.4
The place of design in the ‘V’ model SDLC
Figure 8.5
The place of design in the Incremental SDLC
Figure 8.6
The place of design in an Iterative SDLC
Figure 8.7
Key elements of a computer system
Figure 8.8
Use case diagram for a sales order processing system
Figure 8.9
Stages during data input
Figure 8.10
Simple module chart for a stand-alone system
Figure 8.11
High-level design showing separate components and their interfaces
Figure 8.12
UML class diagram showing a detailed definition of an interface
Figure 8.13
Structure chart showing the de-composition of the Place Order module
Figure 8.14
Activity diagram specification of the Enter Customer Details module
Figure 8.15
Pseudocode specification of the Enter Customer Details module
Figure 8.16
Definition of an order object
Figure 8.17
Class model showing abstraction (generalisation) and polymorphism
Figure 9.1
Spreadsheet showing un-normalised data
Figure 9.2
Normalised data structures
Figure 9.3
Example of a faceted code (UK vehicle registration number)
Figure 9.4
Example of a self-checking code
Figure 9.5
Example of a hierarchical database structure
Figure 9.6
Example of a network database structure
Figure 9.7
Example of a relational database structure
Figure 9.8
Example of a result set from joining relations
Figure 9.9
Example of an object database structure
Figure 9.10
Example of a serial file organisation
Figure 9.11
Example of a sequential file organisation
Figure 9.12
Example of an index file
Figure 9.13
UML state machine diagram showing the lifecycle for an invoice object
Figure 9.14
UML deployment diagram showing physical components
Figure 10.1
Architecture domains in enterprise architecture
Figure 10.2
Hierarchical domain services
Figure 10.3
Solution scope – focus, breadth and depth
Figure 10.4
Client-server patterns
Figure 10.5
Three-tier software architecture with components shared across clients
Figure 10.6
N-tiered software architecture
Figure 11.1
The quality triangle
Figure 11.2
Static and dynamic testing in the ‘V’ model lifecycle
Figure 11.3
Dynamic testing
Figure 11.4
Testing in the lifecycle
Figure 12.1
Implementation in the lifecycle
Figure 12.2
Data creation and data conversion
Figure 12.3
Data mapping
Figure 12.4
Migration of software modules
Figure 13.1
Maintenance in the Waterfall lifecycle
Figure 13.2
‘V’ model lifecycle
Figure 13.3
The ‘b’ model of systems development
Figure 13.4
Spiral lifecycle (Boehm)
Figure 13.5
Extended ‘V’ model showing benefits realisation stage
Figure 14.1
Areas covered by solution development tools
Table 4.1
Example of a payback calculation
Table 4.2
Example of a discounted cash flow or net present value calculation
Table 6.1
Common defined (procedural) methodologies and frameworks
Table 6.2
Common Agile methodologies and frameworks
Table 8.1
Common input technologies
Table 8.2
Common output technologies
Table 9.1
Common design patterns (after Gamma
et al
.)
Table 10.1
Features of loose and tight coupling
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