Index
A
Above ground level (AGL),
395
Accommodation cyclic behavior,
292
Active stall control,
153
Adaptive linear element (ADALINE),
42
Advantages of wind energy,
8–10
compatibility with other land uses,
8
creation of jobs and local resources,
9–10
destructive mining, reduction of,
9
electricity cost, stability of,
10
international cooperation,
10
power supply, diversification of,
10
provision for clean source of energy,
8
rapid instigation of power,
10
reduction of costly transport costs of electricity,
8
short commissioning time,
9
source of income for farmers, ranchers and foresters and grid operators,
10
Aegean and Mediterranean windmills,
133–135
Aerodynamics and design of horizontal-axis wind turbines,
161
blade element momentum (BEM) method,
167–172
design process, brief description of,
183
steady blade element momentum method, use of,
172–178
unsteady loads and fatigue,
181–183
Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden (FFA),
206
Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER),
107–108
Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) model,
40–41
Airfoil properties, relative importance of,
179t
Ambient excitation method,
483
American Petroleum Institute (API),
355–357
American Petroleum Institute (API) code,
281–282,
341
AMOS (Aerodrome Meteorological Observation System) wind data,
32
Artificial neural network (ANN),
41–42,
42,
43
Asynchronous (induction) generator,
149–151
Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) based methods,
41
Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) models,
41,
41–42,
43
Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH),
42
B
Background, of wind energy,
5–7
Ballast stabilized spar buoy concept,
237
Barotrauma-related internal hemorrhaging,
476–477
Baseload generating plants,
377–378
Bat mortality, wind-turbine-induced,
476
Benchmark wind turbine present value cost analysis,
544–546
current income and expenditures per year,
544–546
Bird mortality, wind-turbine-induced,
476
wave height and period in,
261t
Buoyancy stabilized semi-submersible,
237
C
Cantilever cross-coupling term, explanation of,
337f
CAPEX (Capital expenditure),
239
Carbon footprint of storing wind energy,
383–385
Carbon-trading and carbon reduction target,
88
Catastrophic failures,
314
CfD (Contract for Difference),
227–228
Challenges facing the wind turbine industry,
10–12
frequency of light and shadows,
11–12
good sites often in remote locations,
11
intermittency of wind,
11
new and unfamiliar technology,
12
shortage of rare earth element, neodymium,
12
turbine blades damaging wildlife,
11
China, wind energy development in,
76–80
demand response and energy storage, lack of,
84
differential priorities between central government and local governments,
85
nonrenewable power plants, overcapacity in,
81
poor grid connectivity,
83
vested interests between coal companies and the government,
85–86
well-functioned ancillary service market, lack of,
83–84
carbon-trading and carbon reduction target,
88
coal-fired power plants’ retrofit and energy storage,
87
emerging ancillary service market,
88
energy coordination,
86–87
electricity market and wind energy market,
76–78
distributed generation deployment and proactive transmission planning,
89
merit-order-based dispatch,
90–91
offshore wind power planning,
89–90
key players in wind energy market,
78–80
wind energy developers,
78
wind turbine manufacturers,
78–79
wind curtailment rate 2010–16,
82f
wind energy capacity development 2001–15,
76f
China Seas, wind condition summary in,
245,
258t
Chinese waters
extreme wind and wave loading condition in,
257–260
foundations supporting wind turbines used in,
254f
wave height and period in,
261t
Circular tuning liquid column dampers (CTLCD),
484–485
Civil engineering aspects of wind farm and wind turbine structures,
221
choice of foundations for a site,
228
gravity-based foundation system,
233
seabed frame/jacket supporting supported on pile/caissons,
235–237
general arrangement of wind farm,
228
site layout, spacing of turbines, and geology of the site,
239–242
economy of scales for foundation,
241–242
wind farm and Fukushima nuclear disaster,
221–223
performance of near shore wind farm during 2012 Tohoku earthquake,
221–223
Closed-form solutions, for foundation stiffness,
332,
334–336
retrofit and energy storage,
87
Coal-heavy electricity system,
67–68
Coleman conversion method,
483
Combined heat-and-power (CHP),
84
Commercial forest plantations,
509–511
Commercial operating date (COD),
313
Competitive Renewable Energy Zone (CREZ),
433
-based approaches,
28,
36
Computational simulations,
283
Conference of the Parties (COP 21),
51
Connection-related network codes,
109–110
Consents and legislations,
226
Contemporary wind turbine technologies,
155–159
limited variable-speed wind turbines (Type 2),
156–157,
156f
variable-speed wind turbines
with full-scale power converter (Type 4),
158–159,
158f
with partial-scale power converter (Type 3),
157–158,
157f
Continuous Reliability Enhancement for Wind (CREW),
309,
311
Control system and wind turbine control capabilities,
152–155
Corrective maintenances,
315
Cost analysis, wind energy,
539
Cost of energy (COE),
299,
300
Crane-assisted solution,
233
Cross-coupling stiffnesses,
338
Current Policies Scenario (CPS),
527
Curtailing renewable resources,
380
Cut-in speed speed,
29–30
Cut-out wind speed,
29–30
Cyclic overturning moments,
279
Cyclic stress ratio (CSR)
in the soil in the shear zone,
363
D
DR and energy storage, lack of,
84
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) code,
354
Det Norske Veritas-Keuring van Elektrotechnische Materialen te Arnhem (DNV KEMA),
309,
311
Differential priorities between central government and local governments,
85
Dimensional analysis,
360
Discrete element method (DEM) analysis,
285
Distributed generation deployment and proactive transmission planning,
89
Donghai Bridge 100 MW Offshore Wind Power Demonstration Project,
243
Double-slotted (MFFS) multielement wind turbine blade,
213f
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG),
150–151
DU 91-W2-250 airfoil,
214,
216
Dutch and European windmills,
135–138
Dynamic–structure–foundation–soil interaction,
256
E
Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Data Center,
56
wave height and period in,
261t
Economics of wind power generation,
535
accounting for PTC as well as depreciation and taxes,
550–553
benchmark wind turbine present value cost analysis,
544–546
current income and expenditures per year,
544–546
investment tax credit,
546
land rents, royalties, and project profitability,
543
levelized cost of electricity (LCOE),
539–540
price and cost concepts,
542
production tax credit (PTC),
546
renewable energy production incentive,
547–548
straight line depreciation,
541
transmission and grid issues,
553–554
wind energy cost analysis,
539
wind turbine present value cost analysis accounting for PTC,
548–550
current income and expenditures per year,
548–550
wind turbines prices,
542
Economy of scales for foundation,
241–242
E-highway 2050 project,
121
Elastic–plastic model,
281,
341
Electrical energy storage (EES),
381–382
Electricity market and wind energy market,
76–78
Emerging ancillary service market,
88
Energy Capture Optimization by Revolutionary Onboard Turbine Reshape (ECO ROTR),
216
Energy coordination,
86–87
Energy management system (EMS),
115
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP),
26
Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO
2) emissions,
3–4
ENTSO-E Ten Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP),
105
Environmental and structural safety issues related to wind energy,
475
environmental issues and countermeasures,
475–481
birds and bats, effects on,
476–478
climate change and considerations,
480–481
marine species, effects on,
478
noise problems and possible solutions,
478–479
visual impacts and mitigation,
479–480
health monitoring and vibration control of,
483–485
structural performances under wind and seismic loads,
481–483
Environmentally friendly generation dispatching (ESGD) model,
90–91
Estimation of wind energy potential and prediction of wind power,
25
estimating wind power based on wind speed measurements,
33–34
further considerations for wind speed assessment,
38–39
main aspects of wind assessment program,
28–33
principles for successful development for wind assessment program,
26–28
wind resource estimation project,
34–38
wind speed and power forecasting,
39–44
European wind integration projects and studies,
119–121
External loading conditions, complexity of,
353–355
F
Failure mode effect criticality analysis (FMECA),
300–301
Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) approach,
34
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC),
423–424
Feed-forward back-propagation (FFBP),
42
Finite element analysis (FEA), soil models used in,
283–285
Finite Element Models (FEM),
183
FlexiSlip induction generators,
150
“Float-out and sink” solution,
233
Forecasting wind speed,
40
challenges in monopile foundation design and installation,
270–271
jacket on flexible piles,
271
Foundation design, importance of,
252–253
Foundation stiffness for design of offshore wind turbines, estimating,
329
comparison with SAP 2000 analysis,
349–350
obtaining foundation stiffness from standard and advanced method,
337–344
pile head deflections and rotations,
345
prediction of the natural frequency,
346–349
Foundations
for fixed (grounded) systems,
250f
technical review/appraisal of,
358
gravity-based foundation system,
233
seabed frame or jacket supporting supported on pile or caissons,
235–237
Foundation–soil interaction
advanced analysis to study,
283–285
discrete element model analysis basics,
285
soil models in finite element analysis,
283–285
Fractional reinvestment,
445
Fukushima nuclear disaster
G
GBS from Thornton Bank Project,
234f
Gearing and generator,
443
General Electric Company,
55
Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH),
42
Generation technology lifecycle,
384t
asynchronous (induction) generator,
149–151
synchronous generator,
148
Geographic Information System (GIS) data,
26
German system, wind power in,
95
European wind integration projects and studies,
119–121
integration of renewables in Germany and Europe,
95–98
network operation and grid development,
102–110
connection-related network codes,
109–110
innovative methods to plan and operate the power system,
105–108
market-related network codes,
108–109
system operation network codes,
108
new control concepts for PE-dominated power systems,
111–112
onshore and offshore wind development,
99–102
Germanischer Lloyd (GL) Garrard Hassan,
309,
311
Global Digital Elevation Model (GTOPO30),
56
Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
3–4
Global potential for wind-generated electricity,
51
global perspective,
58–60
Global storage capacity,
379t
Global warming potential (GWP),
522–523
Global wind industry, net energy trajectory of,
450–452
Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS-5 DAS),
35,
54–55
Gravity-based foundation system,
233,
241
Greenhouse gases (GHG),
75
Grid development, network operation and,
102–110
connection-related network codes,
109–110
innovative methods to plan and operate the power system,
105–108
market-related network codes,
108–109
system operation network codes,
108
Ground conditions, in Chinese waters,
260–265
H
of study boundaries and data,
446
Harnessing wind power, history of,
125
Aegean and Mediterranean windmills,
133–135
Dutch and European windmills,
135–138
Islamic civilization windmills,
130–132
medieval European windmills,
132–133
wind machines in antiquity,
129–130
windmills applications,
141
Heavy rare earth element oxides (HREO),
532
Heavy rare earth elements (HREE),
517
High Resolution Local Area Model (HIRLAM),
40–41
High temperature superconductors (HTS),
520–521
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT),
185,
186
Hydroelectricity production,
4
Hydrostatic ETA model,
40–41
I
Innovative methods to plan and operate power system,
105–108
challenge for operation of transmission grid,
106
impact of reduced inertia on power system frequency,
106–108
Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEC),
355–357
Integration time step (ITS) method,
291
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs),
527
Internal energy (IE),
51–52
International Energy Agency (IEA),
526–528
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP),
55–56
Investment tax credit (ITC),
546
Islamic civilization windmills,
130–132
Island of Grand Cayman,
188
J
Jacket on flexible piles,
271
Jackson–Hunt based approach,
36,
36,
37
JONSWAP (Joint North Sea Wave Project) spectrum,
256
K
Kaimal wind spectrum,
354
Kalman filter based methods,
41–42
Kamisu (Hasaki) wind farm,
222f
Kentish Flats and Thanet (UK),
275
Kinetic energy flux,
19–21
Kirke’s prototype machine,
197
L
Land rents, royalties, and project profitability,
543
effects of wind farms on landscape,
508–512
landscape and visual effects,
512
power generation objects, landscapes with,
506–508
Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein (LWK),
309
Last known operating date,
313
Least-cost wind integration solution,
426
Levelized cost of offshore wind,
226
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging system),
30,
30–31
cumulative energy demand (CED),
444
energy payback time (EPBT),
444–445
fractional reinvestment,
445
harmonization of study boundaries and data,
446
literature screening,
446
net energy trajectory of the global wind industry,
450–452
trends in parameters,
450
Life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA),
444
Life-cycle inventory (LCI),
444
Lifetime distributions
reliability models for,
316t
Light rare earth element oxides (LREO),
532
Light rare earth elements (LREE),
517
Limit State Design philosophy,
252–253
Limited variable-speed wind turbines (Type 2),
156–157,
156f
Line commutated converter technology (LCC-HVDC),
110
Loads acting on foundations,
254–257
extreme wind and wave loading condition in Chinese waters,
257–260
Loads acting on OWT,
354f
Long-term forecasting,
40
Low carbon energy (LCE),
221
Low-frequency demand disconnection (LFDD),
110
Low-voltage demand disconnection (LVDD),
110
M
Market-related network codes,
108–109
Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling methods,
34
Mean time between failures (MTBFs),
299
Mean time to failure (MTTF),
303
Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP),
32–33,
38
Medieval European windmills,
132–133
Medium-term forecasting,
40
Merit-order-based dispatch,
90–91
Mesoscale numerical weather prediction (MNWP) models,
36–37
Method of Independent Storms (MIS),
38
MFOIL graphical user interface,
209,
209
Microgeneration Installation Standard MIS3003 issue 2.0,
396–397
Micro-wind
Mid-Continent Independent System Operator (MISO),
427
Modeling of capital costs,
226
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments,
55,
55–56
Modern utility-scale wind turbines,
299
Mohr–Coulomb material model,
344
Monopile, design process for,
330,
331f
Monopile analysis
design and installation, challenges in,
270–271
Monopile system, 3D view of,
291f
Mounted turbines, building,
401–414
rural building mounted turbine,
405–406
suburban building mounted turbine,
407
urban building mounted turbine,
408–409
Multielement airfoils for wind turbines,
203
multielement wind turbine blades,
206–215
multielement wind turbine research,
215–216
Multiple Architecture System (MAS),
43
Multipod foundation wind turbines,
370f
scaling laws for OWTs supported on,
368–373
Multipod foundations,
236f
N
foundation and cover,
443
gearing and generator,
443
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC),
77,
77–78,
79,
85,
88
National grids, integration into,
419
current/standard measures for,
421–429
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
445
Navigation risk assessment survey,
226
Network codes
New Policies Scenario (NPS),
527
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority,
26–27
Noise problems and possible solutions,
478–479
Nonlinear Winkler spring
standard method based on beam on,
281–283
Nonrenewable power plants, overcapacity in,
81
North Seas Countries Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCOGI),
105
Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome (NIMBY),
479
Numerical Objective Analysis Boundary Layer (NOABL) wind speed modeling tool,
392,
395
O
Offshore Grid Development Plan (O-GDP),
104–105,
105
Offshore substation,
230f
Offshore wind farms around United Kingdom,
224f
Offshore wind farms in China Sea,
246t
Offshore wind potential in China,
243–245
Offshore wind power planning,
89–90
complexity of external loading conditions,
353–355
dynamic sensitivity of OWT structures,
245–247
definition of scaling laws for investigating OWTs,
360–361
dimensional analysis,
360
reflective loop for,
359f
prediction of prototype response, physical modeling for,
358–359
scaling laws for OWTs supported on monopiles,
361–368
bending strain in the monopile,
365
CSR in the soil in the shear zone,
363
experimental investigation for studying long-term response of 1–100 scale OWT,
366–368
rate of soil loading,
364
strain field in the soil around the laterally loaded pile,
361–363
scaling laws for OWTs supported on multipod foundations,
368–373
typical experimental setups and results,
372–373
technical review/appraisal of new types of foundations,
358
Onshore and offshore wind development,
99–102
Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs,
299,
300
OptiSlip/FlexiSlip induction generators,
150
Overhead lines (OHLs),
106
Overnight capital cost,
439
P
Pattern-painted wind turbine blades,
477–478
Peaks-Over-Threshold (POT),
38
PE-dominated power systems, new control concepts for,
111–112
Permanent magnets, development of,
521f
Photovoltaic (PV) technology,
429–430
Pierson–Moskowitz wave spectrum,
354
Pitch bearing maintenance scheduling,
321–324
Pitch control (active control),
153
Plug-in electric vehicles,
62
Poor grid connectivity,
83
Potential energy (PE),
51–52
Potential of wind energy worldwide,
13
Potential wind-generated electricity,
62–63
Power electronic interface,
151–152
Power electronics (PE),
102
Power export/grid connection,
226
Power forecasting, wind speed and,
39–44
Power generation objects, landscapes with,
506–508
Power spectral densities (PSDs),
246–247
Prandtl’s tip loss correction,
171
Preventive maintenances,
315
Price and cost concepts,
542
Production tax credit (PTC),
546
accounting for PTC as well as depreciation and taxes,
550–553
wind turbine present value cost analysis accounting for,
548–550
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA),
419
R
Radial basis function (RBF),
42
Raptor Nonlinear (Raptor NL) software,
36
Rare earth elements (REE),
517
-dependent permanent magnets,
521
-dependent technologies,
518f
future REE supply, implications for,
529–531
global wind energy projections,
526–528
life cycle assessment of use of REE magnets in wind turbines,
522–526
within the periodic table,
518f
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model,
43–44
Reliability of wind turbines,
299
pitch bearing maintenance scheduling,
321–324
Renewable energies (REs),
75
Renewable energy production incentive,
547–548
Renewable energy sources (RESs),
95,
102,
117
Renewables, integration of
in Germany and Europe,
95–98
Response spectrum analysis method,
482–483
Risk-based inspection approach,
324
Robustness and ease of installation,
253,
277,
330
Rudong intertidal wind farm,
255f
Rural building mounted turbine,
405–406
S
Samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnet,
517–519
Sandia National Laboratory,
194
Scaling laws
for OWTs supported on monopiles,
361–368
bending strain in the monopile,
365
CSR in the soil in the shear zone,
363
experimental investigation for studying long-term response of 1–100 scale OWT,
366–368
rate of soil loading,
364
strain field in the soil around the laterally loaded pile,
361–363
for OWTs supported on multipod foundations,
368–373
typical experimental setups and results,
372–373
SCOE (Society’s Cost of Energy),
227–228
Seabed frame/jacket supporting supported on pile or caissons,
235–237
Secant Young’s Modulus of soil,
287–288
Short-term forecasting,
39
Single-degree-of-freedom model,
482–483
Single-fed induction generator (SFIG),
522
Small-scale wind turbine model,
372f,
389
micro-wind, fundamental concern for,
395–401
mounted turbines, building,
401–414
rural building mounted turbine,
405–406
suburban building mounted turbine,
407
urban building mounted turbine,
408–409
SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging system),
30
Soft–soft structures,
251
Soft–stiff structures,
251
Soil models in finite element analysis,
283–285
Soil–structure interaction (SSI) analysis of OWT foundations, numerical methods for,
275
advanced analysis to study foundation–soil interaction,
283–285
monopile analysis using DEM,
286–290
monopile analysis using FEM,
290–295
standard method based on beam on nonlinear Winkler spring,
281–283
Soil–structure interaction, challenges in analysis of,
266–269
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project,
26
wave height and period in,
261t
Southwest Power Pool,
427
Space frame tower (SFT) turbine,
216
Squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG),
149–150,
149f
Stall control (passive control),
153
State Grid Corporation (SGC),
78
State of the Art Wind Technologies (SAWT),
199
State-owned enterprises (SOEs),
77,
78
Steady blade element momentum method, use of,
172–178
Stiff–stiff structures,
251
Stored wind energy
carbon footprint of storing wind energy,
383–385
energy and carbon intensities of,
375
key characteristics for storage,
378–380
net energy analysis of storing and curtailing wind resources,
380–383
Straight line depreciation,
541
Structural vibration control technologies,
484–485
Suburban building mounted turbine,
407
Support structure design, dynamic issues in,
247–253
Support vector machines (SVMs),
41–42,
43
Synchronous generator,
148
System operation network codes,
108
T
Tangential force coefficient,
203–204
Target natural frequency,
277,
329
TLP (tension leg platform) concept,
237
Transmission system operators (TSOs),
102–104,
112
TRL (Technology Readiness Level) numbering,
358,
358t
Tuning liquid column dampers (TLCD),
484–485
Tuning liquid dampers (TLD),
484–485
Turbine blades, extraction of wind energy by,
6–7
Turbine power capture,
21–22
Typhoon related damage to wind turbines in China,
258–260
U
UK’s National Micro-wind Field Trial,
401
Ultrahigh voltage (UHV) transmission lines,
86–87
Ultrasonic anemometer,
407f
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC),
51
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
3–4
University of Southampton (UoS) building,
395
Urban building mounted turbine,
408–409
US Geological Survey (USGS),
56
V
with full-scale power converter (Type 4),
158–159,
158f
with partial-scale power converter (Type 3),
157–158,
157f
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs),
185,
389,
440
blade Reynolds number,
198
lift versus drag-based VAWT,
189–192
initial research on VAWT farms,
186–187
Very short-term forecasting,
39
Vested interests between coal companies and the government,
85–86
Visual impacts and mitigation,
479–480
Voltage source converter technology (VSC-HVDC),
110
W
WarwickWindTrial study,
394,
399
Weibull distributions,
33,
34,
34
Well-functioned ancillary service market, lack of,
83–84
Wind assessment program
principles for successful development for,
26–28
Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP),
36,
36,
38
Wind cluster management system (WCMS),
115
Wind energy developers,
78
Wind energy flow rate,
20
Wind energy-Information-Data-Pool (WInD-Pool),
309
Wind farms
landscape and visual effects,
512
current/standard measures for,
421–429
Wind machines in antiquity,
129–130
assessment program,
34–35
efficiency in extracting,
21–23
estimating, based on wind speed measurements,
33–34
fundamental equation of,
19–21
Wind power fundamentals,
15
fundamental equation of wind power,
19–21
wind physics basics: what is wind and how wind is generated,
17
wind power capture: efficiency in extracting wind power,
21–23
wind types: brief overview of wind power meteorology,
18–19
Wind power meteorology,
18–19
Wind resource estimation project,
34–38
Wind speed
and power forecasting,
39–44
Wind speed forecasting models, classification of,
40f
Wind speed measurements, estimating wind power based on,
33–34
Wind turbine generators (WTGs),
270–271
Wind turbine manufacturers,
78–79
Wind turbine technologies,
145
contemporary wind turbine technologies,
155–159
limited variable-speed wind turbines (Type 2),
156–157,
156f
variable-speed wind turbines with full-scale power converter (Type 4),
158–159,
158f
variable-speed wind turbines with partial-scale power converter (Type 3),
157–158,
157f
control system and wind turbine control capabilities,
152–155
asynchronous (induction) generator,
149–151
synchronous generator,
148
power electronic interface,
151–152
health monitoring and vibration control of,
483–485
structural performances under wind and seismic loads,
481–483
Wind turbines prices,
542
Wind-energy-induced environmental issues and countermeasures,
475–481
birds and bats, effects on,
476–478
climate change and considerations,
480–481
marine species, effects on,
478
noise problems and possible solutions,
478–479
visual impacts and mitigation,
479–480
Aegean and Mediterranean windmills,
133–135
Dutch and European windmills,
135–138
Islamic civilization windmills,
130–132
medieval European windmills,
132–133
Wissenschaftliches Mess- und Evaluierungsprogramm (WMEP),
309
Wound rotor induction generator (WRIG),
150–151
Wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG),
148
Wound rotor with slip rings,
150f
X
Y
wave height and period in,
261t
Z
Zero-emission wind power,
88