Index
Note: Page numbers followed by t indicates tables; f indicates figures; b indicates boxes.
A
Aaron, Henry, 216
ABC, see American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 121
Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, 121
AC format, see Adult contemporary (AC) format
“Acid rockers,” 192
ACLU, see American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Action for Children’s Television (ACT), 195, 207, 229, 267, 276–277
Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), 191
Act Now To Stop War and End Racism (A.N.S.W.E.R.), 327
Ader, Clément, 4
Adler, Larry, 126
Adult contemporary (AC) format, 300
Advanced television (ATV), 252
Advanced Television Systems Committee, 254
The Adventures of Superman, 141–142
Advertising
children’s programs limits, 207
and Fairness Doctrine, 213–214
industry sources, 335
NAB codes, 239
vs. networks, 164
programming relationship, 59
radio advertisers, 81f
radio’s reach, 54
radio vs. TV, 133
recession effect, 271
TV commercials, 148
Volunteer Advertising Council, 98
Afghanistan War, 313
AFM, see American Federation of Musicians (AFM)
AFRA, see American Federation of Radio Actors (AFRA)
African-Americans
advertiser interest, 141
Armed Forces programs, 100
dedicated cable channels, 331
exclusive radio programming, 181f
first black-owned TV station, 214
and old white boy’s club, 328
performer image/organization, 119
radio format growth, 283
radio pioneers, 215
Roots success, 222
station ownership, 223
TV role in civil rights, 196
WBFO programming, 211
AFRN, see Armed Forces Radio and Television Network (AFRTN)
AFRS, see Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS)
AFRTN, see Armed Forces Radio (AFR); see Armed Forces Radio and Television Network (AFRTN)
AFRTS, see Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS)
AFTRA, see American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)
Age-based ratings system, 295b
Agnew, Spiro, 198–199, 206, 213
Alabama Educational Television Commission, 216
The Aldrich Family, 126
Alexanderson, Ernest F. W., 14–15, 35
Alexanderson alternators, 14–15, 17, 18
All-Channel Receiver Act, 171
Allen, Fred, 65, 75–76, 113–115
Allen, Steve, 128–129, 129b, 130f, 148
Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP), 340–341
All in the Family, 207
All Things Considered, 211b
Alternating current, invention, 5
Amacher, Mary Anne, 211
Amateur radio, 42
Amazing Race, 338
American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
Barbara Walters hiring, 221
children’s show commercial time, 229
Disney purchase, 283
vs. Food Lion, 307
late-night news, 235
monopoly investigations, 93
movie purchase for prime time, 190
from NBC Blue Network, 104
network profits, 144
news service growth, 285
NFL football, 210
Olympics, 257
satellite communications, 263
satellite radio feeds, 242
American Business Consultants, 123
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 292, 331
American Federation of Musicians (AFM), 99, 100, 104
American Federation of Radio Actors (AFRA), 124
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), 152, 223, 326, 331
American Idol, 311–312, 335, 336, 338, 340, 345
American Marconi Telegraph Company, 5, 18–19
American Medical Association, 222
American Museum of the Moving Image, 254
American Radio Relay League, 42
American School of the Air, 61–62
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP), 15, 37–38, 92
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)
Comcast merger, 321
competition, 37
DOJ suit, 240
early network broadcast, 45
fiber optics, 254
first voice transmission, 14–15
incorporation, 4
Internet business, 290
Media One purchase, 303–304, 319
multi-city cable connections, 120
radio competition, 22
radio rights issues, 41
remote radio broadcasts, 32
spectrum purchases, 345
America’s Got Talent, 345
AMFM, 319
Amos ‘n’ Andy, 58f, 58, 61, 113–115, 187–188
AMPTP, see Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP)
AM radio
electron tube, 6
establishment, 48
vs. FM, 88–89, 171, 177, 212–213, 234, 255, 285
frequency protection, 94
growth, 133
license periods, 100
post-WWII growth, 105–106, 110–111
power, 74
spectrum management, 55
stereo, 227–228, 239, 240f, 281
Ancient Greeks, mass communication, 2
A.N.S.W.E.R, 327
Antitrust suits
RCA/GE/Westinghouse, 67
Antiwar protests, 186–187, 193, 201, 242
AOL-Time Warner, 319, 323, 326
AP, see Associated Press (AP)
The Apprentice, 335
Arbitron, 253, 280, 304–306, 347
Argonauts, mass communication, 2
Arledge, Roone, 210
Arlin, Harold W., 29
Armed Forces Radio (AFR), 98
Armed Forces Radio Network (AFRN), 98
Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), 114, 114f, 148
Armed Forces Radio and Television Network (AFRTN), 98
Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS), 148
Armstrong, Edwin H.,
commercialization views, 55
flatbed circuit, 14
FM frequency issues, 138
FM transmission system, 63, 74–75
suicide, 149
Armstrong, Neil, 196
The Army Hour, 97
Army–McCarthy hearings, 146, 149–150
Arnaz, Desi, Jr., 141
Arthur Godfrey and His Friends, 144
ASCAP, see American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)
Ascertainment of Community Needs, 206
ASH, see Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)
Association of College and University Broadcasting Stations, 73
Association for Local Television, 326
AT&T, see American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)
ATV, see Advanced television (ATV)
Atwater, Lee, 256
Audience participation shows
Automation systems, radio stations, 217f
AWARE, Inc., 126–127, 144–146, 171
Aware Incorporated, 125
Axis Sally, 97
Ayatollah Khomeini, 231
B
Bacon, Roger, 3
Baird, John Logie, 52
Band of Brothers, 312, 327–328
Banzhaf, John E., III, 190–191
Barrymore, Ethel, 36f
Barth, John, 211
Baseball, 283
Basketball, 258
Batman, 187f
Battista, Giovanni, 3
Baukhage, Hilmar, 67f
BBC, see British Broadcasting Company (BBC)
BEA, see Broadcast Education Association (BEA)
The Beatles, 115
Beaty, Layne, 73b
Bell, Alexander Graham, 1, 4, 352
Bell Telephone Company, 4
Benét, Stephen Vincent, 79
Benny, Jack, 65, 71, 75–76, 80f, 113–115, 128–129
Berlin International Radio Telegraphic Convention, 14
Berlin Wall, 258
BEST, see Black Efforts for Soul in Television (BEST)
BET, see Black Entertainment Television (BET)
Betamax (Sony), 221
The Beverly Hillbillies, 176–177
Beverly Hills 90210, 338
Bicentennial Minutes, 338
Big Brother, 324
The Big Muddy, 194
The $100,000 Big Surprise, 153
Bill Haley and His Comets, 151
Bill Moyers, 344
Bing Crosby Show, 112b
BlackBerry, 311
Black Citizens for Media Acess, 202
Black Efforts for Soul in Television (BEST), 202
Black Entertainment Television (BET), 289f, 323
Blacklist, 123–124, 144–146, 148, 149–150
Black Tuesday, 60
BMI, see Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI)
Bobbitt, Lorena, 283
Bochco, Steven, 248
Bonanza, 170
Borseul, Charles, 4
Borst, David, 89b
Boston Legal, 311–312, 336, 344
Bradshaw, Thornton, 266
Brainard, Bertha, 31
Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 5
Brideshead Revisited, 221
The Bridge on the River Kwai, 190
Brinkley, Joel, 304
British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 80, 171, 263
British Marconi Company, 18, 47f
Broadcast Education Association (BEA), 152f
Broadcasting, 33–34, 64, 208, 238
Broadcasting & Cable, 290
Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), 89–90
Broadway Open House, 148
Brokaw, Tom, 335
Brown v. Board of Education, 151–152
BSkyB, 290
Bubba the Love Sponge, 334
Buck Rogers—In the 25th Century, 76–77
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 331
“Build your own TV” kit, 113f
Burns and Allen, 65, 75–76, 113–115, 128–129
Bush, George H. W., 243–244, 255–256, 274
Bush, George W., 313–314, 315, 330
Business Executives Move for Peace, 204
C
Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, 212, 243–244
Cable companies
access channels, 208
copyright issues, 216
early subscriber numbers, 164
expansion, 264f
FCC regulations, 157, 190, 212, 222, 279
first satellite distribution, 221
monopolies, 299
rate deregulation, 292
rates vs. service, 264
satellite transmission, 217–218
systems by year, 254t
and telcos, 235
two-way cable, 223
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, 277–278
Caesar, Julius, 2
Calley, William L., 206
Canada’s Radio-Television Commission (CRTC), 217
Cantril, Hadley, 84
Cap Cities, 283
Capone, Al, 53
Captain Kangaroo, 154
Captain Video, 137b
Car radios, 63, 72f, 106, 205–206
Carson, Johnny, 148, 176–177, 197–198, 277, 280
Cathode ray oscilloscope, 5
Cathode ray tube, 5
CATV, see Community antenna television (CATV)
CBS, see Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
CBS Evening News, 339
CBS Reports, 158
CD, see Compact disc (CD)
Censorship, see also First Amendment rights
Blue Book, 105
and civil liberties, 148
drug-related lyrics, 207
military vs. political, 269–270
National Radio Conference, 42
by PBS, 273
political broadcasts, 113, 338–339
by Republicans, 261
Challenger shuttle disaster, 248
Chancellor, John, 216
Chappe, Claude, 3
Charlie’s Angels, 222
Charren, Peggy, 195, 276b, 276f
Chase, Chevy, 280
The Chase and Sanborn Hour, 81
“Checkers” speech, 139
Cheyenne, 154
Child, Julia, 179b, 179f, 209–210
Children’s Corner, 197
Children’s programming
advertising limits, 207
commercial time, 257
education on radio, 62
FCC rules, 242
first TV show, 111
minimum educational time, 293
public TV, 195
self-regulation, 222
sexism, 232
TV growth, 155f
Children’s Television Act (CTA), 265b, 274–275
Children’s Television Entertainment Act of 1990, 267
Children’s Television Programming Report, 265
Children’s Television Workshop (CTW), 197
Chotzinoff, Samuel, 157
CHR, see Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR)
Chris-Craft, 319
Church service broadcast, 25
Cigarette advertising, 190–191, 191b
Citizens Communication Center, 202, 204
City Links WBFO, 211
Civil Rights Commission, 222
Civil rights/liberties, see also Censorship; Protests
Civil rights movement, 196b, 203–204
Civil War, 267
Clark, Dick, 154–155, 253b, 253f
Clear Channel Communications, 299, 304, 319, 325, 326, 334
Cleaver, Eldridge, 192
Clinton, Bill, 261, 274, 281, 289, 295–296
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 281
Clinton–Lewinsky affair, 301, 323–324
Closed captioning, 235
Close-Up, 164
CMT, 323
CNN
CNN International, 337
Coalition for Better Television, 238
Coaxial cable, 106–107, 115–116
Cobb, Buff, 131
The Colbert Report, 344
Cold War, 110, 123, 182, 238, 263
Cole, Nat King, 154–155, 231–232
College Sports TV, 337
College stations, 15, 30–31, 42, 49, 55, 73, 89, 113, 208
Color television
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
American School of the Air, 61–62
Army–McCarthy hearings, 147
Cronkite–Rather transition, 235
culture/religion TV shows, 140
Dan Rather’s protest, 252
Edward R. Murrow, 77
evening news, 144
first baseball TV broadcast, 111
and freedom of speech, 333
Friendly as president, 182
Lou Grant cancelling, 240
mergers, 291
monopoly investigations, 93, 99–100
news service growth, 285
political convention coverage, 143
post-WWII TV equipment, 106–107
quiz shows, 153
satellite radio feeds, 242
sports rights, 258
Viacom purchase, 303–304, 319, 323
videodisc deal, 235
Westinghouse purchase, 283
Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System (CPBS), 50–51, 53
Columbia Phonograph Company, 50–51
Columbia shuttle disaster, 330
Columbia Workshop, 79
Comcast, 287, 321, 325–326, 335, 336, 339
Command Performance, 97
Commercial radio, 29–30, 30f, 45–47, 59b
Commercial television, 91, 93–94, 205–206
Commercial time
children’s programs, 223–224, 229, 257
FCC rules, 239
full-length programs, 267
sponsors, 214
top dramas, 331
on TV, 178
Communications Act of 1934
public interest provision, 163
Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 176
Communications Satellite (COMSAT)
Communism fears, 110, 118, 139, 148
Community antenna television (CATV), 150
Compact disc (CD), 231, 242, 242f, 259f
Computers
in broadcasting, 223
as broadcast threat, 262–263, 263f, 281
IBM PC introduction, 238
at NAB, 210
TV transmitter control, 216
COMSAT, see Communications satellite
(COMSAT) Corporation
Comstock, George, 209
Congress Cigar Company, 53
Conrad, Frank, 21–22, 22f, 23f
Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR), 244
Content-based ratings system, 295b
Contract with America, 261
Convergence, 311
Cook, Phil, 288f
Cooke, Alistair, 140
Cookes, William, 5
Coolidge, Calvin, 36–37, 39, 40f
Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting, 59
Copland, Aaron, 123
Cordless microphones, 168
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 73, 192, 208, 214, 238
Corwin, Norman
bio, 87
Columbia Workshop series, 79
equal opportunity programs, 100
and Lee Bland, 109
poetry, 224b
Cosby, Bill, 182
Costello, Frank, 127
Coughlin, Charles E., 61, 62f, 79
Countdown with Keith Olbermann, 344
Counterattack—The Newsletter of Facts on Communism, 110, 118, 123, 126
Couric, Katie, 339
Cousin Brucie, 244
Cowan, Thomas H., 29
Cox, Archibald, 213
Cox Communications, 321, 325, 326, 335
CPB, see Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
CPBS, see Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System (CPBS)
Creely, Robert, 211
Cronkite, Walter
CBS assignment, 127
and Ed Bliss, 135
political manipulation speech, 293
real-life drama reporting, 216
retirement, 235
Vietnam criticism, 194
Crossley, Archibald M., 59, 101
Crothers, Rachel, 85
CRTC, see Canada’s Radio-Television Commission (CRTC)
Crystal, Billy, 222
CTA, see Children’s Television Act (CTA)
CTW, see Children’s Television Workshop (CTW)
Cuban Missile Crisis, 171
Cunningham, Sean, 332
CW Network, 338
D
DAB, see Digital audio broadcasting (DAB)
Dali, Salvador, 53
Dallas, 234
Damrosch, Walter, 44f
Dancing with the Stars, 311–312, 345
DAT, see Digital audio tape (DAT)
Dateline NBC, 312
Davis, Edwin, 56
Davis, Elmer, 97
Davy Crockett, 148
The Day After, 242
Daytime programming, for housewives, 195–196
DBS, see Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
Dees, Rick, 244
Defense Communications Board, 98
De Forest, Lee, 1, 6, 8, 11–12, 11f, 14–15, 92f
De Forest Radio Telephone Company, 8, 14, 25
DeGeneres, Ellen, 293
Democracy Radio, 335
Dempsey vs. Carpentier boxing match, 26
Department of Commerce, 42
Department of Defense (DoD), 267–268
Desperate Housewives, 311–312, 336, 338, 340
Dewey, Thomas E., 101
Diebold, John, 316
Diffusion of innovations theory, 2b
Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 223, 270f, 272, 285
Digital audio tape (DAT), 248
Digital broadcasting, 233
Digital Millenium Copyright Act, 303, 319
Digital video camcorder, 260
Digital videodisc recorder, 244
Dill, Clarence C., 47–48, 49, 228
Dinsdale, Shirley, 121
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
Disney, 281–282, 283, 326, 335, 336
Dissector tube, 52
Distress sale policy, 259, 263–264
Dixie Chicks, 330
Dobbs, Lou, 347
Documentaries, resurgence, 296–297
DoD, see Department of Defense (DoD)
Dodd, Thomas J., 170
Doerfer, John C., 164
Donahue, 252
Donahue, Tom “Big Daddy,” 192
Dragnet, 148
Drake, Bill, 192
Dramas, general
cable vs. broadcast, 312
censorship issues, 148
experimental, 79
first on TV, 55
first radio series, 31
gay/lesbian roles, 293
Golden Age of Television Drama, 128–129, 141–142, 193b, 237
and Great Depression, 65
on Internet, 297
vs. reality shows, 311–312, 331
sexual content, 323
social content, 222
thriller/serial debuts, 56
and Writers’ Strike, 343
Draper, Paul, 126
Duell, Charles H., 352
Dukakis, Michael, 256, 280–281
DuMont Network, 94f, 98–99, 101–102, 137, 140, 141–142, 151, 210
Duopolies, 319
Durante, Jimmy, 76f
E
Earhart, Amelia, 53
Early Bird satellite, 185
Economy
Edmonston, Estelle, 34
The Ed Schultz Show, 332–333, 335
The Ed Sullivan Show, 115, 154
EDTV, see Enhanced-definition television (EDTV)
Educational broadcasting, 61–62, 65, 170, 192, 259–260, see also Public broadcasting, general
Educational Broadcasting Facilities Act, 171
Educational television (ETV), 170
Edwards, Ralph, 128–129, 128b, 128f
EEO, see Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
Eight-track audiotape player, 63
8XK radio station, 21
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 123, 139, 152, 164, 170
Eleanor and Franklin, 221
Electromagnetic telegraph, 3–4
Electromagnetic theory, 5
Electron, discovery, 6
Electronic news gathering (ENG), 217–218, 229–230, 237
Electron tube, 6
Elevator music, 151
Ellen, 293
Ellsberg, Daniel, 206
Eminem, 323
Employment Resource Center, 203
ENG, see Electronic news gathering (ENG)
Enhanced-definition television (EDTV), 252
E-online, 337
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 203–204, 222, 279–280, 303
Equal-time rule, 161, 237, 241–242
ESPN, 306
The Evening News, 252
The Eveready Hour, 51
Everybody Loves Raymond, 311–312, 331, 335, 336
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 258
F
Facsimile experiments, 38
Fairness Doctrine
cigarette advertising, 190–191
and citizen groups, 204
demise, 248
development, 94–95, 119–120, 161
and monopolistic practices, 170
overview, 121b
Red Lion decision, 198
resurrection attempts, 282
Fairness Doctrine Primer, 180–181
Family viewing time, 219
Faraday, Michael, 3
Farnsworth, Elma, 52
Farnsworth, Philo T.
Fashions Coming and Becoming, 142
“Father of Television,” 85f
Faulk, John Henry, 125, 126–127, 152, 171
Fax machine, 75f
FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
FCC, see Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Fear Factor, 324
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 110, 331
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
adult programming, 280
and blacklist, 126
broadcasting diversity, 303
cable regulation, 157, 190, 212, 279
children’s TV, 229, 242, 274–275
cigarette advertising, 190–191
and citizen groups, 204, 206, 208–209, 216
color TV systems, 107, 131, 144
commercial time, 239
consumer vs. corporate interests, 349–350
CTA, 265b
DAB rulings, 272
DBS, 239
deregulatory actions, 222, 229, 236
digital tuners, 328
digital TV transition, 347
distress sale policy, 259
educational broadcasting, 170
family viewing time, 219
fine guide, 308f
first African-American appointee, 208–209
first commercial TV authorization, 93–94
first female member, 113
first program regulation, 94–95
Fowler’s actions, 250
frequency decisions, 82, 94, 101–102, 113, 281–282
indecency rules, 258–259, 323, 338–339, 349–350
internal scandal, 164
ITFS channels, 241
licensing, 350
minority licensees, 228
multiple-ownership rule, 244, 277, 282, 331–332
under Nixon, 198
organization structure, 282
ownership rules, 101, 216–217, 297–298, 337
payola/plugola, 181–182, 256–257
pay TV authorization, 196, 204
political air time, 241–242, 301
prime time rules, 204
pro-corporate issues, 345
and public interest, 163, 183–185
radio bribery scandal, 161–162
radio competition, 37
and recession, 315
restructuring, 304
and Reverend Jim Bakker, 235–236
RKO TV station licenses, 235
“Rule of Sevens,” 133
“Seven Dirty Words” routine, 226–227
Super Bowl incident, 312–313, 334
V-chip, 292
VDT networks, 282
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
and children’s program commercials, 223–224
cigarette advertising, 190–191
fraudulent advertising, 204–205
kidvid, 209
monopoly investigations, 39
radio competition, 37
Feedback circuit, 14
Felix TV image, 50f
Felkner, Dale, 284f
Fess, Simeon D., 65
Fibber McGee and Molly, 65, 76f
Fiber-optic systems, 214, 233, 254, 278
Fiedler, Leslie, 211
Financial and syndication rights (Finsyn), 204, 285
Fiorello, 274
First Amendment rights, see also Censorship
adult programming, 251–252, 270–271, 291–292
and Blue Book, 105
drug-related lyrics, 207
and Fairness Doctrine, 119–120, 248
family viewing time, 219
Food Lion vs. ABC, 307
under George W. Bush, 331
Gulf War, 268
indecency standards, 323
Internet, 342
political campaigns, 229
political unrest coverage, 258
The Selling of the Pentagon, 206
Fisher, Terry Louise, 248
The Flintstones, 165
Flying Spot Scanner, 63
FM radio
vs. AM, 88–89, 177, 212–213, 234, 255, 285
development, 159
elevator music, 151
frequency modulator limiter, 74–75
lack of growth, 133
spectrum management, 55
stereo, 171
Food Lion vs. ABC, 307
Football, 141–142, 210, 210b, 248, 299–300, 301–302, 312–313, 333, 345
Ford, Frederick W., 185
Ford, Gerald, 218
Ford Company, 126
The Ford Fiftieth Anniversary Show, 141–142
Ford Foundation, 194
Fox network, 190, 284–285, 290, 303–304, 323
Fox News Channel, 337
Franklin, Benjamin, 3
FRC (Federal Radio Commission)
Davis Amendment, 56b
licensing, 55
radio commercialization, 59
radio competition, 37
scarcity principle, 49
Freed, Alan, 244
FreeSpeechTV, 318
Frequency modulator limiter, 74–75
Friendly, Fred
as CBS News president, 182
CBS Reports, 158
CBS resignation, 185
documentaries, 106
Harvest of Shame, 164
Hear It Now, 133
and Lawrence Laurent, 176
Friends, 335
“Frito Bandito” commercial, 203–204
Fritz, Eddie, 338
FTC, see Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Future of Music Coalition, 326
G
Galvin, Paul, 63
Game shows
Gandhi, Mahatma, 64
Garbo, Greta, 53
Garroway, Dave, 140
Gay/lesbian characters, 331
GE, see General Electric Company (GE)
General Electric Company (GE)
Alexanderson alternator, 14–15, 18
early network broadcast, 45
early TV broadcast experiment, 55
FCC frequency allocations, 101–102
radio competition, 22
RCA/NBC sell-off, 257
The General Motors Family Party, 51, 58–59
Geraldo, 252
Gershwin, George, 53
Get Smart, 182
Gibson, Mel, 339
The Godfather, 216
Godfrey, Arthur, 145f
The Goldbergs, 126
Golden Age of Radio, 80–81, 349
Golden Age of Television Drama, 128–129, 141–142, 193b, 237
The Golden Girls, 246
Goldmark, Peter, 91, 107, 117f
Goldwater, Barry, 180
Goodman, Julian, 174
Good Times, 207
Gore, Al, 315
Graham, Philip L., 172
Grantlund, N. T., 34
Gravel, Mike, 206
Great Depression, 60, 65–67, 75–76
Grenada Invasion, 258
Grossman, Lawrence K., 218, 256
GSN, 337
GTE, 282
Gunn, Hartford N., 218
H
Haley, Alex, 222
Ham radio, 106
Hannah Montana, 341
Hannity, Sean, 347
Harding, Tonya, 283
Harding/Cox Presidential race, 21, 25f
HDTV, see High-definition television (HDTV)
Hearing-impaired listeners, 221, 235
Hear It Now, 133
Hearst, Patty, 216
Heliograph, 2
Hello, Dolly, 182
Helms, Jesse, 257
Hemingway, Ernest, 53
Henry, William E., 170, 178, 180, 183–185, 189–190
Hernandex, Juan, 34
Herrold, Charles D. “Doc,” 10, 20, 20f
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 1, 5, 6
Heston, Charlton, 240
High-definition television (HDTV)
advertisement for, 78f
cable competition, 254
with DBS, 260
digital standards, 290
and DTV, 329b
first demonstration, 214
high cost, 306
introduction, 233
Japanese system, 238
preparation for, 299
station conversion costs, 281
High-frequency alternator, 8–9
High-power vacuum-tube transmission, 32–33
Hilton, Paris, 341
Hindenburg, 81
“His Master’s Voice,” 18f
Hispanics
all-news radio, 321
audience growth, 324
radio format growth, 283
Spanish Radio, 305f
station ownership, 223
TV audience growth, 335
unserved needs, 202
WBFO programming, 211
History Channel, 296–297, 338–339
Hit Parade, 197
Hogan, John V. L., 75
“The Hollywood Ten,” 110
Holocaust, 242
Home Box Office (HBO), 210, 217–218, 248, 306, 336, 337
Home Shopping Network (HSN), 241, 281–282, 306
The Honeymooners, 148
Hoover, Herbert, 25, 29–30, 33, 40f, 55, 60f
Hoover, J. Edgar, 110
House Party, 140
Houser, Thomas, 219
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 110
Howard Stern Show, 334
Howdy Doody, 111
How to Watch TV booklet, 122f
HSN, see Home Shopping Network (HSN)
HUAC, see House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Huntley–Brinkley Report, 154
Husing, Ted, 66f
Hussein, Saddam, 330
I
IBS, see Intercollegiate Broadcasting System (IBS)
I Love Lucy, 58, 136–137, 139–140, 141, 144–146, 185
Independent Television Association (INTV), 212–213
Indymedia, 318
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, 274, 280, 285, 291, 325
Infotainment, 233
Inside Vietnam, 194
Instant replay, 178
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) channels, 241
Intellectual Property and Communications Omnibus Reform Act of 1999, 307
Intercollegiate Broadcasting System (IBS), 89b
International News Service (INS), 67, 157
International Radio and Telegraph Company, 22
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 229
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T), 190
music, 319
and Nielsen ratings, 338
prime-time dramas, 297
radio stations, 306
service offerings, 290
streaming TV/radio, 328
vs. TV/radio, 315
TV relationship, 347
worldwide freedom, 352
Internet service providers (ISPs), 318, 342
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 4, 71–72
INTV, see Independent Television Association (INTV)
iPod, 311
Iraq War, 313
Irvin, Sam, 213
ISPs, see Internet service providers (ISPs)
I Spy, 182
ITFS, see Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) channels
IT&T, see International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T)
ITU, see International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
iTunes, 338
J
Jack Armstrong—The All-American Boy, 76–77
The Jackie Gleason Show, 148
Jackson, Janet, 312–313, 334, 345
Jackson, Michael, 237
Jackson State University protest, 201
Jacor Communications, 299
Jarvis, Al, 66
Jenkins, Charles Francis, 38
Jeopardy, 293
Jerry Springer Show, 297
The Jewel in the Crown, 221
“Jiggle,” 222
John Adams, 345
Johnson, Laurence, 125, 126, 171
Johnson, Lyndon B., 180, 186–187, 192, 194
Johnson, Nicholas, 188
The Johnson and Johnson Program, 58–59
Jolson, Al, 65
Jones Radio networks, 332–333, 335
Jordan, Frank, 174
K
KABC station, 168
Kahn system, 281
Kaltenborn, H. V., 34–35, 68f, 84
Kapitza, Peter, 107f
The Kate Smith Show, 128–129, 197
KDKA station
beginnings, 23
control room, 25f
first broadcast reputation, 25
first regular broadcast, 10
Frank Conrad, 23f
Harding/Cox broadcast, 21
performance studio, 27f
pre-WWII control center, 82f
rooftop studio, 26f
Kefauver, Estes, 127
Kelley, David E., 336
Kemp, George, 7
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 171
Kennedy, John F., 163–164, 171, 176, 177, 177f
Kent State University protest, 201
Kerrigan, Nancy, 283
KFAX station, 168
KFKB station, 61
KFWB station, 66
KHJ station, 235
Khrushchev, Nikita, 158
Kidvid, 209
The Killers, 182
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 151–152, 178, 182, 193–194
“King of Jazz,” 31
King of the Hill, 300
Kintner, Robert E., 238
KMPX station, 192
Knight-Ridder Company, 248
Kookla, Fran, and Ollie, 111
Koppel, Ted, 235
Korean War, 127
Kraft Music Hall, 111
Kraft Television Theater, 141–142, 148
The Kraft Television Theater, 111
Kroc, Joan, 333
KTLA station, 245
KTZA station, 242
KUHT station, 192
KWHY station, 228
KYW station, 41f
L
L.A. Law, 248
Lablance, Maurice, 5
Large-screen theater presentations, 111
La Rosa, Julius, 144
Larsen, Roy E., 288f
Laser videodisc players, 223, 248
Laugh tracks, 112b
Law and Order, 311–312, 335, 336
League of Women Voters, 174
Lear, Bill, 63
Lear, Norman, 207, 207b, 231–232
Learjet, 63
Lee, Robert E., 236
Leonard, Bill, 173
Let’s Pretend, 126
Lewinsky, Monica, 307
Lewis, Jerry, 120
Leyden jar, 3
Liberty at the Crossroads, 79
Life Is Worth Living, 140
The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, 154
Lifetime channel, 299
Limbaugh, Rush, 325, 332–333, 347
Lindbergh, Charles, 51, 53, 66–67
Linkletter, Art, 140
Listen subscription service, 319
Little House on the Prairie, 231–232
Live Aid concert, 246
LMAs, see Local marketing agreements (LMAs)
Local marketing agreements (LMAs), 282, 283, 297–298
Local people meters (LPMs), 335
Local Radio Freedom Act, 344, 346–347
Lohan, Lindsay, 341
The Lone Ranger, 71, 76–77, 120
Lonesome Dove, 258
Long-playing (LP) records, 116–117, 117f, 259f
Loomis, Mahlon, 5
Lost, 338
Love of Life, 188
Low-power television (LPTV) stations, 234, 239, 241, 246, 321
LP, see Long-playing (LP) records
LPMs, see Local people meters (LPMs)
LPTV, see Low-power television (LPTV) stations
Ludden, Allen, 144f
Lumet, Sidney, 125
M
Mack, Richard A., 157
MacLeish, Archibald, 79, 80–81, 80b
The MacNeil–Lehrer Report, 242
Maddow, Rachel, 347
Made-for-television movies
home videogames, 210
Magnetic tape recorder, 99, 104–105
Major Bowes and His Original Amateur Hour, 75–76
The Make-Believe Ballroom, 66, 95
The March of Time, 64
Marconi, Guglielmo, 1, 5, 6f, 7, 100
Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, 14
Markey, Edward, 257
Marshall, Garry, 207
Martin, Dean, 120
Martin, Kevin, 347
Martin, Mary, 151
The Mary Tyler Moore Show, 207
Mass communication methods, early, 2–6
Masterpiece Theatre, 216
Maude, 207
Maxwell, James Clerk, 1, 5, 5f
The Maxwell House Hour, 51
Mayflower Broadcasting Company, 94–95, 119–120, 248
MBS, see Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS)
McAndrew, William R., 173
McCarthy, Joseph R., 123, 139, 144–146, 154
McCullough, David, 345
McCullough, Jim, 202
McGovern, George, 213
MCI, 290
McIntire, Carl, 214
McNamee, Graham, 29, 34–35, 47f, 66f
MDS, see Multipoint distribution service (MDS)
Media Metrix, 306
Mercury Theatre series, 80–81, 82–83, 82f
Meredith, Burgess, 87
Meredith Broadcasting Company, 248–249
Mergers
ABC–IT&T, 190
cable, 287
Comcast–Scripps, 287
CW creation, 338
duopolies, 319
FCC impact, 323
industry impact, 325
networks, 283
as revenue source, 283
super-giant companies, 291
Viacom–Paramount, 282
Westinghouse–TelePrompTer, 238
XM–Sirius, 341
Metromedia, 245
Mickelson, Sig, 172
Microphones, 42f, 43f, 82f, 168
Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI), 170
Milam, Lorenzo, 195
Miller, Darlene, 128
Miller, Flouroy, 34
Miller, Glenn, 101
Milton Berle Show, 58
Minow, Newton N., 169, 169b, 177, 273, 333
Miss America Pageant, 148
Mission: Impossible, 182
Mister Rogers, 197
8MK station, 21
MMDS, see Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS)
MNF, see Monday Night Football (MNF)
Monday Night Football (MNF), 210b
Monopolies
Bell companies, 235
cable television, 299
FCC investigations, 78–79, 93, 198, 204
FCC “Rule of Sevens,” 133
Minow’s concerns, 170
private vs. public interest, 42
Montgomery Ward, 28
Moon landing, 196
Morrison, Herb, 81
Morrow, Bruce, 103b
Morse code, 7
Mortal Combat, 297
Movie Channel, 245
MPATI, see Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI)
MSOs, see Multiple system operators (MSOs)
MTV
Mudd, Roger, 235
Muir, Jean, 126
Mullins, John, 112b
Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS), 214, 241, 271, 282
Multiple system operators (MSOs), 299, 315, 325–326
Multipoint distribution service (MDS), 214
Murder, She Wrote, 293
Murdoch, Rupert
cross-ownership issues, 256–257
Fox growth, 190
international growth, 263
media company prediction, 335
Metromedia purchases, 245
satellite business, 290
Murray the K, 244
Murrow, Edward R.
CBS Reports, 158
as CBS VP, 106
and Ed Bliss, 135
Germany’s liberation, 102
Harvest of Shame, 164
Hear It Now, 133
joining CBS, 77
and military censorship, 97–98
move to USIA, 171
MUSE, 329
Museum of Broadcasting, 221
Museum of Television & Radio, 295
Music at War, 100
Must-carry principle, 246–247, 247b, 337
Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS), 74, 93, 306
Mutual Radio Network, 245
My Name Is Earl, 338
MySpace, 352
N
NAB, see National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)
NABET, see National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians (NABET)
NABOB, see National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters (NABOB)
Nader, Ralph, 236
NAEB, see National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB)
NAFMB, see National Association of FM Broadcasters (NAFMB)
Napster, 319
National Advisory Council on Radio in Education, 61–62, 73
National Association of Black Journalist, 203
National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters (NABOB), 223
National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians (NABET), 104
National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)
advertising codes, 239
vs. ASCAP, 15
broadcasting facts, 262f
vs. FCC, 72
Fritz retirement, 338
political coverage stats, 316f
record play on radio, 92
Rehr’s resignation, 347
videotape recorder, 152
National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), 73, 208–209, 238
National Association of FM Broadcasters (NAFMB), 159, 184f
National Association of Television Program Executives (NATPE), 346–347
National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA), 223
National Barn Dance, 65
National Black Media Coalition (NBMC), 202
National Black Network, 214
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
advertisement for, 46f
Armstrong patent suit, 149
Army–McCarthy hearings, 147
culture/religion TV shows, 140
early network broadcast, 45
evening news, 144
FCC frequency allocations, 101–102
first live HDTV program, 299
first World Series TV broadcast, 111
GE purchase, 245
GE sell-off, 257
The Godfather rights, 216
Leno experiment, 347
made-for-TV movies, 190
monopoly investigations, 93, 99–100
NBC Blue Network, 45, 61, 64, 67f, 104
NBC Opera Theater, 197
NBC Red Network, 45, 64, 75–76
NBC Symphony program series, 115
NBC Universal, 335
network profits, 144
news service growth, 285
quiz shows, 153
radio network demise, 221
satellite radio feeds, 242
National Cable Television Association (NCTA), 185
National Committe on Education by Radio, 61–62, 73
National Educational Television (NET), 194
National Electric Signaling Company, 8
National Organization for Women (NOW), 232, 328
National Parents-Teachers Association, 222
National Public Radio (NPR)
budget, 238
commercialization, 273
as CPB creation, 192
first broadcast, 208
Kroc donation, 333
listenership growth, 259f
and NAEB, 73
as vital service, 205f
National Radio Broadcasters Association (NRBA), 159
National Radio Conference, 33, 38, 39, 40f, 42
National Radio Institute, 28–29
National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 228
National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), 93–94, 131, 252
Native Americans, 3, 283, 284f
NATPE, see National Association of Television Program Executives (NATPE)
NATRA, see National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA)
NBC, see National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
NBC Nightly News, 335
NBMC, see National Black Media Coalition (NBMC)
NCTA, see National Cable Television Association (NCTA)
NES, see News Election Service (NES)
NET, see National Educational Television (NET)
Net neutrality, 342
Network Election Service (NES), 176
Network programs, on Internet, 302–303
News Corp, 297–298, 319, 323, 335, 336
News Election Service (NES), 176
Newspapers
News programming, general
with color film, 182
early radio broadcasts, 31f, 35
growth, 285
late-night, 235
legitimacy, 77
political power, 69
TV expansion, 178
war coverage, 84
women’s role, 219f
New York’s Metropolitan Opera House, 11–12
New York Symphony, 44f
NFL Network, 349
Nielsen ratings
Nightline, 235
Niles, Aubry, 34
9XM station, 21
Nipkow, Paul, 5
Nixon, Richard M.
“Checkers” speech, 139
China visit, 208
Khrushchev debate, 158
vs. McGovern, 213
vs. media, 201
Watergate scandal, 213
Nizer, Louis, 125
Nonradiation wireless patent, 5
Noriega, Chon, 349
North, Oliver, 254
NOW, see National Organization for Women (NOW)
NPR, see National Public Radio (NPR)
NRBA, see National Radio Broadcasters Association (NRBA)
NTSC, see National Television Systems Committee (NTSC)
Nussbaumer, Otto, 8
O
Obama, Barack, 317–318, 340, 347, 349–350
O’Brien, Conan, 148
Odyssey videogame, 210
Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP), 201, 219, 228
Office of War Information (OWI), 93, 97
Ohm, George, 3
Olbermann, Keith, 347
Olson, Ken, 352
Olympic Games, 165, 257, 274, 281, 299, 343–344, 344f
Omnibus, 140
“Operation Breadbasket,” 201–202
Opie and Anthony, 312–313, 328, 331
Organized crime, 127
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 177
OTP, see Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP)
Ottoman Empire: The War Machine, 338–339
Overmyer Network, 190
OWI, see Office of War Information (OWI)
P
Pacifica Radio, 195f
Page, G. G., 4
Arthur Taylor firing, 218
cigar company sales, 53
death, 268
and Gertrude Berg, 126
and McCarthyism, 148
Paparazzi, 296
Paramount Communications, 282
Paramount Pictures, 144
Paris Opera Experiment, 4
Parker, Dorothy, 79
Parker, Everett, 180
“Pattern wars” history, 14
Paul, John Paul, II, 237
Pauley, Jane, 258
Payne Fund Studies, 84
Payola, 154–155, 161–162, 181–182, 256–257, 326
Pay-per-view (PPV), 228, 256, 274
Pay TV, 196, 204, 210, 237, 248, 336
Pearl Harbor attack, 92
“Pentagon Papers,” 206
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 333
The Perfect Fool, 31
Perot, Ross, 274
Persian Gulf War, 267–268, 268f, 269f
PETA, see People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
Peter Pan, 151
Philco–Goodyear Television Playhouse, 148
Philips videodisc, 210
Phonevision, 111, 131–133, 134f
Piracy, 248
Plasma televisions, 325f
Polinger, David, 160
Political coverage
Brown v. Board of Education, 151–152
Bush–Gore, 315
Carter–Mondale campaign, 229
Carter’s media use, 223
conventions, 143
Dewey vs. Roosevelt, 101
Einsenhower vs. Stevenson, 152
Ford–Carter debate, 218
Iraq invasion, 336
Johnson vs. Goldwater, 180
maturation on TV, 127
NAB stats, 316f
political ads, 139
politician’s TV performance, 134–135
presidential candidate radio broadcasts, 57f
on radio, 79
Reagan–Gorbachev summit, 255–256
talk shows, 274
Pope Pius XI, 64
Porter, Paul, 108
Post Roads Act of 1866, 4
Power allocation, radio distributions, 48f
“The Power of Radio,” 271f
PPV, see Pay-per-view (PPV)
Predicta, 149f
Pressplay, 319
Press-Radio Bureau, 69
Prime time, general
coining of term, 59
on Internet, 297
network shares, 283
Nielsen ratings problem, 324
viewership drop, 297
Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR), 204, 213–214, 285
Princess Diana, 296
Project Runway, 338
Prokofiev, Sergei, 109f
Protests, antiwar, 186–187, 193, 201, 242
PSAs, see Public service announcement (PSAs)
Psychographics, 241
PTAR, see Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR)
PTL television network, 235–236
Public broadcasting, general, see also Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB); National Public Radio (NPR); Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
budgets, 238
commercialization, 273b
CPB vs. PBS, 214
early TV, 113
funding, 282
hearing-impaired listeners, 221
TV birth, 194b
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, 194, 238
Public Broadcasting Laboratory, 194
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
budget, 238
censorship, 273
commercialization, 273
vs. CPB, 214
creation, 192
and NAEB, 73
vs. Nixon, 201
satellite distribution, 223
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, 191
Public service announcement (PSAs), 191, 267
Public service programs, 158
Public Service Responsibilities of Broadcast Licensees, 105, 108b, 119–120
Public Television: A Program for Action, 192
A Public Trust, 231
Pulitzer Prize Playhouse, 128–129
Pursuit of Happiness, 87
Q
Quality Network, 74
QUBE, 223
The Queen’s Messenger, 55
Quincy Cable Television, 246–247
Quinn, Anthony, 125
Quiz shows
R
The Rachel Maddow Show, 344
Radar, 100
Radio Act of 1912, 14
Radio Act of 1927, 14, 42, 47–48, 49, 71–72, 228
Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
antitrust suit, 67
Armstrong patent suit, 149
Broadcast Equipment Division, 247
broadcast market battle, 26–27
competition, 37
domestic satellites, 216
early network broadcast, 45
early TV broadcast experiment, 55
early TV sales, 91
FCC frequency allocations, 101–102
first radio broadcast licenses, 25
GE sell-off, 257
large-screen theater presentations, 111
phonograph record types, 116–117
post-WWII TV equipment, 106–107
radio competition, 22
radio set production, 41
receiver sales, 31
Sarnoff era, 266
Sarnoff’s resignation, 205
trademark, 18f
TV field testing, 80
videodisc deal, 235
Radio Digest, 54f
Radio frequency distributions, 48f
Radio Group, 41
Radio industry
advertising reach, 54
amateur, growth, 42
artist copyright issues, 37–38
black pioneers, 215
comeback, 217
commercialization, 59b
early history, 1
entertainment talent, 29
first African-Americans, 34
first broadcast licenses, 25
first network broadcast, 34
first regular broadcasts, 21
hucksters, 36
KDKA’s beginnings, 23
overcrowded airwaves, 42
phonograph/vaudeville impact, 43–45
“The Power of Radio,” 271f
program debut, 56
program formatting, 156f
recession effects, 272
record play, 92
rights issues, 41
spectrum management, 55b
station call letters, 33
Radio Ink, 344
Radio Mart&í, 263
“Radio music box” memo, 15–16, 17b
Radio News, 61f
Radio pen reproducer, 75
Radio rooms, 72
Radio sets
Radio stations, general
automatic systems, 217f
on Internet, 306
minority ownership, 223
multiple ownership, 277
purchase by newspapers, 91
Radio telegraph, see Wireless telegraph
Radio Your Way recorder, 333f
Rather, Dan, 235, 252, 255–256, 330, 339, 341–342
Ratings, 179, 295b, see also Arbitron; Nielsen ratings
RCA Radiola, 63f
RCN, see Residential Communications Network (RCN)
Reagan, Ronald, 182, 206, 235–236, 238, 248–249, 255–256, 257
Reality shows
courtroom, 297
critics’ top programs, 338
precursor, 207
spread, 280
as talk show replacements, 327–328
union representation, 336
The Real McCoys, 185
RealOne Music Pass, 319
Reasoner, Harry, 216
Record play, on radio, 92
Red Channels, 123
Red Lion case, 180–181, 190–191, 198, 214, 248
“Red Scare,” 110
Regenerative circuit, 14
Rehr, David, 347
Reis, Philip, 4
Religious programming, on radio, 88f, 89f
Report on Chain Broadcasting, 93
Report on Smoking, 182
Residential Communications Network (RCN), 300
Retransmission-consent, 247
Reuters, 263
Rhoads, Eric, 344
Rice, Martin P, 40
Rich Man, Poor Man, 221
The Rise of the Goldbergs, 56–58
Rivera, Geraldo, 255
RKO TV stations, 235
Robert Montgomery Presents, 141–142
Robertson, Alice, 25
Robson, William, 100
Rock Around the Clock, 151
Rockefeller Center, 64
Roe vs. Wade, 258
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 69, 70f, 85–86, 92, 101, 102
Rosie O’Donnell Show, 293
Rosing, Boris, 19
Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In, 197–198
Ruby, Jack, 177
“Rule of Sevens,” 133
Ruth, Babe, 216
S
Safer, Morley, 182
SAG, see Screen Actors Guild (SAG)
Salant, Richard, 173
Sarnoff, David
central broadcasting system, 45
death, 208
and Edwin Armstrong, 74–75, 149
Gertrude Berg blacklisting, 126
music box memo, 15–16, 16b, 17b, 352
and radio financing, 40
Titanic disaster, 13
Sarnoff, Robert, 205
Satellite communications
first satellite, 176
INTELSAT, 185
PBS distribution, 223
post-Cold War, 263
radio feeds, 242
rapid growth, 233
service growth, 324
Westar launch, 216
Satellite news-gathering (SNG), 244–245
Saturday Night Live, 197–198, 302–303
Sawyer, Diane, 258
SCA, see Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA)
Scandals
Scanning principle, 5
Scarcity principle, 49b, 180–181
SCLC, see Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
SCR-300, see Signal Corps Radio (SCR-300)
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 124, 240
Scripps, William E, 21
Scripps cable empire, 287
Scrubs, 338
Seeger, Pete, 133, 139–140, 146, 148, 157, 164, 194,
see also It Now and Then
Seinfeld, 285, 293, 301, 311–312, 338
Selecta Vision System, 235
Selective Service System, 98
The Selling of the Pentagon, 206
Semaphone, 3
Serling, Rod, 143
Sesame Street, 197
Sevareid, Eric, 91–92, 135–136
“Seven Dirty Words” routine, 226–227
Sexism, 76–77, 195, 203–204, 232
Sex and the City, 311–312, 327–328
Shales, Tom, 282
Shannon, Scott, 244
Shaw, George Bernard, 64
Sheen, Fulton J, 140
The Shell Ship of Joy, 64
Shock radio, 296f
Shogun, 221
Shortwave transmittes, 101
The Sieberling Singers, 51
Signal Corps Radio (SCR-300), 99
Silvera, Fran, 34
Simpson, O. J, 283, 285, 293–296
Sirius satellite radio, 328, 341, 346–347
Sissle, Noble, 34
Sitcoms, general
controversial, 207
first cartoon, 165
gay/lesbian roles, 293
laugh tracks, 112
Murphy Brown controversy, 274
radio prototypes, 56
sexual content, 323
syndicated, 257
and Writers’ Strike, 343
Six Milliion Dollar Man, 231–232
Sixth Report and Order, 113, 137–138, 144, 149
The $64 Question, 151
The $64, 000 Challenge, 153
The $64, 000 Question, 151, 153, 155–156
Skelton, Red, 113–115, 136–137
Smartphones, 311
Smith, Kate, 79f
Smoking warnings, 182
The Smothers Brothers, 194, 197–198
SNG, see Satellite news-gathering (SNG)
Soap, 222
SoapNet, 331
Soap operas, general
costs, 216
ethnic programming, 331
OWI issues, 97
popularity, 84
prototypes, 56
radio–TV transition, 168
Sony Corporation, 335
The Sopranos, 307, 312, 327–328, 338
Sound effects, radio, 83f, 85f
Soundprint, 267f
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 201–202
Spears, Britney, 341
Special Committee on Legislative Oversight, 156
Sponsors, commercial time, 214
Sports events, general
Sputnik satellite, 176
SS Republic, 10
St. Elsewhere, 241
Stars and Stripes, 102
Star system, 61
Star Trek: The Next Generation, 187–188, 280
Star TV, 290
Starz, 336
Station call letters, 33
Stein, Gertrude, 53
Stern, Howard, 274, 275f, 280, 285
The Steven Allen Show, 130–131
Stewart, Bill, 151
Stock Market Crash of 1929, 60
Stop the Church, 273
Storz, Todd, 151
Student demonstrations, 193
Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA), 151
Sullivan, Ed, 115
SUN Radio Network, 255
Super Bowl, 248, 301–302, 312–313, 333, 345
Superheterodyne receiver, 32–33, 41, 64f
Surgeon General, 182, 191, 209
Survivor, 311–312, 324, 331, 336, 345
Susan and God, 85
Susskind, David, 125
Swift, G. Richard, 288f
Syndex, 212, 235–236, 258–259, 267
Syndicated exclusivity (Syndex), 212, 235–236, 267
T
“T and A,” 222
Talk radio, 298f, 318, 332–333
Talk shows
conservative vs. liberal, 332–333
controversial subjects, 195–196
debut, 65
demographics, 335
Obama inauguration coverage, 347
political coverage, 274
in radio success, 272
resiliency, 347
right-wing, 281, 318, 325, 349
sensationalism, 297
sleaze factor, 293
success, 252
Tape cartrides, 168
Tape recorder, 145f
Taylor, Arthur, 218
TBS, see Turner Broadcasting System (TBS)
TCM, see Turner Classic Movies (TCM)
Teapot Dome scandals, 233
Ted Mack’s Original Amateur Hour, 115
Telcos, 235, 257, 279, 287–288
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 261, 289, 291, 295, 297, 315
Telephone, 4
Telephone companies (Telcos), 235, 257, 279, 287–288
TelePrompTer Corporation, 238
Teletext, 241
Telethons, 120
Television Authority (TVA), 124
Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, 267
Television industry
advertising funds, 148
AM/FM frequencies, 94
audience growth, 115
Brown v. Board of Education event, 151–152
civil rights movement, 196b
commercial time, 178
diffusion of innovations, 2
early history, 1
early test pattern, 115f
experimental stations, 65
FCC licenses, 235
FCC’s reserved channel, 82
Felix image, 50f
first baseball game, 88
first black-owned station, 214
first pay-per-view, 228
first public demonstration, 52
frequency shortage, 113
genesis, 38
HDTV conversion, 281
Internet relationship, 347
low-power stations, 234, 239, 241, 246
minority ownership, 223
news expansion, 178
portable cameras, 214
post-WWII growth, 104
ratings as driver, 179
3D, 260
top shows, 302t
weather reports, 153f
Television Information Office, 252
Television receive-onlys (TVROs), 254
Television sets
average cost, 150
color set prices, 155
digital conversion, 348f
early portability, 91
high early cost, 88
Korean War-era, 129
manufacturing in Japan, 168–169
plasma, 325f
purchases, 148
VHF/UHF reception, 171
war needs, 95
Telstar I, 176
Tennis Channel, 349
Terrorist acts, 222, 307–309, 313, 321–322
Terry, Earle M, 21
Test pattern, early TV, 115f
Tet Offensive, 194
The Texaco Star Theater, 115
Texaco Star Theatre, 79f
The Learning Channel (TLC), 288f
This Is Our Enemy, 97
This War, 97
Thomas, Scott, 334
Thomson, J. J., 6
The Thorn Birds, 242
Three Mile Island accident, 229–230
Thurber, James, 79
Tiananmen Square massacre, 258, 352
“Tiffany Network,” 268
Time magazine, 64
Time/Warner, 257–258, 291, 303–304, 323, 335, 336
Tinker, Grant, 207
TLC, see The Learning Channel (TLC)
TNT, see Turner Network Television (TNT)
Tokyo Rose, 97
Toll broadcasting, 41
The Tonight Show
Carson–Paar transition, 176–177
Carson’s retirement, 277
first cigarette commercial, 191
host list, 148
Leno’s departure, 347
Letterman vs. Leno, 280
Tribune Broadcasting, 245
Trumpets, for mass communication, 2
Truth or Consequences, 128–129
Turner, Ted, 221, 245, 256, 259–260, 283, 323
Turner Broadcasting System (TBS), 246–247, 283, 291
Turner Classic Movies (TCM), 337
Turner Network Television (TNT), 256, 306
TVA, see Television Authority (TVA)
TV Guide, 141, 281–282, 311–312, 339f
TV Guide Channel, 337
TV One, 331
TVROs, see Television receive-onlys (TVROs)
24, 338
20/20, 312
Twergo, Justin, 292
Two-and-a-Half Men, 311–312, 335, 338
Two-way cable, 223
U
UIB, see United Independent Broadcasters (UIB)
Ultra-high frequency (UHF)
Underground stations, 192
Underwood, Cecil, 64
United Church of Christ (UCC), 180
United Independent Broadcasters (UIB), 50–51
United Network, 190
United Paramount Network (UPN), 284–285, 297–298, 323, 338
United Press International (UPI), 157
United Press (UP), 67, 68, 77, 157
United States Information Agency (USIA), 171
United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB), 290–291
University stations, 15, 30–31, 73, 89
The Untouchables, 164
UP, see United Press (UP)
UPI, see United Press International (UPI)
UPN, see United Paramount Network (UPN)
Upstairs, Downstairs, 216
U.S. Army wireless communication, 7
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 7, 15, 35
USA Networks, 319
USSB, see United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB)
V
Valentino, Rudolph, 53
Vallee, Rudy, 65
Van Deerlin, Lionel, 219, 223, 228, 229
VCRs, see Videocassette recorders (VCRs)
VDT, see Video dial-tone (VDT) systems
V-E Day, 103f
Verizon, 345
Versus network, 349
Very high-frequency (VHF)
on all TV sets, 171
DTV transition, 340
FCC frequency allocations, 101–102
stations, 321
TV frequency shortage, 113
Viacom
cable purchases, 245
CBS/UPN, 323
earnings, 326
as major player, 335
Paramount purchase, 282
as top media company, 336
Victor Phonograph Company, 50–51
Victor Talking Machine Company, 64
Videocassette recorders (VCRs), 2, 242f, 244, 256, 262–263, 281
Video dial-tone (VDT) systems, 278, 279, 282, 287–288, 291
Video On Demand (VOD), 311, 321, 337, 344
Video On-Line (VOL), 337
Videophones, 311
Videotape recorder (VTR), 152, 185, 231
Videotex, 248
Vietnam Memorial, 238
Vietnam War, 182, 185, 186f, 194, 201, 213
Violence on TV
V-J Day, 102
V-Mail, 98
VOA, see Voice of America (VOA)
Vocal recitals, 32f
VOD, see Video On Demand (VOD)
Voice of America (VOA), 98, 144–146
VOL, see Video On-Line (VOL)
Volta, Alessandro, 3
Volunteer Advertising Council, 98
VTR, see Videotape recorder (VTR)
W
Wagon Train, 170
Walkman, 231
Wallace, Mike, 131
Walters, Barbara, 176–177, 221, 307, 339
WARC, see World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC)
Ward, Burt, 187f
Warner Brothers (WB), 111, 283, 284–285
Warner Cable, 223
The War of the Worlds, 82–83, 82f, 84b, 243b
War and Remembrance, 255
The Washington Post website, 304–306
Watergate scandal, 213, 215–216
Watson, Thomas, 352
Wave of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical right, 307–309, 349
WBCN-FM station, 192
WBFO station, 211
WCAP station, 34
WCVB-TV station, 238
WE, see Women’s Entertainment (WE)
WEAF station, 29–30, 30f, 32, 34, 45
Weakest Link, 324
Weather Bureau, 35
Weather Channel, 337
Weather reports, 153f
Weaver, Sylvester “Pat,” 130–131
Webisodes, 311
Web radio receivers, 318f
Welles, Orson, 80–81, 82–83, 123
West, Adam, 187f
West, Mae, 81
Westerns, general
Westinghouse
antitrust suit, 67
CBS purchase, 283
early network broadcast, 45
first radio broadcast licenses, 25
mergers, 291
political convention coverage, 143
printed program schedule, 21
radio broadcast market battle, 26–27
radio station purchases, 257–258
TelePrompTer purchase, 238
The West Wing, 311–312, 324, 338
WGA, see Writers Guild of America (WGA)
WGBH station, 127
WGN station, 74
WHA station, 21
WHDH station, 198
WHD-TV station, 299
Wheel of Fortune, 293
White, Wallace H., Jr., 42, 47–48
Whitehead, Tom, 206
Whiteman, Paul, 31
White Paper, 164
Who Killed Michael Farmer?, 106
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, 307
Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire, 311–312
WHYY-FM station, 230f
Wicker, Irene, 126
Wildmon, Donald, 238
Wiley, Richard E., 216
Williams, Bert, 34
Williams, Brian, 335
William Tell Overture, 71
Wilson, Woodrow, 37
Winchell, Walter, 65–66, 110, 120
The Winds of War, 242
Wireless audio, trans-Atlantic, 7f
Wireless communication, overview, 5, 7–10
Wireless radio
de Forest’s demonstration, 11–12
first voice transmission, 14–15
Herrold’s work, 20
music field developments, 15
as novelty, 12
patent issues, 18
science and business aspects, 14
university broadcasts, 15
WWI, 17
Wireless Ship Act of 1910, 12, 14
Wireless Telegraph Company, 8
Wireless transmission of voice, 6
Wirephoto, 38
Wire transmission of voice, 4
Without Warning, 243
WJAR station, 34
WJZ station, 34
WLOX-TV station, 216
WLS station, 42
WMAF station, 34
WNEW station, 66
The Wolf, 31
Wolfman Jack, 244
Women
Armed Forces programs, 100
economic power, 54
female vs. male pay, 299
first Congressional representative broadcast, 25
first full correspondent, 141–142
liberation movement, 163
into male-dominated fields, 53
in network news, 219f
in news broadcasting, 258
and old white boy’s club, 328
station ownership, 299
in talk radio, 333
Women’s Entertainment (WE), 324, 331, 337
Woodstock, 196
World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), 223
WorldCom, 314
Worthy, William, 154
Wouk, Herman, 80b
WOW station, 51f
Wright, Bill, 202
Writers Guild of America (WGA), 326, 336, 340–341
Writers’ Strike, 255, 340–341, 343
WRNY station, 44f
WTBS station, 221
WTCG station, 221
WXBM-FM station, 203
WXUR-AM-FM station, 214
WXYZ station, 74
X
XM Satellite Radio, 325, 328, 329f, 341, 346–347
Y
Y2K bug, 319
You Bet Your Life, 148
Your Hit Parade, 75–76, 128–129
Z
Zenith Corporation, 47, 51, 111, 131–133, 134f
Ziegfeld Follies, 31
Zoom lens (Zoomar), 111