References
[1] REN21. Renewables 2014 global status report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat; 2014.
[2] Bird JCL, Wang X. Wind and solar energy curtailment: experience and practices in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2014.
[3] BP statistical review of world energy, vol. 1. London: BP p.l.c.; 2014.
[4] Haynes WM, Lide DR. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2011.
[5] HTAC. Report of the Hydrogen Production Expert Panel: a subcommittee of the Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee. Washington, DC: Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee; 2013.
[6] de Levie R. The electrolysis of water. J Electroanal Chem. 1999;476:92–93.
[7] Berg H. Johann Wilhelm Ritter — the founder of scientific electrochemistry. Rev Polarogr. 2008;54:99–103.
[8] Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu H, Sun A, Liu RS. Electrochemical technologies for energy storage and conversion. New York: Wiley; 2012.
[9] Kreuter W. Electrolysis: The important energy transformer in a world of sustainable energy. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 1998;23:661–666.
[10] Pera MC, Hissel D, Gualous H, Turpin C. Electrochemical components. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2013.
[11] Harrison KW, Remick R, Martin GD, Hoskin A. Hydrogen production: fundamentals and case study summaries. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2010: .
[12] Hydrogen powered generator by electrolysis—HYLYZER 1 or 2. http://www.hydrogenics.com/hydrogen-products-solutions/industrial-hydrogen-generators-by-electrolysis/indoor-installation/hylyzer-1-or-2
[13] Hydrogen S series. http://protononsite.com/resources/brochures/hogen-s-series/
[14] Laguna-Bercero MA. Recent advances in high temperature electrolysis using solid oxide fuel cells: a review. J Power Sources. 2012;203:4–16.
[15] Smolinka T, Günther M, Garche J. NOW-Studie Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus regenerativen Energien Kurzfassung des Abschlussberichts. Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; 2011.
[16] Bertuccioli L, Chan A, Hart D, Lehner F, Madden B, Standen E. Fuel cells and hydrogen. Joint undertaking—development of water electrolysis in the European Union. Switzerland 2014.
[17] Ursua A, Gandia LM, Sanchis P. Hydrogen Production From Water Electrolysis: Current Status and Future Trends. P IEEE. 2012;100:410–426.
[18] Marini S, Salvi P, Nelli P, Pesenti R, Villa M, Berrettoni M, Berrettoni M, Zangari G, Kiros Y. Advanced alkaline water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta. 2012;82:384–391.
[19] Schröder V, Emonts B, Janßen H, Schulze H-P. Explosion limits of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures at initial pressures up to 200 bar. Chem Eng Technol. 2004;27:847–851.
[20] Ito H, Maeda T, Nakano A, Takenaka H. Properties of Nafion membranes under PEM water electrolysis conditions. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2011;36:10527–10540.
[21] Chandesris M, Médeau V, Guillet N, Chelghoum S, Thoby D, Fouda-Onana F. Membrane degradation in PEM water electrolyzer: numerical modeling and experimental evidence of the influence of temperature and current density. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40:1353–1366.
[22] Goñi-Urtiaga A, Presvytes D, Scott K. Solid acids as electrolyte materials for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis: review. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:3358–3372.
[23] Ayers KE, Capuano C, Anderson EB. Recent advances in cell cost and efficiency for PEM-based water electrolysis. ECS Trans. 2012;41:15–22.
[24] Miles MH, Thomason MA. Periodic variations of overvoltages for water electrolysis in acid solutions from cyclic voltammetric studies. Electrochem Soc J. 1976;123:1459–1461.
[25] Gong M, Dai H. A mini review of NiFe-based materials as highly active oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Nano Res. 2015;8:23–39.
[26] Siracusano S, Van Dijk N, Payne-Johnson E, Baglio V, Aricò AS. Nanosized IrOx and IrRuOx electrocatalysts for the O2 evolution reaction in PEM water electrolysers. Appl Catal B-Environ. 2015;164:488–495.
[27] McKone JR, Marinescu SC, Brunschweig BS, Winkler JR, Gray HB. Earth-abundant hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. Chem Sci. 2014;5:865–878.
[28] Antolini E. Iridium as catalyst and cocatalyst for oxygen evolution/reduction in acidic polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers and fuel cells. ACS Catal. 2014;4:1426–1440.
[29] Chisholm G, Kitson PJ, Kirkaldy ND, Bloor LG, Cronin L. 3D printed flow plates for the electrolysis of water: an economic and adaptable approach to device manufacture. Energy Environ Sci. 2014;7:3026–3032.
[30] Bi L, Boulfrad S, Traversa E. Steam electrolysis by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with proton-conducting oxides. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43:8255–8270.
[31] Ni M, Leung M, Leung D. Technological development of hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2008;33:2337–2354.
[32] Minh NQ. Ceramic Fuel Cells. J Am Ceram Soc. 1993;76:563–588.
[33] Kreuer KD. Proton Conducting Oxides. Annu Rev Mat Res. 2003;33:333–359.
[34] Paria M. Electrical conduction in barium cerate doped with M2O3 (M = La, Nd, Ho). Solid State Ionics. 1984;13:285–292.
[35] Cavendish H. Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S. Philos Trans. 1766;56:141–184.
[36] Rowsell JLC, Yaghi OM. Strategies for hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks. Angew Chem Int Edit. 2005;44:4670–4679.
[37] von Helmolt R, Eberle U. Fuel cell vehicles: Status 2007. J Power Sources. 2007;165:833–843.
[38] US Department of Energy, Targets for onboard hydrogen storage systems for light-duty vehicles. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy; 2009.
[39] Troiano AR. The role of hydrogen and other interstitials in the mechanical behavior of metals. Trans ASM. 1960;52:54–80.
[40] Vennett RM, Ansell G. The effect of high-pressure hydrogen upon the tensile properties and fracture behavior of 304L stainless steel. Trans ASM. 1967;60:242–251.
[41] Benson RB, Dann RK, Roberts LW. Hydrogen embrittlement of stainless steel. Trans AIME. 1968;242:2199–2205.
[42] Perng TP, Altstetter CJ. Comparison of hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. Metall Trans A. 1987;18:123–134.
[43] Lynch S. Hydrogen embrittlement phenomena and mechanisms. Corros Rev. 2012;30:105–123.
[44] Zheng J, Liu X, Xu P, Liu P, Zhao Y, Yang J. Development of high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:1048–1057.
[45] Barthélémy H. Hydrogen storage - Industrial prospectives. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:17364–17372.
[46] Hua TQ, Ahluwalia R, Peng JK, Kromer M, Lasher S, McKenney K, Law K, Sinha J. Technical assessment of compressed hydrogen storage tank systems for automotive applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2011;36:3037–3049.
[47] Durbin DJ, Malardier-Jugroot C. Review of hydrogen storage techniques for on board vehicle applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2013;38:14595–14617.
[48] Jorgensen SW. Hydrogen storage tanks for vehicles: Recent progress and current status. Curr Opin Solid State Mat Sci. 2011;15:39–43.
[49] Zheng J, Liu X, Xu P, Liu P, Zhao Y, Yang J. Development of high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:1048–1057.
[50] Ahluwalia RK, Hua TQ, Peng JK, Lasher S, McKenney K, Sinha J, Gardiner M. Technical assessment of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage tank systems for automotive applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2010;35:4171–4184.
[51] Aceves SM, Espinosa-Loza F, Ledesma-Orozco E, Ross TO, Weisberg AH, Brunner TC, Kircher O. High-density automotive hydrogen storage with cryogenic capable pressure vessels. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2010;35:1219–1226.
[52] Armaroli N, Balzani V. The Hydrogen Issue. ChemSusChem. 2011;4:21–36.
[53] Poirier E, Dailly A. Saturation properties of a supercritical gas sorbed in nanoporous materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012:16544–16551.
[54] Poirier E, Dailly A. On the Nature of the Adsorbed Hydrogen Phase in Microporous Metal−Organic Frameworks at Supercritical Temperatures. Langmuir. 2009;25:12169–12176.
[55] Dalebrook AF, Gan W, Grasemann M, Moret S, Laurenczy G. Hydrogen storage: beyond conventional methods. Chem Commun. 2013;49:8735–8751.
[56] Rzepka M, Lamp P, de la Casa-Lillo MA. Physisorption of Hydrogen on Microporous Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem B. 1998;102:10894–10898.
[57] Jordá-Beneyto M, Suárez-García F, Lozano-Castelló D, Cazorla-Amorós D, Linares-Solano A. Hydrogen storage on chemically activated carbons and carbon nanomaterials at high pressures. Carbon N Y. 2007;45:293–303.
[58] Jiang H-L, Liu B, Lan Y-Q, Kuratani K, Akita T, Shioyama H, Zong F, Xu Q. From metal– organic framework to nanoporous carbon: toward a very high surface area and hydrogen uptake. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:11854–11857.
[59] Aboutalebi SH, Aminorroaya-Yamini S, Nevirkovets I, Konstantinov K, Liu HK. Enhanced Hydrogen Storage in Graphene Oxide-MWCNTs Composite at Room Temperature. Adv Energy Mater. 2012;2:1439–1446.
[60] Budd PM, Butler A, Selbie J, Mahmood K, McKeown NB, Ghanem B, Msayib K, Book D, Walton A. The potential of organic polymer-based hydrogen storage materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2007;9:1802–1808.
[61] Wood CD, Tan B, Trewin A, Niu H, Bradshaw D, Rosseinsky MJ, Khimyak YZ, Campbell NL, Kirk R, Stockel E, Cooper AI. Hydrogen storage in microporous hypercrosslinked organic polymer networks. Chem Mat. 2007;19:2034–2048.
[62] Furukawa H, Yaghi OM. Storage of Hydrogen, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide in Highly Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks for Clean Energy Applications. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:8875–8883.
[63] Li Y, Yang RT. Hydrogen Storage in Low Silica Type X Zeolites. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110:17175–17181.
[64] Dong J, Wang X, Xu H, Zhao Q, Li J. Hydrogen storage in several microporous zeolites. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2007;32:4998–5004.
[65] Stoeck U, Krause S, Bon V, Senkovska I, Kaskel S. A highly porous metal–organic framework, constructed from a cuboctahedral super-molecular building block, with exceptionally high methane uptake. Chem Commun. 2012;48:10841.
[66] Farha OK, Yazaydına Ö, Eryazici I, Malliakas CD, Hauser BG, Kanatzidis MG, Nguyen ST, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. De novo synthesis of a metal–organic framework material featuring ultrahigh surface area and gas storage capacities. Nat Chem. 2010;2:944–948.
[67] Lee H, Lee J, Kim DY, Park J, Seo Y-T, Zeng H, Moudrakovski IL, Ratcliffe CI, Ripmeester JA. Tuning clathrate hydrates for hydrogen storage. Nature. 2005;434:743–746.
[68] Zaluska A, Zaluski L, Ström-Olsen JO. Nanocrystalline magnesium for hydrogen storage. J Alloy Compd. 1999;288:217–225.
[69] Bogdanović B, Schwickardi M. Ti-doped NaAlH4 as a hydrogen-storage material – preparation by Ti-catalyzed hydrogenation of aluminum powder in conjunction with sodium hydride. Appl Phys A. 2001;72:221–223.
[70] Fakiolu E. A review of hydrogen storage systems based on boron and its compounds. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2004;29:1371–1376.
[71] Chen P, Xiong Z, Luo J, Lin J, Tan KL. Interaction of hydrogen with metal nitrides and imides. Nature. 2002;420:302–304.
[72] MacLeay I, Harris K, Annut A. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (DUKES). London: Department of Energy & Climate Change; 2013.
[73] Ilbas MA, Crayford P, Yilmaz I, Bowen PJ, Syred N. Laminar-burning velocities of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-methane-air mixtures: An experimental study. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2006;31:1768–1779.
[74] Gas quality. http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/industry-information/gas-transmission-system-operations/gas-quality/
[75] Yaccato K, Carhart R, Hagemeyer A, Lesik A, Strasser P, Volpe AF, Turner H, Weinberg H, Grasselli RK, Brooks C. Competitive CO and CO2 methanation over supported noble metal catalysts in high throughput scanning mass spectrometer. Appl Catal A-Gen. 2005;296:30–48.
[76] Wang W, Gong J. Methanation of carbon dioxide: An overview. Front Chem Eng China. 2011;5:2–10.
[77] Grigoriev SA, Porembskiy VI, Korobtsev SV, Fateev VN, Aupretre F, Millet P. High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2011;36:2721–2728.
[78] Burkhanov GS, Gorina NB, Kolchugina NB, Roshan NR, Slovetsky DI, Chistov EM. Palladium-based alloy membranes for separation of high purity hydrogen from hydrogen-containing gas mixtures. Platin Met Rev. 2011;55:3–12.
[79] Succi M, Pirola S, Ruffenach S, Briot O. Managing gas purity in epitaxial growth. Cryst Res Technol. 2011;46:809–812.
[80] Inaba M, Kinumoto T, Kiriake M, Umebayashi R, Tasaka A, Ogumi Z. Gas crossover and membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Electrochim Acta. 2006;51:5746–5753.
[81] 140 MW wind park officially opens in Germany with energy storage facility using 1 MW power-to-gas system from Hydrogenics. http://www.hydrogenics.com/about-the-company/news-updates/2013/10/01/140-mw-wind-park-officially-opens-in-germany-with-energy-storage-facility-using-1-mw-power-to-gas-system-from-hydrogenics
[82] Largest power to gas facility in the world now operational with Hydrogenics technology. http://www.hydrogenics.com/about-the-company/news-updates/2013/06/14/largest-power-to-gas-facility-in-the-world-now-operational-with-hydrogenics-technology
[83] Yilanci A, Dincer I, Ozturk HK. A review on solar-hydrogen/fuel cell hybrid energy systems for stationary applications. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2009;35:231–244.
[84] Gahleitner G. Hydrogen from renewable electricity: An international review of power-to-gas pilot plants for stationary applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2013;38:2039–2061.
[85] Szyszka A. Ten years of solar hydrogen demonstration project at Neunburg vorm Wald, Germany. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 1998;23:849–860.
[86] Bright ideas—delivering smarter LED manufacturing through innovative gas technology. http://www.linde-gas.com/internet.global.lindegas.global/en/images/Linde_in_LED_brochure_WEB_1.117_39138.pdf
[87] Schalenbach M, Carmo M, Fritz DL, Mergel J, Stolten D. Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Efficiency and gas crossover. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2013;38:14921–14933.
[88] Symes MD, Cronin L. Decoupling hydrogen and oxygen evolution during electrolytic water splitting using an electron-coupled-proton buffer. Nat Chem. 2013;5:403–409.
[89] Rausch B, Symes MD, Chisholm G, Cronin L. Decoupled catalytic hydrogen evolution from a molecular metal oxide redox mediator in water splitting. Science. 2014;345:1326–1330.
[90] Rausch B, Symes MD, Cronin L. A bio-inspired, small molecule electron-coupled-proton buffer for decoupling the half-reactions of electrolytic water splitting. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135:13656–13659.
[91] Amstutz V, Toghill KE, Powlesland F, Vrubel H, Comninellis C, Hu X, Girault HH. Renewable hydrogen generation from a dual-circuit redox flow battery. Energy Environ Sci. 2014;7:2350–2358.